Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230425
S. Malik
ABSTRACT This is an introduction to the special issue. It provides the historical context of Islam and Science that then leads to the theme of the issue. This special issue is the proceedings of a conference at Cambridge Muslim College that was held in December 2022.
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Philosophy of Science and Islamic Thought","authors":"S. Malik","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230425","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This is an introduction to the special issue. It provides the historical context of Islam and Science that then leads to the theme of the issue. This special issue is the proceedings of a conference at Cambridge Muslim College that was held in December 2022.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"354 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45583157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230439
Maxwell H. Tretter
{"title":"Robot Theology: Old Questions through New Media","authors":"Maxwell H. Tretter","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230439","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"546 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45402978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230441
Anthony J. Scordino
Aquinas, Original Sin, and the Challenge of Evolution, by Daniel W. Houck, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, ix + 284 pp., $108 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-1084-9369-7 When Did Sin Begin? Human Evolution and the Doctrine of Original Sin, by Loren Haarsma, Grand Rapids, MI, Baker Academic, 2021, ix + 272 pp., $27.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5409-6368-0 Shadow Sophia: The Evolution of Wisdom, Volume II, by Celia E. DeaneDrummond, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021, xv + 249 pp., $110 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-1988-4346-7
{"title":"Evolutionary Theory and Original Sin","authors":"Anthony J. Scordino","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230441","url":null,"abstract":"Aquinas, Original Sin, and the Challenge of Evolution, by Daniel W. Houck, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, ix + 284 pp., $108 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-1084-9369-7 When Did Sin Begin? Human Evolution and the Doctrine of Original Sin, by Loren Haarsma, Grand Rapids, MI, Baker Academic, 2021, ix + 272 pp., $27.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5409-6368-0 Shadow Sophia: The Evolution of Wisdom, Volume II, by Celia E. DeaneDrummond, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021, xv + 249 pp., $110 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-1988-4346-7","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"550 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48311430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230430
S. Malik
ABSTRACT This article critically reviews how creationists or antievolutionists are using discussions in philosophy of science to undermine the efficacy of evolution to defuse the tension between evolution and religion. They include (1) the scientific realism debate, (2) the distinction between historical and experimental sciences, (3) the problem of induction, and (4) the definitional problem of species. It then discusses how using these specific arguments to undermine evolution is misplaced when looked at from an Ashʿarī perspective, a Sunnī school of theology. In doing so, it reveals the multiple ways that theology and philosophy of science are interacting with one another in the ongoing creationism-evolutionism debates.
{"title":"The Use of Philosophy of Science in the Creationism-Evolution Debate: An Ashʿarī Perspective","authors":"S. Malik","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article critically reviews how creationists or antievolutionists are using discussions in philosophy of science to undermine the efficacy of evolution to defuse the tension between evolution and religion. They include (1) the scientific realism debate, (2) the distinction between historical and experimental sciences, (3) the problem of induction, and (4) the definitional problem of species. It then discusses how using these specific arguments to undermine evolution is misplaced when looked at from an Ashʿarī perspective, a Sunnī school of theology. In doing so, it reveals the multiple ways that theology and philosophy of science are interacting with one another in the ongoing creationism-evolutionism debates.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"421 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41770175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230440
Binoy Pichalakkattu
against human ones. Starting with the “robot as slave metaphor” (12), Smith explores the relationship between robots, racism, and theology in chapter six. He notes that robots are “ultimate mirrors that reflect the depravity of the human heart” (156) and therefore could never be free of racial biases or overcome oppression. Nevertheless, the author maintains hope that robots will, first, create a new consciousness for oppression and thus contribute to the overcoming of repressive structures, second, that historical experience will prevent humans from creating sentient robot slaves. In thefinal chapter, Smith leaves the discourseon robot ethics andaskshowrobots can be integrated into current and futureministry.Hepointsout thedangers of replacinghumanpastors and caregivers altogether with robots. Nevertheless, Smith identifies some possibilities to deploy robots in church. For example, robots could be used to prevent abuses of power in church contexts, both financial and sexual. Furthermore, he considers that robots could become “pastor’s friend” and assist and support them in their sometimes “lonely and weary job” (169). In order to make reading the book as enjoyable as possible and to gain the most insights from it, it is important to have the right expectations. First of all, most of the arguments Smith presents on ethical issues concerning robots already exist in more elaborate form within the discourse on robot ethics. Second, the way Smith presents his arguments is not always as “systematic” as promised in the introduction. Occasionally, the author’s references to theological motifs or biblical passages are quite associative, in some places the common thread of the book’s overall argument is difficult to find, and in some places the book seems to take contradictory positions—for example, what is the author’s position on anthropocentrism? Consequently, one should not expect the book to work through all the problems of robot ethics in detail and solve them with elaborate systematic and methodological finesse. The great benefit of the book is that Smith takes an explicitly Christian perspective on familiar ethical issues surrounding robots and uses biblical as well as systematic motifs to reformulate existing arguments theologically. Easy to understand and suitable for beginners with no prior knowledge in either field, Smith thus helps to bring theology and robot ethics closer together and bridge two disciplines that—up to now—had little to do with each other. With this expectation in mind, the book can be read with great pleasure and benefit and can enrich the discourse around robot ethics with theological impulses as well as, conversely, provide theology with new media for reflecting its old questions.
