Pub Date : 2022-08-26Epub Date: 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1515/nf-2022-0007
Johanna K Kostka, Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
Although mostly unaware, we constantly navigate a complex landscape of airborne molecules. The perception of these molecules helps us navigate, shapes our social life, and can trigger emotionally charged memories transporting us back to the past within a split second. While the processing of olfactory information in early sensory areas is well understood, how the sense of smell affects cognition only recently gained attention in the field of neuroscience. Here, we review links between olfaction and cognition and explore the idea that the activity in olfactory areas may be critical for coordinating cognitive networks. Further, we discuss how olfactory activity may shape the development of cognitive networks and associations between the decline of olfactory and cognitive abilities in aging. Olfaction provides a great tool to study large-scale networks underlying cognitive abilities and bears the potential for a better understanding of cognitive symptoms associated with many mental disorders.
{"title":"How the sense of smell influences cognition throughout life.","authors":"Johanna K Kostka, Sebastian H Bitzenhofer","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"10.1515/nf-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although mostly unaware, we constantly navigate a complex landscape of airborne molecules. The perception of these molecules helps us navigate, shapes our social life, and can trigger emotionally charged memories transporting us back to the past within a split second. While the processing of olfactory information in early sensory areas is well understood, how the sense of smell affects cognition only recently gained attention in the field of neuroscience. Here, we review links between olfaction and cognition and explore the idea that the activity in olfactory areas may be critical for coordinating cognitive networks. Further, we discuss how olfactory activity may shape the development of cognitive networks and associations between the decline of olfactory and cognitive abilities in aging. Olfaction provides a great tool to study large-scale networks underlying cognitive abilities and bears the potential for a better understanding of cognitive symptoms associated with many mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 3","pages":"177-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9380998/pdf/nf-28-3-nf-2022-0007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40352577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for a specialist journal of child language studies has been persistently voiced over recent years. Initial proposals were made at the Brno Conference on Paedolinguistics in 1970 and the 1971 Linguistics Institute at Buffalo, but nothing developed until the 2nd International Conference on Language Acquisition at Florence in September 1972, when a formal resolution to establish a journal was accepted by conference participants and acted upon, with the present result. The demand presumably reflects the remarkable increase in the number of scholars engaged in child research during the past decade. Many disciplinary backgrounds have been involved linguistics and psychology in particular, but also neurology, paediatrics, sociology, anthropology, education. An informal check on the amount of space devoted to child language studies in the main abstracting journals shows that the number of publications in this area has increased by a factor of ten. But so far there has been no focus for the publication and discussion of this research: papers are scattered over a wide range of interdisciplinary journals, or buried in conference proceedings on other fields. Journals of psycholinguistics or verbal behaviour tend to be adult-orientated, and journals of child development have a great deal else to occupy their attention than language. Indeed, without the ad hoc publication of some half a dozen collections of papers, which form the bulk of student's bibliographies in this field, it is doubtful whether there would be any structured scholarly identity for the subject of all. This journal therefore appears to fill an evident gap in the academic coverage of child behaviour. It is the first journal to be wholly devoted to the theoretical, methodological and empirical study of language development in children, and to provide a forum for reporting on and discussing current trends and events within the subject. It has its primary motivation in the need to study child language in the light of the attitudes and findings of general linguistics and phonetics, but at the same time it recognizes the necessity to interrelate approaches in linguistics with those developing in other disciplines. While the bias in this Journal is avowedly towards linguistics, therefore, it is by no means exclusively devoted to the publication of research from proponents of that subject, as the content of this number makes clear. The Editorial Board is accordingly in no sense nominal: it is representative of a range of other specializations, and it is through the use of this Board that we hope to be able to develop a conception of child language studies that is appropriately broad, integrated and academically responsible. A statement of the journal's scope is included on the inside front cover. It should be clear from this that we are anxious not to rule out in principle areas of child language study that some might consider marginal. We see in such areas as speech pathology considerable
