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Retraction Note: Fast Electrons Behavior in Presence of External Radial Electric Field in IR-T1 Tokamak 撤回说明:IR-T1 托卡马克中存在外部径向电场时的快速电子行为
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00428-5
A. Salar Elahi, M. Ghoranneviss
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引用次数: 0
Retraction Note to: Theoretical and experimental approach in poloidal beta and internal inductance measurement on IR-T1 tokamak 撤回说明:IR-T1 托卡马克上极性贝塔和内电感测量的理论和实验方法
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00430-x
A. Salar Elahi, M. Ghoranneviss, M. Emami, A. Rahimi Rad
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引用次数: 0
Plasma Breakdown Optimization Calculation Based on Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm for TT-1 Device 基于改进型粒子群算法的 TT-1 设备等离子体击穿优化计算
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00418-7
Shuangbao Shu, Jiaxin Zhang, Shurui Zhang, Jiarong Luo, Shanlin Liu

In the Tokamak discharge experiment, obtaining the largest possible null field region is a necessary condition for the smooth breakdown of the plasma, and adjusting the poloidal field coil current is key to achieving a better null field region. This paper, based on the Sino-Thai Tokamak cooperation project Thailand Tokamak-1 (TT-1) device, employs an exponentially decreasing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the poloidal field coil current to create the desired null field region in the vacuum chamber area. First, a calculation model for the mutual inductance coefficient and the null field region is established according to the characteristics and magnetic structure of the TT-1 device, enabling the calculation of the null field region. Then, an optimization model for the poloidal field coil current is established, aiming to create a sufficiently large null field region (less than 10 Gauss) to facilitate breakdown. The optimization is carried out using both a typical linearly decreasing PSO algorithm and an improved PSO algorithm to determine the optimal poloidal field coil current. Compared to the unmodified PSO algorithm, the improved PSO algorithm reduces the root mean square error by 31.80%. The results show that the improved PSO algorithm is more suitable for the optimization of the poloidal field coil, has stronger optimization capabilities, and can effectively create the desired null field region, providing an important reference for the smooth breakdown of plasma in the TT-1 device.

在托卡马克放电实验中,获得尽可能大的空场区域是等离子体顺利击穿的必要条件,而调整极性场线圈电流是获得较好空场区域的关键。本文以中泰托卡马克合作项目泰国托卡马克-1(TT-1)装置为基础,采用指数递减的粒子群优化(PSO)算法,对极性场线圈电流进行优化,以在真空室区域创建所需的空场区域。首先,根据 TT-1 设备的特性和磁结构,建立互感系数和空场区域的计算模型,从而计算出空场区域。然后,建立了极环场线圈电流的优化模型,目的是创建足够大的空场区域(小于 10 高斯),以促进击穿。优化采用典型的线性递减 PSO 算法和改进的 PSO 算法,以确定最佳的极环场线圈电流。与未修改的 PSO 算法相比,改进的 PSO 算法将均方根误差降低了 31.80%。结果表明,改进后的 PSO 算法更适合于极环场线圈的优化,具有更强的优化能力,能有效创建所需的空场区域,为 TT-1 设备中等离子体的顺利击穿提供了重要参考。
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引用次数: 0
Direct Drive Laser Fusion Facility and Pilot Plant 直接驱动激光聚变设施和试验工厂
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00416-9
Malcolm W. McGeoch, Stephen P. Obenschain

Direct-drive laser inertial fusion is a potential producer of baseline power that has increased credibility following the achievement at the National Ignition Facility of ignition and net gain using indirect-drive via laser-produced X-rays. Ultraviolet broad band lasers such as argon fluoride, at 193 nm and 10 THz, are predicted by hydrocode simulations to enable energy gains greater than 100 with laser energies less than 0.5 MJ, stimulating renewed reactor design effort in anticipation of experimental verification. The present study attempts to create a reactor design with very few unknowns in materials, corrosion, first wall viability, tritium breeding and ease of servicing. A new variant of magnetic intervention has an increased ion dump surface area combined with a simple structure. Around an inner vacuum vessel an all-ceramic tritium breeder blanket is possible in an unconstrained volume, allowing helium coolant to be used without excessive pressure or flow power. The case is made for development of a lead (Pb) ceramic as the neutron multiplier.