{"title":"Science and Religion in India: Beyond Disenchantment","authors":"Binoy Pichalakkattu","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230440","url":null,"abstract":"against human ones. Starting with the “robot as slave metaphor” (12), Smith explores the relationship between robots, racism, and theology in chapter six. He notes that robots are “ultimate mirrors that reflect the depravity of the human heart” (156) and therefore could never be free of racial biases or overcome oppression. Nevertheless, the author maintains hope that robots will, first, create a new consciousness for oppression and thus contribute to the overcoming of repressive structures, second, that historical experience will prevent humans from creating sentient robot slaves. In thefinal chapter, Smith leaves the discourseon robot ethics andaskshowrobots can be integrated into current and futureministry.Hepointsout thedangers of replacinghumanpastors and caregivers altogether with robots. Nevertheless, Smith identifies some possibilities to deploy robots in church. For example, robots could be used to prevent abuses of power in church contexts, both financial and sexual. Furthermore, he considers that robots could become “pastor’s friend” and assist and support them in their sometimes “lonely and weary job” (169). In order to make reading the book as enjoyable as possible and to gain the most insights from it, it is important to have the right expectations. First of all, most of the arguments Smith presents on ethical issues concerning robots already exist in more elaborate form within the discourse on robot ethics. Second, the way Smith presents his arguments is not always as “systematic” as promised in the introduction. Occasionally, the author’s references to theological motifs or biblical passages are quite associative, in some places the common thread of the book’s overall argument is difficult to find, and in some places the book seems to take contradictory positions—for example, what is the author’s position on anthropocentrism? Consequently, one should not expect the book to work through all the problems of robot ethics in detail and solve them with elaborate systematic and methodological finesse. The great benefit of the book is that Smith takes an explicitly Christian perspective on familiar ethical issues surrounding robots and uses biblical as well as systematic motifs to reformulate existing arguments theologically. Easy to understand and suitable for beginners with no prior knowledge in either field, Smith thus helps to bring theology and robot ethics closer together and bridge two disciplines that—up to now—had little to do with each other. With this expectation in mind, the book can be read with great pleasure and benefit and can enrich the discourse around robot ethics with theological impulses as well as, conversely, provide theology with new media for reflecting its old questions.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"547 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45130130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230433
Robert Lee
ABSTRACT This paper integrates the notion of the Powers developed by Walter Wink with a quantum social theory posited by Alexander Wendt. While Wink argues the Powers are manifestations of social structures with an interior spirituality, resembling creatures, his picture lacks explanatory depth and is addressed by Wendt’s quantum social theory which argues agents and social structures co-emerge into a holographic (super)organism. At the same time, Wendt’s model, lacking an objective basis for evaluating the purposes of social structures, is addressed by Wink’s theology in that the purposes of social structures are understood as responses to God’s calling.