近年来，人们一直在呼吁出版一本儿童语言研究专业期刊。1970年布尔诺儿童语言学会议和1971年布法罗语言学研究所提出了最初的建议，但直到1972年9月在佛罗伦萨举行的第二届语言习得国际会议才有了进展，当时与会者接受了一项正式的决议，并采取了行动，有了现在的结果。这种需求大概反映了在过去十年中从事儿童研究的学者数量的显著增加。许多学科背景都涉及到语言学和心理学，但也包括神经病学，儿科，社会学，人类学，教育学。对主要文摘期刊中专门用于儿童语言研究的版面进行的非正式调查显示，这一领域的出版物数量增加了十倍。但到目前为止，还没有针对这项研究的出版和讨论的焦点:论文分散在各种跨学科期刊上，或者被淹没在其他领域的会议记录中。心理语言学或语言行为的期刊倾向于以成人为导向，而儿童发展的期刊除了语言之外还有很多其他的东西可以吸引他们的注意力。事实上，如果没有专门出版的六篇论文集子(这些论文集子构成了这一领域学生参考书目的大部分)，这一学科是否会有任何结构化的学术认同是值得怀疑的。因此，这本杂志似乎填补了儿童行为学术报道的一个明显空白。这是第一本完全致力于儿童语言发展的理论、方法和实证研究的杂志，并为报告和讨论该主题的当前趋势和事件提供了一个论坛。它的主要动机是需要根据一般语言学和语音学的态度和发现来研究儿童语言，但同时它也认识到将语言学的方法与其他学科的方法联系起来的必要性。因此，虽然本刊公开偏向语言学，但它绝不仅仅致力于发表该学科支持者的研究成果，正如本刊的内容所表明的那样。因此，编辑委员会绝不是名义上的:它代表了一系列其他专业，通过使用这个委员会，我们希望能够发展一种适当广泛、综合和学术上负责任的儿童语言研究概念。该杂志的范围声明包括在内页封面上。从这里可以清楚地看出，我们并不急于在原则上排除儿童语言研究中一些可能被认为是边缘的领域。我们在语言病理学等领域看到了提供对1 [i] .1 c L 1的一般性见解的巨大潜力
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"M. Spehr, Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"The need for a specialist journal of child language studies has been persistently voiced over recent years. Initial proposals were made at the Brno Conference on Paedolinguistics in 1970 and the 1971 Linguistics Institute at Buffalo, but nothing developed until the 2nd International Conference on Language Acquisition at Florence in September 1972, when a formal resolution to establish a journal was accepted by conference participants and acted upon, with the present result. The demand presumably reflects the remarkable increase in the number of scholars engaged in child research during the past decade. Many disciplinary backgrounds have been involved linguistics and psychology in particular, but also neurology, paediatrics, sociology, anthropology, education. An informal check on the amount of space devoted to child language studies in the main abstracting journals shows that the number of publications in this area has increased by a factor of ten. But so far there has been no focus for the publication and discussion of this research: papers are scattered over a wide range of interdisciplinary journals, or buried in conference proceedings on other fields. Journals of psycholinguistics or verbal behaviour tend to be adult-orientated, and journals of child development have a great deal else to occupy their attention than language. Indeed, without the ad hoc publication of some half a dozen collections of papers, which form the bulk of student's bibliographies in this field, it is doubtful whether there would be any structured scholarly identity for the subject of all. This journal therefore appears to fill an evident gap in the academic coverage of child behaviour. It is the first journal to be wholly devoted to the theoretical, methodological and empirical study of language development in children, and to provide a forum for reporting on and discussing current trends and events within the subject. It has its primary motivation in the need to study child language in the light of the attitudes and findings of general linguistics and phonetics, but at the same time it recognizes the necessity to interrelate approaches in linguistics with those developing in other disciplines. While the bias in this Journal is avowedly towards linguistics, therefore, it is by no means exclusively devoted to the publication of research from proponents of that subject, as the content of this number makes clear. The Editorial Board is accordingly in no sense nominal: it is representative of a range of other specializations, and it is through the use of this Board that we hope to be able to develop a conception of child language studies that is appropriately broad, integrated and academically responsible. A statement of the journal's scope is included on the inside front cover. It should be clear from this that we are anxious not to rule out in principle areas of child language study that some might consider marginal. We see in such areas as speech pathology considerable ","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"127 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43788329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The olfactory epithelium (OE) and its associated perireceptor space, i.e., the mucus layer (ML) covering the epithelium, are the most peripheral parts of the vertebrate olfactory system. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), one of the cell types of the OE, are the odorant detectors of the olfactory system. These bipolar neurons extend their apical appendages, which express odorant receptors, into the ML. The binding of odorants to odorant receptors is the initial step of odor processing. The vast majority of research on the peripheral olfactory system has focused on the ORNs and the molecular components of the olfactory transduction cascades. Less attention has been directed to the other cell types of the OE and their physiological functions. For a long time, it was assumed that the olfactory signals detected in the OE are transmitted to the olfactory bulb without preprocessing, but this view turned out to be over-simplistic. It has been shown that the olfactory signals are critically modulated already in the OE. Despite compelling evidence, many descriptions of the olfactory system still ignore the existence of these peripheral modulatory mechanisms. The importance of peripheral modulation of the olfactory signals, the physiological functions of the other epithelial cell types, the extrinsic innervation of the olfactory mucosa, and the perireceptor space are only slowly coming into focus in the olfactory research. Furthermore, several intraepithelial signaling pathways that signal epithelial damage and initiate regenerative processes have recently been discovered. This review provides a concise overview of the current knowledge of peripheral events in the olfactory mucosa and the perireceptor space.