直接驱动激光惯性聚变是一种潜在的基线功率产生器,在国家点火装置通过激光产生的 X 射线实现间接驱动点火和净增益之后,这种产生器的可信度有所提高。根据水码模拟预测,193 纳米和 10 太赫兹的紫外宽波段激光器(如氟化氩)可以在激光能量小于 0.5 兆焦耳的情况下实现大于 100 的能量增益,这激励着人们重新开始反应堆设计工作,以期待实验验证。本研究试图设计出一种在材料、腐蚀、第一壁存活率、氚繁殖和易于维修等方面几乎没有未知因素的反应堆。一种新的磁性干预变体具有更大的离子倾泻表面积和简单的结构。在一个内部真空容器周围,可以在不受限制的体积内形成一个全陶瓷氚增殖毯,从而可以使用氦冷却剂,而无需过大的压力或流量。研究人员提出了开发铅(Pb)陶瓷作为中子倍增器的理由。
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引用次数: 0
Risk-Aware Framework Development for Disruption Prediction: Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D Survival Analysis 用于中断预测的风险意识框架开发:Alcator C-Mod 和 DIII-D 生存分析
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00413-y
Zander Keith, Chirag Nagpal, Cristina Rea, R. Alex Tinguely

Survival regression models can achieve longer warning times at similar receiver operating characteristic performance than previously investigated models. Survival regression models are also shown to predict the time until a disruption will occur with lower error than other predictors. Time-to-event predictions from time-series data can be obtained with a survival analysis statistical framework, and there have been many tools developed for this task which we aim to apply to disruption prediction. Using the open-source Auton-Survival package we have implemented disruption predictors with the survival regression models Cox Proportional Hazards, Deep Cox Proportional Hazards, and Deep Survival Machines. To compare with previous work, we also include predictors using a Random Forest binary classifier, and a conditional Kaplan-Meier formalism. We benchmarked the performance of these five predictors using experimental data from the Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D tokamaks by simulating alarms on each individual shot. We find that developing machine-relevant metrics to evaluate models is an important area for future work. While this study finds cases where disruptive conditions are not predicted, there are instances where the desired outcome is produced. Giving the plasma control system the expected time-to-disruption will allow it to determine the optimal actuator response in real time to minimize risk of damage to the device.

与之前研究过的模型相比,生存回归模型能以相似的接收器操作特征性能实现更长的预警时间。与其他预测模型相比,生存回归模型还能以更低的误差预测中断发生前的时间。利用生存分析统计框架可以从时间序列数据中获得时间到事件的预测结果,目前已开发出许多用于此任务的工具,我们希望将这些工具应用到中断预测中。利用开源 Auton-Survival 软件包,我们用生存回归模型 Cox Proportional Hazards、Deep Cox Proportional Hazards 和 Deep Survival Machines 实现了中断预测。为了与之前的工作进行比较,我们还加入了使用随机森林二元分类器和条件卡普兰-梅尔形式主义的预测器。我们使用来自阿尔卡特 C-Mod 和 DIII-D 托卡马克的实验数据,通过模拟每个单体的警报,对这五个预测器的性能进行了基准测试。我们发现,开发与机器相关的指标来评估模型是未来工作的一个重要领域。虽然这项研究发现了无法预测破坏性条件的情况,但也有产生预期结果的情况。为等离子体控制系统提供预期的中断时间将使其能够实时确定最佳的致动器响应,从而将设备损坏的风险降至最低。
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引用次数: 0
The IFMIF-DONES Diagnostics and Control Systems: Current Design Status, Integration Issues and Future Perspectives Embedding Artificial Intelligence Tools IFMIF-DONES 诊断和控制系统:嵌入人工智能工具的设计现状、集成问题和未来展望
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00414-x
M. Cappelli, C. Torregrosa-Martin, J. Diaz, A. Ibarra

As an integral part of the European strategy for advancing fusion-generated electricity, IFMIF-DONES represents a high-intensity neutron irradiation plant with the main purpose of assessing the suitability of materials for fusion reactor applications. Its primary mission is to examine how materials respond to irradiation within a neutron flux that mimics the conditions expected in the first wall of the proposed DEMO reactor, which is intended to succeed ITER. Consequently, IFMIF-DONES, whose construction is slated to commence shortly, plays a pivotal role in aiding the development, approval, and safe operation of DEMO, as well as future fusion power plants. This paper provides a quick overview of the current development of the IFMIF-DONES neutron source with a particular snapshot of the present engineering design status for what concerns the instrumentation and control systems together with its complex diagnostics, that guarantees the safe monitoring, supervision and regulation of all operations. The current status of design, after the completion of the preliminary design phase is presented, as well as the existing and future plans for their integration also using some of the new capabilities offered by Artificial Intelligence tools.

