{"title":"Playing Politics with Natural Disaster: Hurricane Agnes, the 1972 Election, and the Origins of FEMA by Timothy W. Kneeland, and: Declaring Disaster: Buffalo’s Blizzard of ’77 and the Creation of FEMA by Timothy W. Kneeland (review)","authors":"D. Soll","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"198 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42746131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On November 10, 1786, Jupiter Hammon completed a poem entitled “An Essay on Slavery.” The Queens author explored the roots of enslavement and the moral and religious imperatives that ought to produce emancipation in New York. Hammon emphasized that he was voicing the collective story of an African people. The poem begins with the declaration, “Our forefathers came from africa/tost over the raging main”; the operative pronouns throughout the poem are “we” and “us.” The journey from Africa to America should rightfully conclude in freedom, not in bondage. He ends stanza 6 with the word “Liberty”; stanzas 17 and 21 end, respectively, with the phrases “Tis Slavery no more” and “That Slavery is no more”; stanza 18 notes that God “can fill our hearts with things divine/And give us freedom two.” The spelling t-w-o draws attention to two kinds of freedom, earthly and heavenly. Hammon asserts that his fellow descendants of Africa will remain on this “Christian shore” and suggests that religious faithfulness will liberate them in this world and the next. In newly independent New York, masters and Euro-Americans bore responsibility for fixing the earthbound problem. However, having brought Africans to the “Christian shore,” whites, in Hammon’s telling, had no role to play in determining the eternal fate of their bondspeople.1 Jupiter Hammon has been known to scholars for many decades as the first enslaved person in the British mainland colonies to publish a poem (1760), but literary specialists Cedrick May and Julie McCown only recently unveiled the welcome archival discovery of “An Essay on Slavery.”2 Hammon’s poem sets forth key themes around which historians
{"title":"No Shelter from the Storm: Slavery and Freedom in Early New York City","authors":"D. Gellman","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"On November 10, 1786, Jupiter Hammon completed a poem entitled “An Essay on Slavery.” The Queens author explored the roots of enslavement and the moral and religious imperatives that ought to produce emancipation in New York. Hammon emphasized that he was voicing the collective story of an African people. The poem begins with the declaration, “Our forefathers came from africa/tost over the raging main”; the operative pronouns throughout the poem are “we” and “us.” The journey from Africa to America should rightfully conclude in freedom, not in bondage. He ends stanza 6 with the word “Liberty”; stanzas 17 and 21 end, respectively, with the phrases “Tis Slavery no more” and “That Slavery is no more”; stanza 18 notes that God “can fill our hearts with things divine/And give us freedom two.” The spelling t-w-o draws attention to two kinds of freedom, earthly and heavenly. Hammon asserts that his fellow descendants of Africa will remain on this “Christian shore” and suggests that religious faithfulness will liberate them in this world and the next. In newly independent New York, masters and Euro-Americans bore responsibility for fixing the earthbound problem. However, having brought Africans to the “Christian shore,” whites, in Hammon’s telling, had no role to play in determining the eternal fate of their bondspeople.1 Jupiter Hammon has been known to scholars for many decades as the first enslaved person in the British mainland colonies to publish a poem (1760), but literary specialists Cedrick May and Julie McCown only recently unveiled the welcome archival discovery of “An Essay on Slavery.”2 Hammon’s poem sets forth key themes around which historians","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"23 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41566862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Valcour: The 1776 Campaign That Saved the Cause of Liberty by Jack Kelly (review)","authors":"Christopher R. Sabick","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"196 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41810676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Those Who Know Don’t Say: The Nation of Islam, the Black Freedom Movement, and the Carceral State by Garrett Felber (review)","authors":"Max Felker-Kantor","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"183 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49001367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Winter came early to Albany, New York, in 1756. In August, a chill was starting to wind through the frontier town. Normally, Albany was a warm, friendly place—the kind of small city where “a gentleman had to keep his hat in constant motion” as he passed residents spending their evenings on their front porches.1 But in August 1756, the porches were empty and the doors were shut, not so much against the cold as against the British army that was settling into early “winter quarters” in Albany. As the town was forced to expand to house the soldiers who streamed through its small fort, residents offered a frigid welcome. One fur trader, already suffering the effects of the war on his business, tossed his assigned soldier’s luggage into the street. The frosty response of the commanding general, Lord Loudoun, was to forcefully install the soldiers in their new home and threaten that any other resisters would see their homes turned into a storehouse or hospital while the owner could “Shift for himself ” through the winter.2 The army was there for the defense of the British North American frontier, but for the civilians in Albany, it felt like an invasion. Because of its location, Albany was critical for the British army as a staging point for defending forts in the west or north as the Seven Years’ War began to expand beyond the early encounters in the Ohio River valley. The British had Fort Frederick at Albany and built Fort Edward and Fort William Henry near Lake George in 1755. At the same time, the French built Fort Carillon (later Fort Ticonderoga) and Fort St. Frédéric (Crown Point) between Lake George and Lake Champlain. Albany was somewhat protected while the British forts were standing, and it had an—almost—large enough population and
{"title":"A Frontier Place: The Transformation of Colonial Albany, 1756–1763","authors":"Elisabeth George","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Winter came early to Albany, New York, in 1756. In August, a chill was starting to wind through the frontier town. Normally, Albany was a warm, friendly place—the kind of small city where “a gentleman had to keep his hat in constant motion” as he passed residents spending their evenings on their front porches.1 But in August 1756, the porches were empty and the doors were shut, not so much against the cold as against the British army that was settling into early “winter quarters” in Albany. As the town was forced to expand to house the soldiers who streamed through its small fort, residents offered a frigid welcome. One fur trader, already suffering the effects of the war on his business, tossed his assigned soldier’s luggage into the street. The frosty response of the commanding general, Lord Loudoun, was to forcefully install the soldiers in their new home and threaten that any other resisters would see their homes turned into a storehouse or hospital while the owner could “Shift for himself ” through the winter.2 The army was there for the defense of the British North American frontier, but for the civilians in Albany, it felt like an invasion. Because of its location, Albany was critical for the British army as a staging point for defending forts in the west or north as the Seven Years’ War began to expand beyond the early encounters in the Ohio River valley. The British had Fort Frederick at Albany and built Fort Edward and Fort William Henry near Lake George in 1755. At the same time, the French built Fort Carillon (later Fort Ticonderoga) and Fort St. Frédéric (Crown Point) between Lake George and Lake Champlain. Albany was somewhat protected while the British forts were standing, and it had an—almost—large enough population and","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"103 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45994685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jewish New York Inside and Out: Violence, Ethnicity, and Embeddedness in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan","authors":"J. Dixon","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"13 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43304220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Wild Idea: How the Environmental Movement Tamed the Adirondacks by Brad Edmondson (review)","authors":"Matt Dallos","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"178 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48585043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the Bronx to Stalingrad: Harry Eisman and the Young Pioneers of America in New York City","authors":"Jack Hodgson","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"68 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48663344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to Papers Given at the 2020 Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association","authors":"Benjamin L. Carp","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43728127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fitz-James O’Brien Hands in His Chips: His New York Writings on Slavery and the Civil War","authors":"John P. Irish","doi":"10.1353/nyh.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nyh.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56163,"journal":{"name":"NEW YORK HISTORY","volume":"103 1","pages":"104 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47916320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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