In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line segment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, fermions and bosons are described as quanta imaginary string particles with a definite direction. For e.g. unidirectional imaginary straight line with fixed length are massive spin 1/2 fermions; while unidirectional imaginary quanta curved lines are massless spin 1 bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between massless (curved imaginary line) and spin = 1 properties of boson as proved in QED theory. All fundamental particles of standard model and beyond standard model are arranged in one simple diagram in 3 folds (bottom fold, middle upper and lower folds and top fold) and are projected in 4th Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This theory is beyond standard model because it predicts new fundamental particles viz. dark matter (spin = 0 massive boson) along with gravitons (spin = 2, massless bosons); 4th pair of neutrinos, vertical massless boson (VMB) particles and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle. The discovery of these new particles will act as solid proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the universe at an atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lots of current problems of SM of particle physics like matter-antimatter asymmetry, origin of mass of hadrons like protons, origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, wave-particle duality of particles, etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, dark matter is not a quanta particle, rather it is a single entity and spreads/expands throughout the universe in the form of “web of spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic massive objects are floating/sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its continuity with time gives new a definition to time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-time is not Empty and is filled with massive dark matter, hence, we have to add more terms to newtonian gravitational equation to account for gravitational strength of mass of surrounding dark matter which represents curvature of space-time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to mass-density of flat universe. Finally, using an empirical formula (h = k*c*Q; k = boltzmann’s constant = mass in TeV range) and inverse relation of mass-density of DM with age of the universe (H2 = Constant•G•Mass-Density of DM); Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.
{"title":"Theory of 3F4D Universe (Beyond Standard Model of Particle Physics)","authors":"Y. V. Chavan","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2021.112002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2021.112002","url":null,"abstract":"In this theory, “mass is equivalent to length of imaginary straight line segment” and “direction to imaginary line segment is intrinsic property of that particle which is Equivalent to its intrinsic spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, fermions and bosons are described as quanta imaginary string particles with a definite direction. For e.g. unidirectional imaginary straight line with fixed length are massive spin 1/2 fermions; while unidirectional imaginary quanta curved lines are massless spin 1 bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between massless (curved imaginary line) and spin = 1 properties of boson as proved in QED theory. All fundamental particles of standard model and beyond standard model are arranged in one simple diagram in 3 folds (bottom fold, middle upper and lower folds and top fold) and are projected in 4th Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This theory is beyond standard model because it predicts new fundamental particles viz. dark matter (spin = 0 massive boson) along with gravitons (spin = 2, massless bosons); 4th pair of neutrinos, vertical massless boson (VMB) particles and tri-axis massive boson (spin = 0) particle. The discovery of these new particles will act as solid proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the universe at an atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lots of current problems of SM of particle physics like matter-antimatter asymmetry, origin of mass of hadrons like protons, origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, wave-particle duality of particles, etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, dark matter is not a quanta particle, rather it is a single entity and spreads/expands throughout the universe in the form of “web of spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic massive objects are floating/sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its continuity with time gives new a definition to time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-time is not Empty and is filled with massive dark matter, hence, we have to add more terms to newtonian gravitational equation to account for gravitational strength of mass of surrounding dark matter which represents curvature of space-time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to mass-density of flat universe. Finally, using an empirical formula (h = k*c*Q; k = boltzmann’s constant = mass in TeV range) and inverse relation of mass-density of DM with age of the universe (H2 = Constant•G•Mass-Density of DM); Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43018667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new example of 2×2 -matrix quasi-exactly solvable (QES) Hamiltonian which is associated to a Jacobi elliptic potential is constructed. We compute algebraically three necessary and sufficient conditions with the QES analytic method for the Jacobi Hamiltonian to have a finite dimensional invariant vector space. The matrix Jacobi Hamiltonian is called quasi-exactly solvable.
{"title":"Quasi-Exactly Solvable Jacobi Elliptic Potential","authors":"A. Nininahazwe","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2020.103003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2020.103003","url":null,"abstract":"A new example of 2×2 -matrix quasi-exactly solvable (QES) Hamiltonian which is associated to a Jacobi elliptic potential is constructed. We compute algebraically three necessary and sufficient conditions with the QES analytic method for the Jacobi Hamiltonian to have a finite dimensional invariant vector space. The matrix Jacobi Hamiltonian is called quasi-exactly solvable.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46834270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A PT-symmetric Hamiltonian associated with a trigonometric Razhavi potential is analyzed. Along the same lines of the general quasi-exactly solvable analytic method considered in the [1] [2] [3], three necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for this Hamiltonian to have a finite-dimensional invariant vector space are established. This PT-symmetric 2 x 2 -matrix Hamiltonian is called quasi-exactly solvable (QES).
