Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2022.123003
Ravindra V. Gadhave
{"title":"Lactic Acid-Sustainable Raw Material for Biodegradable Hot Melt Adhesive: Review","authors":"Ravindra V. Gadhave","doi":"10.4236/ojopm.2022.123003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2022.123003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70488400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/OJOPM.2021.111001
N. Samarth, P. Mahanwar
In water industry, the chlorine is mostly used as a disinfectant agent. The chlorine present in potable water as a disinfectant has been reported to reduce the lifetime of contact polymeric material. This occurs in polymer pipes and it is now very common in plumbing and other parts of the drinking water distribution system. For more than 50 years, Polymer & Elastomeric materials have been used ubiquitously in drinking water distribution systems. Polymer & Elastomeric materials have successfully been used in a variety of applications ranging from rubber gaskets, to valves, to hydrants, to fittings. Polymer & Elastomers that degrade more quickly than expected create service problems, make it difficult for utilities to cost efficient plan preventive maintenance programs, and negatively affect customer relations. This review paper gives an insight idea to a reader about the selection of proper polymer & elastomer and predicting its performance in chlorinated water. Also the mechanism of degradation of Polymer & elastomer in chlorine environment and some model of life expectancy of in-service of Polymer & elastomer in various conditions and parameter in chlorinated water were discussed. and 408C for durations up to 1200 h has been studied by IR spectrophotometry, tensile testing, melt rheometry, and grafted chlorine titration. IR revealed a carbonyl growth indicating that DOC induces PE oxidation. Rheometry revealed the predominance of chain scissions, presumably linked to hydroperoxide decomposition. Tensile testing revealed an embrittlement process when the weight average molar mass MW approaches a critical value of 70 kg mol21, which agrees with a previous study of PE thermooxidation.
在水工业中，氯主要用作消毒剂。据报道，饮用水中作为消毒剂存在的氯可以减少接触高分子材料的寿命。这种情况发生在聚合物管道中，现在在管道和饮用水分配系统的其他部分非常普遍。50多年来，聚合物和弹性体材料已广泛应用于饮用水分配系统。聚合物和弹性材料已经成功地应用于橡胶垫片、阀门、消火栓和配件等各种应用中。聚合物和弹性体的降解速度比预期的要快，这会产生服务问题，使公用事业公司难以制定经济有效的预防性维护计划，并对客户关系产生负面影响。本文对聚合物和弹性体的选择及其在氯化水中的性能预测提供了一些见解。讨论了聚合物弹性体在含氯环境下的降解机理，以及聚合物弹性体在不同条件和参数下的使用寿命模型。通过红外分光光度法、拉伸测试、熔体流变法和接枝氯滴定法研究了408C和408C的持续时间长达1200 h。红外光谱显示羰基生长表明DOC诱导PE氧化。流变学显示链断裂的优势，可能与氢过氧化氢分解有关。拉伸测试显示，当重量平均摩尔质量MW接近70 kg mol21的临界值时，发生了脆化过程，这与之前PE热氧化的研究结果一致。
{"title":"Degradation of Polymer & Elastomer Exposed to Chlorinated Water—A Review","authors":"N. Samarth, P. Mahanwar","doi":"10.4236/OJOPM.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJOPM.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"In water industry, the chlorine is mostly used as a disinfectant agent. The chlorine present in potable water as a disinfectant has been reported to reduce the lifetime of contact polymeric material. This occurs in polymer pipes and it is now very common in plumbing and other parts of the drinking water distribution system. For more than 50 years, Polymer & Elastomeric materials have been used ubiquitously in drinking water distribution systems. Polymer & Elastomeric materials have successfully been used in a variety of applications ranging from rubber gaskets, to valves, to hydrants, to fittings. Polymer & Elastomers that degrade more quickly than expected create service problems, make it difficult for utilities to cost efficient plan preventive maintenance programs, and negatively affect customer relations. This review paper gives an insight idea to a reader about the selection of proper polymer & elastomer and predicting its performance in chlorinated water. Also the mechanism of degradation of Polymer & elastomer in chlorine environment and some model of life expectancy of in-service of Polymer & elastomer in various conditions and parameter in chlorinated water were discussed. and 408C for durations up to 1200 h has been studied by IR spectrophotometry, tensile testing, melt rheometry, and grafted chlorine titration. IR revealed a carbonyl growth indicating that DOC induces PE oxidation. Rheometry revealed the predominance of chain scissions, presumably linked to hydroperoxide decomposition. Tensile testing revealed an embrittlement process when the weight average molar mass MW approaches a critical value of 70 kg mol21, which agrees with a previous study of PE thermooxidation.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70488506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2020.103003
Benard Oloo Nyangoye, Benard Odhiambo Obondo