作为欧洲推进聚变发电战略的一个组成部分,IFMIF-DONES 是一个高强度中子辐照装置,其主要目的是评估聚变反应堆应用材料的适用性。它的主要任务是研究材料在中子通量下对辐照的反应,这种中子通量模仿了拟议中的 DEMO 反应堆第一壁的预期条件,而 DEMO 反应堆旨在接替国际热核聚变实验堆。因此,即将开始建造的 IFMIF-DONES 在帮助 DEMO 以及未来核聚变电站的开发、审批和安全运行方面发挥着关键作用。本文简要介绍了 IFMIF-DONES 中子源目前的发展情况,特别是目前的工程设计状况,包括仪器和控制系统及其复杂的诊断系统,以确保对所有操作进行安全监测、监督和调节。介绍了初步设计阶段完成后的设计现状,以及利用人工智能工具提供的一些新功能进行集成的现有和未来计划。
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引用次数: 0
The Investigation of Pre-ionization Effect on the Improvement of Pinch Quality and Increased Hard X-ray Radiation in a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) Device 研究预电离对改善密集等离子体聚焦(DPF)装置的夹持质量和增加硬 X 射线辐射的影响
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00415-w
Abdolhadi Hosseinzadeh, Naser Vosoughi, T. D. Mahabadi, D. Piriaei

This study delves into the impact of the pre-ionization technique, facilitated by an optimal shunt resistor, on a DPF device operating with deuterium gas. The investigation unveils enhancements in critical parameters within the plasma column environment during the pinch phase, specifically the total and plasmoid hard x-ray yields. Employing a combination of time-resolved detectors, such as plastic scintillator and magnetic probe arrays, alongside time-integrated detectors like pinhole camera, and just by using this technique, the research illustrated an augmented plasma sheath velocity during the axial phase. Notably and other than the enhancement of hard x-ray yield, the optimal pressure of DPF device experienced an upward shift to higher working points, accompanied by a reduction in deviation from the optimum point (52.7% and 66.6% for total and plasmoid hard x-rays respectively). This, in turn, bolstered the Lawson criterion, impacting both particle density and temperature in the plasma column. A nuanced examination further discerned that, while the pre-ionization technique amplified the intensities of total and plasmoid hard x-rays, it maintained a consistent contribution to the emitted hard x-ray intensity from the device, refraining from establishing clear superiority between these two kinds of hard x-rays, with or without using the shunt resistor.

这项研究深入探讨了预电离技术对使用氘气运行的 DPF 设备的影响。研究揭示了在夹持阶段等离子体柱环境中关键参数的增强,特别是总X射线和等离子体硬X射线产率。研究结合使用了时间分辨探测器(如塑料闪烁体和磁性探针阵列)和时间积分探测器(如针孔照相机),并利用这种技术说明了轴向阶段等离子体鞘速度的提高。值得注意的是,除了硬 X 射线产量的提高之外,DPF 设备的最佳压力也上移到了更高的工作点,同时减少了与最佳点的偏差(全硬 X 射线和等离子硬 X 射线的偏差分别为 52.7% 和 66.6%)。这反过来又加强了劳森标准,对等离子体柱中的粒子密度和温度都产生了影响。细微的检查进一步发现,虽然预电离技术放大了全硬 X 射线和等离子硬 X 射线的强度,但它对设备发射的硬 X 射线强度的贡献保持一致,因此无论是否使用分流电阻器,这两种硬 X 射线之间都没有明显的优劣之分。
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引用次数: 0
Degenerate Pile-up Correction in Pulse Height Spectra from Gamma-ray Spectrometers 伽马射线光谱仪脉冲高度光谱中的退化堆积校正
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00409-8
Giulia Marcer, Andrea Dal Molin, Marica Rebai, Davide Rigamonti, Marco Tardocchi

One of the primary obstacles faced by spectrometers operating under high counting rates is pile-up, which occurs when two or more events are detected within a timelapse short enough to result in a superposition of the events waveforms. These can not hence be integrated separately in order to get their amplitudes. Piled-up events are typically identified using pile-up rejection or recovery algorithms. In the latter case, the constituent single waveforms and their amplitudes are also restored. However, there are instances in which the pulses overlap so closely that it is impossible to identify the occurrence of pile-up, resulting in the integration of these pulses into a single spurious event. This phenomenon is known as degenerate pile-up. A method to rectify the incorrect reconstruction of degenerate pile-up was developed, based on a statistical approach, which can be directly applied to the pulse height spectra distributions. The approach was tested on a number of synthetic spectra, with counting rates ranging from 20 kHz up to 1 MHz. The recovered spectra were compared to those purely analysed with a pile-up recovery algorithm, demonstrating an improvement of the reconstructed spectrum of several tens of percent when compared to the true synthetic counterpart.