{"title":"Perireceptor events and peripheral modulation of olfactory signals in the olfactory epithelium of vertebrates","authors":"I. Manzini","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The olfactory epithelium (OE) and its associated perireceptor space, i.e., the mucus layer (ML) covering the epithelium, are the most peripheral parts of the vertebrate olfactory system. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), one of the cell types of the OE, are the odorant detectors of the olfactory system. These bipolar neurons extend their apical appendages, which express odorant receptors, into the ML. The binding of odorants to odorant receptors is the initial step of odor processing. The vast majority of research on the peripheral olfactory system has focused on the ORNs and the molecular components of the olfactory transduction cascades. Less attention has been directed to the other cell types of the OE and their physiological functions. For a long time, it was assumed that the olfactory signals detected in the OE are transmitted to the olfactory bulb without preprocessing, but this view turned out to be over-simplistic. It has been shown that the olfactory signals are critically modulated already in the OE. Despite compelling evidence, many descriptions of the olfactory system still ignore the existence of these peripheral modulatory mechanisms. The importance of peripheral modulation of the olfactory signals, the physiological functions of the other epithelial cell types, the extrinsic innervation of the olfactory mucosa, and the perireceptor space are only slowly coming into focus in the olfactory research. Furthermore, several intraepithelial signaling pathways that signal epithelial damage and initiate regenerative processes have recently been discovered. This review provides a concise overview of the current knowledge of peripheral events in the olfactory mucosa and the perireceptor space.","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"129 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44491368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In order to survive, an organism has to adapt its behavioral actions to the current context by carefully balancing sensory input with physiological state and need. This challenge becomes particularly apparent for olfactory stimuli (volatile chemicals), which can signal not only food sources, mating partners, and offspring, but also pathogens, competitors, and predators. To achieve this difficult task, information processing in the olfactory system is strongly modulated by internal state (for example, metabolic or endocrine), environmental context, and previous experience. This article provides an overview how different internal states impact olfactory processing and discusses potential underlying mechanisms. It starts with a brief excurse on a leading model to study olfaction—Mus musculus—and concludes with implications for human health and disease.
{"title":"How the body rules the nose","authors":"Annika Cichy","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to survive, an organism has to adapt its behavioral actions to the current context by carefully balancing sensory input with physiological state and need. This challenge becomes particularly apparent for olfactory stimuli (volatile chemicals), which can signal not only food sources, mating partners, and offspring, but also pathogens, competitors, and predators. To achieve this difficult task, information processing in the olfactory system is strongly modulated by internal state (for example, metabolic or endocrine), environmental context, and previous experience. This article provides an overview how different internal states impact olfactory processing and discusses potential underlying mechanisms. It starts with a brief excurse on a leading model to study olfaction—Mus musculus—and concludes with implications for human health and disease.","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"151 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48640796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renata Medinaceli Quintela, Daniela Brunert, Markus Rothermel
Abstract Olfaction, despite being evolutionarily one of the oldest senses, is complex in structure and function. It can distinguish between trillions of odorants, provides orientation, mediates social interactions, and serves as a warning system. Sensory signals from the periphery are first processed in the olfactory bulb (OB) and then distributed to several olfactory cortical structures. Unlike other sensory modalities, this primary sensory information is not relayed via the thalamus. One prominent olfactory cortical region is the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), a two-layered structure located within the olfactory peduncle. The AON exerts strong reciprocal connections not only to the OB but also to higher brain areas, e.g., the piriform cortex (PCx), thereby serving as a hub for bottom-up and top-down information processing. However, the functional role of the AON is not well-understood. Here, we provide an overview of recent publications investigating the function of AON in olfactory processing and behavior and present a framework for future research on this fascinating archicortical structure.