In this work, homopolymerization of propylene for synthesis of different molecular weights polypropylene was done using an isospecific metallocene catalyst by changing the polymerization conditions such as Al/Zr (Aluminium/Zirconium) ratio, temperature, pressure and polymerization time. The effects of the polymerization conditions on the molecular weight and other polymer properties have been discussed according to the results obtained. The results indicate that the activity of polymerization increased with increasing the Al/Zr mole ratio and reached a maximum value at a ratio of 2000. In relation to the mole ratio, the molecular weight also followed the same trend. The activity was also seen to increase with increase in temperature. The molecular weight increased with increasing the polymerization time at both 0°C and 25°C, but reduced with increase in time at 40°C. The increase of pressure also increased activity but lowered the molecular weight, indicating β-H elimination to the monomer.
{"title":"Metallocene Catalyzed Homopolymerization of Propylene with a C2 Symmetric Isospecific Zirconecene/MMAO Catalysts under Different Polymerization Conditions","authors":"Benard Oloo Nyangoye, Benard Odhiambo Obondo","doi":"10.4236/ojopm.2020.103003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2020.103003","url":null,"abstract":"In this \u0000work, homopolymerization of propylene for synthesis of different molecular \u0000weights polypropylene was done using an isospecific metallocene catalyst by \u0000changing the polymerization conditions such as Al/Zr (Aluminium/Zirconium) \u0000ratio, temperature, pressure and polymerization time. The effects of the \u0000polymerization conditions on the molecular weight and other polymer properties \u0000have been discussed according to the results obtained. The results indicate \u0000that the activity of polymerization increased with increasing the Al/Zr mole \u0000ratio and reached a maximum value at a ratio of 2000. In relation to the mole \u0000ratio, the molecular weight also followed the same trend. The activity was also \u0000seen to increase with increase in temperature. The molecular weight increased \u0000with increasing the polymerization time at both 0°C and 25°C, but reduced with increase in time at 40°C. The increase of pressure also increased activity but lowered the \u0000molecular weight, indicating β-H elimination to the monomer.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48594152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-30DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2019.94004
R. Milusheva, S. Rashidova
A synthesis of nanochitosan from Bombyx mori chitosan with particle sizes of 20 - 100 nm was carried out. The antibacterial and immunological properties of synthesized nanochitosan were first studied. It was revealed that preparations based on nanochitosan have pronounced antibacterial activity, and are also able to significantly increase the immune response of the living system.
{"title":"Bombyx Mori Chitosan Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Properties","authors":"R. Milusheva, S. Rashidova","doi":"10.4236/ojopm.2019.94004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2019.94004","url":null,"abstract":"A synthesis of nanochitosan from Bombyx mori \u0000chitosan with particle sizes of 20 - 100 nm was carried out. The antibacterial \u0000and immunological properties of synthesized nanochitosan were first studied. It \u0000was revealed that preparations based on nanochitosan have pronounced \u0000antibacterial activity, and are also able to significantly increase the immune \u0000response of the living system.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42405626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.4236/ojopm.2019.93003
J. Gu, Lei Li, Danchun Huang, Lei Jiang, Liu Liu, Fengyu Li, Ai-min Pang, Xiang Guo, Bowen Tao
In this paper, graphene@cuprous oxide (rGO@Cu2O) nanocomposite was designed and prepared with graphene oxide, CuSO4, NaOH and L-ascorbic acid via an in-situ reaction process, and the as-prepared rGO@Cu2O nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM-EDS and TEM. The results reveal that the rGO@Cu2O nanocomposite is of homogeneous distribution, and the Cu2O nanoparticles adsorbed on graphene sheets are with a fairly uniform size of 2.3 nm. The rGO@Cu2O/acrylic resin self-polishing marine antifouling paint with functional surfaces was also prepared in this work, and a series of measurements were carried out for the obtained product. The WCAs of paint is up to 113°, and the adhesive force is averaged to 3.69 MPa. After being immersed into seawater, the whole bared panels show an abundant growth of marine organisms within 90 days, but the rGO@Cu2O paint coated surfaces are hardly fouled by marine organisms within 365 days. This work demonstrates that in situ synthesis of rGO@Cu2O is a tin-free potential alternative to inhibit biofouling.