{"title":"PT-Symmetric Matrix Quasi-Exactly Solvable Razhavi Potential","authors":"A. Nininahazwe","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2020.102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2020.102002","url":null,"abstract":"A PT-symmetric Hamiltonian associated with a trigonometric Razhavi potential is analyzed. Along the same lines of the general quasi-exactly solvable analytic method considered in the [1] [2] [3], three necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for this Hamiltonian to have a finite-dimensional invariant vector space are established. This PT-symmetric 2 x 2 -matrix Hamiltonian is called quasi-exactly solvable (QES).","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44876181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With a view to understanding J/$Psi$ suppression in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we compute the suppression rate within the framework of hydrodynamical evolution model. For this, we consider an ellipsoidal flow and use an ansatz for temperature profile function which accounts for time and the three dimensional space evolution of the quark-gluon plasma. We have calculated the survival probability separately as the function of transverse and longitudinal momentum. We have shown that previous calculations are special cases of this model.
{"title":"A Theoretical Approach to Study J/Ψ Suppression in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions with Ellipsoidal Evolution","authors":"S. K. Karn","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2020.101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2020.101001","url":null,"abstract":"With a view to understanding J/$Psi$ suppression in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we compute the suppression rate within the framework of hydrodynamical evolution model. For this, we consider an ellipsoidal flow and use an ansatz for temperature profile function which accounts for time and the three dimensional space evolution of the quark-gluon plasma. We have calculated the survival probability separately as the function of transverse and longitudinal momentum. We have shown that previous calculations are special cases of this model.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46092728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The triple differential cross sections estimation have been ascertained theoretically for the ionization of metastable 3d-state hydrogen atoms by electron at 150 eV, 200 eV and 250 eV for assorted kinematic conditions exerting a multiplex scattering principle. The existent new-findings are assimilated with the theoretic data of hydrogenic metastable 2S, 3S and 3P states as well as the hydrogenic ground state experiment. An analysis of the attained observations reveals qualitative fitness with those of compared results specially with hydrogenic ground state BBK model, ground state experimental data and metastable state 2S state results. This is a new theoretical work on hydrogenic metastable 3d state ionization by electron. The substantial progress of the current study offers a wide scope for empirical study in ionization process.
{"title":"Ionization of Hydrogenic 3d State by Electron Impact","authors":"Sushmita Banerjee, S. Dhar","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2019.94004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2019.94004","url":null,"abstract":"The triple differential cross sections estimation have been ascertained theoretically for the ionization of metastable 3d-state hydrogen atoms by electron at 150 eV, 200 eV and 250 eV for assorted kinematic conditions exerting a multiplex scattering principle. The existent new-findings are assimilated with the theoretic data of hydrogenic metastable 2S, 3S and 3P states as well as the hydrogenic ground state experiment. An analysis of the attained observations reveals qualitative fitness with those of compared results specially with hydrogenic ground state BBK model, ground state experimental data and metastable state 2S state results. This is a new theoretical work on hydrogenic metastable 3d state ionization by electron. The substantial progress of the current study offers a wide scope for empirical study in ionization process.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48275645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the fundamental questions is that “what the matter is composed of?” In 1897, atoms are known as the basic building blocks of matter. In the year 1911, Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that when alpha particles are scattered on a thin gold foil that the atom is composed of mostly empty space with a dense core at its center which is called the nucleus. Thereafter, protons and neutrons were discovered. In 1956, McAllister and Hofstadter published experimental results of elastic scattering of the electrons from a hydrogen target which revealed that the proton has an internal structure. In 1964, Gell-Mann (and independently) Zweig proposed that nucleons are composed of point-like particles which are called quarks. These quarks are postulated to have spin-1/2, fractional electric charge. Combinations of different flavors of quarks yield protons and neutrons which belong to the type of particles called baryons (built up from three quarks) and mesons as (quark and an antiquark). These two groups of particles are categorized as hadrons. The quarks showed further decay properties which suggested that they have a substructure.