{"title":"Functional role of the anterior olfactory nucleus in sensory information processing","authors":"Renata Medinaceli Quintela, Daniela Brunert, Markus Rothermel","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Olfaction, despite being evolutionarily one of the oldest senses, is complex in structure and function. It can distinguish between trillions of odorants, provides orientation, mediates social interactions, and serves as a warning system. Sensory signals from the periphery are first processed in the olfactory bulb (OB) and then distributed to several olfactory cortical structures. Unlike other sensory modalities, this primary sensory information is not relayed via the thalamus. One prominent olfactory cortical region is the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), a two-layered structure located within the olfactory peduncle. The AON exerts strong reciprocal connections not only to the OB but also to higher brain areas, e.g., the piriform cortex (PCx), thereby serving as a hub for bottom-up and top-down information processing. However, the functional role of the AON is not well-understood. Here, we provide an overview of recent publications investigating the function of AON in olfactory processing and behavior and present a framework for future research on this fascinating archicortical structure.","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"169 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49468102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this review, we aim to integrate our recent findings on the vasopressin system and its role in social discrimination with other known neuromodulatory mechanisms in the olfactory bulb that are involved in different experimental models of social memory. Behavioral paradigms commonly used to investigate odor-related social memory are individual social memory in rodents, lamb recognition in sheep, and the Bruce effect in female mice. All three cases involve neuromodulation in the main and/or the accessory olfactory bulb, the first centers for olfactory processing. As a large diversity of neuromodulators participate in social memory formation, here, we focus primarily on shared neuromodulatory systems and their physiological effects, in particular, the social neuropeptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, and the arousal-related modulators, acetylcholine and noradrenaline.
{"title":"Mammalian social memory relies on neuromodulation in the olfactory bulb","authors":"Hajime Suyama, Veronica Egger, M. Lukas","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this review, we aim to integrate our recent findings on the vasopressin system and its role in social discrimination with other known neuromodulatory mechanisms in the olfactory bulb that are involved in different experimental models of social memory. Behavioral paradigms commonly used to investigate odor-related social memory are individual social memory in rodents, lamb recognition in sheep, and the Bruce effect in female mice. All three cases involve neuromodulation in the main and/or the accessory olfactory bulb, the first centers for olfactory processing. As a large diversity of neuromodulators participate in social memory formation, here, we focus primarily on shared neuromodulatory systems and their physiological effects, in particular, the social neuropeptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, and the arousal-related modulators, acetylcholine and noradrenaline.","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"143 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sensory input across modalities is highly dynamic, continuously confronting the brain with the task of making sense of the external world. Olfaction is a key sense that many species depend on for survival, for example to locate food sources and mating partners or to avoid encountering predators. In the absence of visual cues, olfactory cues are especially useful, as they provide information over a large range of distances. Natural odours form temporally complex plumes that show rapid fluctuations in odour concentration carrying information about the location of an odour source. This review focuses on how primarily mammals use this spatial information from olfactory cues to navigate their environment. I highlight progress made on the physical description of dynamically fluctuating odours, behavioural paradigms to investigate odour-guided navigation and review initial findings on the underlying neural mechanisms that allow mammals to extract spatial information from the dynamic odour landscape.
{"title":"Information about space from time: how mammals navigate the odour landscape","authors":"Tobias Ackels","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sensory input across modalities is highly dynamic, continuously confronting the brain with the task of making sense of the external world. Olfaction is a key sense that many species depend on for survival, for example to locate food sources and mating partners or to avoid encountering predators. In the absence of visual cues, olfactory cues are especially useful, as they provide information over a large range of distances. Natural odours form temporally complex plumes that show rapid fluctuations in odour concentration carrying information about the location of an odour source. This review focuses on how primarily mammals use this spatial information from olfactory cues to navigate their environment. I highlight progress made on the physical description of dynamically fluctuating odours, behavioural paradigms to investigate odour-guided navigation and review initial findings on the underlying neural mechanisms that allow mammals to extract spatial information from the dynamic odour landscape.","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"159 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44626658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NWG-Reisestipendien für das FENS Forum 2022 in Paris vergeben","authors":"Meino Gibson","doi":"10.1515/nf-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nf-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroforum","volume":"28 1","pages":"123 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42725039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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