{"title":"Pauline Principalities and Quantum Structures: A Match Made in Heaven","authors":"Robert Lee","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230433","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper integrates the notion of the Powers developed by Walter Wink with a quantum social theory posited by Alexander Wendt. While Wink argues the Powers are manifestations of social structures with an interior spirituality, resembling creatures, his picture lacks explanatory depth and is addressed by Wendt’s quantum social theory which argues agents and social structures co-emerge into a holographic (super)organism. At the same time, Wendt’s model, lacking an objective basis for evaluating the purposes of social structures, is addressed by Wink’s theology in that the purposes of social structures are understood as responses to God’s calling.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"471 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41366330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230435
Neil Messer
ABSTRACT This article asks what, if anything, Christian theology should learn from the cognitive science of religion (CSR). Two possible answers are explored. The first is that Christian theology has nothing to learn from CSR. This is rejected in favour of the second: theology can learn from CSR by appropriating CSR insights carefully and critically to a theological understanding formed first and foremost by Scripture. Karl Barth’s theological critique of religion and his engagement with Ludwig Feuerbach are used as a model for this approach. The article concludes with specific proposals about how, and how not, to engage theologically with CSR.
{"title":"What (if Anything) Should Christian Theology Learn from the Cognitive Science of Religion?","authors":"Neil Messer","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230435","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article asks what, if anything, Christian theology should learn from the cognitive science of religion (CSR). Two possible answers are explored. The first is that Christian theology has nothing to learn from CSR. This is rejected in favour of the second: theology can learn from CSR by appropriating CSR insights carefully and critically to a theological understanding formed first and foremost by Scripture. Karl Barth’s theological critique of religion and his engagement with Ludwig Feuerbach are used as a model for this approach. The article concludes with specific proposals about how, and how not, to engage theologically with CSR.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"504 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42203582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230427
N. Khan
ABSTRACT What does Islamic theology have to say about the philosophy of science? The writings of post-classical Muslim thinkers offer a wealth of understudied material relevant to conceptualizing the ontological status, scope, and character of scientific inquiry and theorization. The Islamic tradition developed nuanced metaphysical and epistemological insights on unobservables, universals, and causality. Muslim astronomers developed sophisticated responses to perceived deficiencies in the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic model. In the contemporary debate between scientific realism and anti-realism, structural realism is a much-discussed middle ground which suggests a return to many of these insights. This challenges popular discourse on the relation between religion and science.
{"title":"Shades of Structural Realism in Post-classical Islamic Thought","authors":"N. Khan","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230427","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What does Islamic theology have to say about the philosophy of science? The writings of post-classical Muslim thinkers offer a wealth of understudied material relevant to conceptualizing the ontological status, scope, and character of scientific inquiry and theorization. The Islamic tradition developed nuanced metaphysical and epistemological insights on unobservables, universals, and causality. Muslim astronomers developed sophisticated responses to perceived deficiencies in the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic model. In the contemporary debate between scientific realism and anti-realism, structural realism is a much-discussed middle ground which suggests a return to many of these insights. This challenges popular discourse on the relation between religion and science.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"376 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47278077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14746700.2023.2230429
Ramon Harvey
ABSTRACT This article evaluates the “metaphysical critique” of contemporary science by the Islamic philosophical theologian Naquib al-Attas in his Prolegomena to a Metaphysics of Islām. I argue that al-Attas' critique is dialectically inappropriate because it relies on specific, and non-publicly verifiable, interpretations of revelation and spiritual intuition. I contrast this with the work of Edmund Husserl, especially in his The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, which I show can sustain a viable critique of science through the phenomenological grounding of public reason. I also assess the prospect for Islamic engagement with Husserl on this topic.
{"title":"Islamic Theology and the Crisis of Contemporary Science: Naquib al-Attas’ “Metaphysical Critique” and a Husserlian Alternative","authors":"Ramon Harvey","doi":"10.1080/14746700.2023.2230429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article evaluates the “metaphysical critique” of contemporary science by the Islamic philosophical theologian Naquib al-Attas in his Prolegomena to a Metaphysics of Islām. I argue that al-Attas' critique is dialectically inappropriate because it relies on specific, and non-publicly verifiable, interpretations of revelation and spiritual intuition. I contrast this with the work of Edmund Husserl, especially in his The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, which I show can sustain a viable critique of science through the phenomenological grounding of public reason. I also assess the prospect for Islamic engagement with Husserl on this topic.","PeriodicalId":56045,"journal":{"name":"Theology and Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"404 - 420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43452485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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