{"title":"On the Preon Model","authors":"H. Mansour","doi":"10.4236/OJM.2019.92002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJM.2019.92002","url":null,"abstract":"One of the fundamental questions is that “what the matter is composed of?” In 1897, atoms are known as the basic building blocks of matter. In the year 1911, Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that when alpha particles are scattered on a thin gold foil that the atom is composed of mostly empty space with a dense core at its center which is called the nucleus. Thereafter, protons and neutrons were discovered. In 1956, McAllister and Hofstadter published experimental results of elastic scattering of the electrons from a hydrogen target which revealed that the proton has an internal structure. In 1964, Gell-Mann (and independently) Zweig proposed that nucleons are composed of point-like particles which are called quarks. These quarks are postulated to have spin-1/2, fractional electric charge. Combinations of different flavors of quarks yield protons and neutrons which belong to the type of particles called baryons (built up from three quarks) and mesons as (quark and an antiquark). These two groups of particles are categorized as hadrons. The quarks showed further decay properties which suggested that they have a substructure.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46396271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the continuity equation in the presence of a local potential, and a non-local potential arising from electron-electron interaction in both commutative and non-commutative phase-space. Furthermore we examined the influence of the phase-space non-commutativity on both the locality and the non-locality, where the definition of current density cannot satisfy the condition of current conservation, but with the steady state, in order to solve this problem, we give a new definition of current density including the contribution due to the non-local potential. We show that the calculated current based on the new definition of current density maintains the current. But for the case when the non-commutativity considered, we find that the conservation of the current density completely violated. Subsequently, as an application we studied the Frahn-Lemmer non-local potential, taking into account that the employed methods concerning the phase-space non-commutativity are both of Bopp-shift linear transformation through the Heisenberg-like commutation relations, and the Moyal-Weyl product.
{"title":"Continuity Equation in Presence of a Non-Local Potential in Non-Commutative Phase-Space","authors":"Ilyas Haouam","doi":"10.4236/ojm.2019.93003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2019.93003","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the continuity equation in the presence of a local potential, and a non-local potential arising from electron-electron interaction in both commutative and non-commutative phase-space. Furthermore we examined the influence of the phase-space non-commutativity on both the locality and the non-locality, where the definition of current density cannot satisfy the condition of current conservation, but with the steady state, in order to solve this problem, we give a new definition of current density including the contribution due to the non-local potential. We show that the calculated current based on the new definition of current density maintains the current. But for the case when the non-commutativity considered, we find that the conservation of the current density completely violated. Subsequently, as an application we studied the Frahn-Lemmer non-local potential, taking into account that the employed methods concerning the phase-space non-commutativity are both of Bopp-shift linear transformation through the Heisenberg-like commutation relations, and the Moyal-Weyl product.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44484730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The non PT-symmetric exactly solvable Hamiltonian describing a system of a fermion in the external magnetic field which couples to a harmonic oscillator through some pseudo-hermitian interaction is considered. We point out all properties of both of the original Mandal and the original Jaynes-Cummings Hamitonians. It is shown that these Hamiltonians are respectively pseudo-hermitian and hermitian REF _Ref536606452 r h * MERGEFORMAT [1] REF _Ref536606454 r h [2]. Like the direct approach to invariant vector spaces used in Refs. REF _Ref536606456 r h [3] REF _Ref536606457 r h [4], we reveal the exact solvability of both the Mandal and Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonians after expressing them in the position operator and the impulsion operator.
{"title":"Pseudo-Hermitian Matrix Exactly Solvable Hamiltonian","authors":"A. Nininahazwe","doi":"10.4236/OJM.2019.91001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJM.2019.91001","url":null,"abstract":"The non PT-symmetric exactly solvable Hamiltonian describing a system of a fermion in the external magnetic field which couples to a harmonic oscillator through some pseudo-hermitian interaction is considered. We point out all properties of both of the original Mandal and the original Jaynes-Cummings Hamitonians. It is shown that these Hamiltonians are respectively pseudo-hermitian and hermitian REF _Ref536606452 r h * MERGEFORMAT [1] REF _Ref536606454 r h [2]. Like the direct approach to invariant vector spaces used in Refs. REF _Ref536606456 r h [3] REF _Ref536606457 r h [4], we reveal the exact solvability of both the Mandal and Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonians after expressing them in the position operator and the impulsion operator.","PeriodicalId":57566,"journal":{"name":"微观物理学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44664853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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