{"title":"In Situ Synthesis of Graphene@cuprous Oxide Nanocomposite Incorporated Marine Antifouling Coating with Elevated Antifouling Performance","authors":"J. Gu, Lei Li, Danchun Huang, Lei Jiang, Liu Liu, Fengyu Li, Ai-min Pang, Xiang Guo, Bowen Tao","doi":"10.4236/ojopm.2019.93003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2019.93003","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, graphene@cuprous oxide (rGO@Cu2O) \u0000nanocomposite was designed and prepared with graphene oxide, CuSO4, \u0000NaOH and L-ascorbic acid via an in-situ reaction process, and the as-prepared rGO@Cu2O nanocomposite was \u0000characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM-EDS and TEM. The \u0000results reveal that the rGO@Cu2O nanocomposite is of homogeneous \u0000distribution, and the Cu2O nanoparticles adsorbed on graphene sheets \u0000are with a fairly uniform size of 2.3 nm. The rGO@Cu2O/acrylic resin \u0000self-polishing marine antifouling paint with functional surfaces was also \u0000prepared in this work, and a series of measurements were carried out for the \u0000obtained product. The WCAs of paint is up to 113°, and the adhesive force is \u0000averaged to 3.69 MPa. After being immersed into seawater, the whole bared panels \u0000show an abundant growth of marine organisms within 90 days, but the rGO@Cu2O \u0000paint coated surfaces are hardly fouled by marine organisms within 365 days. This \u0000work demonstrates that in situ synthesis \u0000of rGO@Cu2O is a tin-free potential alternative to inhibit \u0000biofouling.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46172191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.4236/OJOPM.2019.92002
M. Mehrizi, S. Amiri, S. Bahrami
Ofloxacin is an antibiotic with a wide range of activity against bacterial infections, but due to the high potential for toxicity when exposed to light, resolving this problem and further stabilizing the drug are among the posed challenges. Inclusion complex formation between α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), ofloxacin (OFL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was prepared via two methods to produce nanocontainers with desirable stability. The effect of PEG as compatible solubilizing agent and mixing condition (in ultrasonic bath) were investigated in formation of an inclusion complex between α-CD/OFL. Obtained complexes were examined by FTIR, H-NMR, SEM, EDX and UV which indicated the formation of an inclusion complex between α-CD/OFL, in turn, is a mixture of the cage and channel structures. Differences between 1H-NMR, FTIR and XRD spectra of OFL, CDs and inclusion complex indicated the formation of α-CD/OFL and supramolecular containers in solid phase. These inclusion complexes loaded in PVA-based nanofibers for smart nanofibers with controlled release manner and higher stability of OFL. Obtained nanofiber showed that nanofibers containing CDs/OFL under sonic energy containing higher degree of OFL.