在高计数率下运行的光谱仪所面临的主要障碍之一是叠加现象,即在足够短的延时内检测到两个或多个事件,从而导致事件波形的叠加。因此,无法对这些波形进行单独积分,以获得它们的振幅。叠加事件通常使用叠加剔除或恢复算法来识别。在后一种情况下,组成的单个波形及其振幅也会得到恢复。然而,在某些情况下,脉冲重叠非常紧密,以至于无法识别堆积事件的发生,从而将这些脉冲整合为一个单一的虚假事件。这种现象被称为退化堆积。我们开发了一种基于统计方法的方法来纠正退化堆积的错误重建,该方法可直接应用于脉冲高度谱分布。该方法在一些合成光谱上进行了测试,计数率从 20 kHz 到 1 MHz 不等。将恢复的光谱与使用堆积恢复算法进行纯分析的光谱进行了比较,结果表明,与真正的合成光谱相比,重建的光谱提高了几十个百分点。
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引用次数: 0
Symmetrized Dot Pattern as an Alternative Method to Visualize the Dynamics of Tokamak Plasma Radiation 对称点图案作为托卡马克等离子体辐射动态可视化的一种替代方法
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00410-1
Agnieszka Jardin, Axel Jardin, the WEST Team

The unusual graphic representation of time series based on Symmetrized Dot Pattern (SDP) helps capturing subtle dynamics in the analyzed signals, otherwise difficult to identify when applying traditional techniques. SDP is creating features and forming a global percept easily readable and recognizable for a human observer. Thanks to this method, local correlations of the signals of any sampled data series can be visualized. This work describes the application of SDP to measurements of tokamak plasma radiation, namely the soft X-ray line-integrated brightness on WEST, where it was thus possible to analyze different phases of the discharge and in particular to identify sawtooth oscillations. In the future, the SDP method could be used to monitor the plasma state and to warn against the appearance of undesirable plasma behavior.

基于对称点图(SDP)的时间序列的非同寻常的图形表示法有助于捕捉分析信号中的微妙动态,否则在应用传统技术时很难识别。SDP 能够创建特征并形成全局感知,便于人类观察者阅读和识别。有了这种方法,任何采样数据序列信号的局部相关性都可以可视化。这项工作描述了将 SDP 应用于测量托卡马克等离子体辐射,即 WEST 上的软 X 射线线积分亮度,从而分析放电的不同阶段,特别是识别锯齿振荡。今后,SDP 方法可用于监测等离子体状态,并对出现的不良等离子体行为发出警告。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Design of Water-Cooling System for Liquid Metal Divertor Target Test Module in EAST EAST 中液态金属憩室靶测试模块水冷系统的初步设计
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00412-z
Siyao Wang, Zhe Sun, Xinyuan Qian, Xuebing Peng

Developing a robust, feasible, and reliable plasma-facing components (PFCs) is a key mission to realize the commercial fusion power reactor. The situation of the divertor targets will be particularly severe because of higher heat and particle flux in the future devices. In order to improve the power handling capacity and lifetime of the divertor target, a solution of covering the plasma-facing surface of the target with liquid metal was proposed owing to the ability of self-healing. However, liquid metal targets are still in early stages of development and there are many issues need to be explored, especially in the context of the plasma environment in a tokamak. Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), aiming to investigate scientific and engineering issues for fusion, provides a suitable environment to study the performance of liquid metal divertor. In this paper, the design of a water-cooling system for liquid metal divertor target test module in EAST is presented. It contains four circulation loops to deal with different accidents to ensure enough safety margin while minimizing the impact on the plasma discharge experiment. The corresponding system safety analyses have been performed and verified that the water-cooling system can meet the design requirements for the liquid metal target test under both normal condition and accidental events. Furthermore, the design of the water-cooling system is compatible with the constraints adopted for the high heat flux components, enhancing its potential for serving other test modules with similar water-cooling requirements in EAST.

开发坚固、可行和可靠的面向等离子体的部件(PFCs)是实现商业聚变动力反应堆的关键任务。由于未来装置中的热量和粒子通量更高,分流靶的情况将尤为严峻。为了提高岔流靶的功率处理能力和使用寿命,有人提出了用液态金属覆盖靶面向等离子体表面的解决方案,因为液态金属具有自修复能力。然而,液态金属靶仍处于早期开发阶段,还有许多问题需要探索,特别是在托卡马克中的等离子体环境下。实验性先进超导托卡马克(EAST)旨在研究核聚变的科学和工程问题,为研究液态金属分流器的性能提供了一个合适的环境。本文介绍了 EAST 中液态金属分流器目标测试模块的水冷系统设计。该系统包含四个循环回路,以应对不同的事故,从而确保足够的安全裕度,同时将对等离子体放电实验的影响降至最低。进行了相应的系统安全分析,验证了水冷系统在正常情况和意外事件下都能满足液态金属靶测试的设计要求。此外,水冷系统的设计与高热通量组件所采用的限制条件兼容,增强了其为 EAST 中具有类似水冷要求的其他试验模块提供服务的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Fusion Energy
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