{"title":"PVA Nanofibers Containing Ofloxacin-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Improve Optical Stability of Ofloxacin","authors":"M. Mehrizi, S. Amiri, S. Bahrami","doi":"10.4236/OJOPM.2019.92002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJOPM.2019.92002","url":null,"abstract":"Ofloxacin is an antibiotic with a wide range of activity against bacterial infections, but due to the high potential for toxicity when exposed to light, resolving this problem and further stabilizing the drug are among the posed challenges. Inclusion complex formation between α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), ofloxacin (OFL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was prepared via two methods to produce nanocontainers with desirable stability. The effect of PEG as compatible solubilizing agent and mixing condition (in ultrasonic bath) were investigated in formation of an inclusion complex between α-CD/OFL. Obtained complexes were examined by FTIR, H-NMR, SEM, EDX and UV which indicated the formation of an inclusion complex between α-CD/OFL, in turn, is a mixture of the cage and channel structures. Differences between 1H-NMR, FTIR and XRD spectra of OFL, CDs and inclusion complex indicated the formation of α-CD/OFL and supramolecular containers in solid phase. These inclusion complexes loaded in PVA-based nanofibers for smart nanofibers with controlled release manner and higher stability of OFL. Obtained nanofiber showed that nanofibers containing CDs/OFL under sonic energy containing higher degree of OFL.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41533306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.4236/OJOPM.2019.91001
Kemar Hibbert, G. Warner, Celeste A. Brown, O. Ajide, G. Owolabi, A. Azimi
In this paper, the effects of build parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) are investigated. Full factorial experimental design incorporating a 2-level, 3-factor design with raster angle, layer thickness and interior fill style was carried out. Tensile tests were performed at four different strain rates to determine how the build parameters influence the mechanical properties of the 3-D printed ABS and to assess its strain rate sensitivity under quasi-static loading. It was found that the modulus of toughness of ABS material is most influenced by raster angle, while the interior fill style is the most dominant build parameter that dictates the specimen’s modulus of resilience, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. At all strain rates, it is further revealed that higher mean values of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and modulus of resilience were obtained when the interior fill style is solid as opposed to high density. This can be attributed to the denser structure and higher effective cross-sectional area in solid interior fill style in comparison with high density interior fill style. However, the influence of the layer thickness on the investigated mechanical properties was found to be inconsistent. It was noted that specimens built with both 0.254 mm layer thickness and the cross [0°/90°] raster angle had superior mechanical properties when compared to those built with the 0.3302 mm layer thickness and cross [0°/90°] raster angle. This suggests that there is a key interaction between the layer thickness and the raster angle. At any FDM build parameter, it was found that all the mechanical properties investigated in this work exhibited modest sensitivity to strain rates. This study has provided a platform for an appropriate selection of build parameters combinations and strain rates for additive manufacturing of 3D-printed ABS with improved mechanical properties.
{"title":"The Effects of Build Parameters and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of FDM 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene","authors":"Kemar Hibbert, G. Warner, Celeste A. Brown, O. Ajide, G. Owolabi, A. Azimi","doi":"10.4236/OJOPM.2019.91001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJOPM.2019.91001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the effects of build parameters on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) are investigated. Full factorial experimental design incorporating a 2-level, 3-factor design with raster angle, layer thickness and interior fill style was carried out. Tensile tests were performed at four different strain rates to determine how the build parameters influence the mechanical properties of the 3-D printed ABS and to assess its strain rate sensitivity under quasi-static loading. It was found that the modulus of toughness of ABS material is most influenced by raster angle, while the interior fill style is the most dominant build parameter that dictates the specimen’s modulus of resilience, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. At all strain rates, it is further revealed that higher mean values of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and modulus of resilience were obtained when the interior fill style is solid as opposed to high density. This can be attributed to the denser structure and higher effective cross-sectional area in solid interior fill style in comparison with high density interior fill style. However, the influence of the layer thickness on the investigated mechanical properties was found to be inconsistent. It was noted that specimens built with both 0.254 mm layer thickness and the cross [0°/90°] raster angle had superior mechanical properties when compared to those built with the 0.3302 mm layer thickness and cross [0°/90°] raster angle. This suggests that there is a key interaction between the layer thickness and the raster angle. At any FDM build parameter, it was found that all the mechanical properties investigated in this work exhibited modest sensitivity to strain rates. This study has provided a platform for an appropriate selection of build parameters combinations and strain rates for additive manufacturing of 3D-printed ABS with improved mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":64141,"journal":{"name":"有机高分子材料期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47828024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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