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The knowledge of the usefulness of plant species by the local population, is an important factor for their conservation. Ceratonia siliqua L; The carob tree, or El Kharoub in Arabic, is a Mediterranean tree with many virtues.

In Order to list the ethnobotanical knowledge, and the socio-economic importance, of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Fabaceae family); in the province of Setif (North-East of Algeria), individual ethnobotanical surveys, were organized, among the local population, using 180 questionnaire forms; the surveys collected sociodemographic data (age, gender, education level) and traditional knowledge on Certaonia siliqua L. (part used, mode of use, category of use, traditional recipe…)

The results, collected throughout the structured interview, were analyzed using quantitative indices, in terms of: Use values (UV); Relative Citation Frequencies (RCF): Diversity indice (ID) and Equitability indice (IE) of the respondent; and the Consensus Value of Use Type (Cs). In total, more than five categories of use of Ceratonia siliqua L. were identified by the different groups of respondents; of which the most cited are the food category (92.5%) and the medicinal category (85.5%); where nearly 15 diseases and symptoms are cured mainly by the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua. L.

In terms of economic importance, the sale of the fruits of Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) is a potential source of income for the local population; it can provide up to 100,000 D.A per year.

The highest Use Value, are obtained among adults (UV = 5.82), men (UV = 5.74) and among the educated of average level (UV = 5.15). For the whole, the total diversity value, as well as the equitability value, are respectively 4.82 and 0.89, these values indicate a diversity and a homogeneity, of the knowledge of the populations, on the uses of the species. The results obtained, constitute a very valuable source of information, for the development of conservation strategies, and sustainable use of the target species, in the study area, and its products; and a database for future research in the field and for Ceratonia siliqua L.

Medicinal plants are still being used as therapeutic agents in many developing nations because they are more widely available. This research aimed to compare method /result reliability between poison plate and agar well techniques in determining antifungal activity of protein fractions of plant samples. The phytochemicals constituents present in the leaves (Moringa olifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Annona muricata and seeds/roots of Garcinia kola, Buccholzia coricea, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale) was extracted by air drying and subjecting them to maceration in 75% ammonium sulphate. Thereafter, a sensitivity test was carried out using two methods; poisoned food technique to determine antifungal activity and agar well diffusion. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of the protein fractions was treated against selected fungi isolates (Penicilium, Aspargilus and Rhizopus). The results showed that the antifungal activities of Garcinia kola against selected microbes, at 100 mg for Aspergillus 1, Penicillin 1, Penicillin 3, Rhizopus and Aspergillus 3 for agar well showed, 0.00 ± 0.00, 18.1 ± 0.16, 18.0 ± 0.16, 20.0 ± 0.50, 0.00 ± 0.00, while in poison plate they exhibited 16.0 ± 0.00, 20.1 ± 0.16, 19.8 ± 0.28, 20.0 ± 2.00, 16.0 ± 0.50 respectively for each method. Also, the antifungal activities of Zingiber officinale showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in poison plate technique than agar well when the concentration of the microbes where 100 mg, except for Rhizopus which showed similar result for both poison plate and agar well technique (15.8 + 0.16). The findings of the current research showed that poison plate technique is more sensitive to the antifungal activities in the protein fractions when compared to the agar well diffusion.

Lantana camara L. is a weed of global importance due to its widespread distribution and far-reaching impact on ecosystems. In this study, we predicted the current niche suitability of the weed and its potential invasion using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model for two future climatic years 2050 and 2070 under three representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Out of the total 144 occurrence records and 22 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and 3 topographic), 61 occurrence points and seven environmental variables were incorporated into the final model after removing biases, multicollinearity test, and contribution analysis. The model performed well with mean area under curve (AUC) = 0.864 to 0.882 and true skill statistic (TSS) = 0.738. The most contributing variables were the temperature of the wettest quarter, altitude, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. The results predicted a considerable range expansion of L. camara with an area of 14,331.95 km² (current to 2050 under RCP 4.5) to 25,560.55 km² (current to 2070 under RCP 8.5) towards the southern parts which are characterized by virgin tropical forests and cultivable areas. So, the findings would be helpful to the planners and managers in evolving appropriate strategies for containing the invasion of L. camara in the state.

Ashwagandha is a popular industrially medicinal plant used in Ayurveda and other traditional medical systems. We looked at the stability of the sixteen economic traits in the five ashwagandha genotypes in four locations over two years in south India. The pooled ANOVA showed significant differences among different lines of ashwagandha. The five genotypes (G), genotypes × locations interaction (G × L), and treatments were highly significant for all sixteen traits. The character's associations directly impact the genotype's ability to sustain stability. The traits X10-VS-X13 and X3-VS-X4 were positively and significantly related across the locations over the three years, according to correlations among the selected traits, indicating that choosing one trait had a beneficial impact on its associated attributes. Except for location I year two, the traits, specifically X11-VS-X13, were highly significant across all locations. The characteristics, specifically X12-VS-X13, were also highly significant, except for location I year I. The genotypes nearest the ideal variety are more desirable than the other. The genotypes W.S. 3 and W.S. 5 for the traits X11 and X16, W.S. 2, and W.S. 5 for the trait X15 were more desirable for selection. In a large amount, both predictable and unanticipated components contributed to the stability. The PCA distribution also showed a significant amount of morphologically based genetic variability. Different genotypes of ashwagandha showed a substantial variation in X15 = Withaferin-A (%) and X16 = Withanolide-A (%). The percentages of X15 = Withaferin-A (W.S.2 > W.S.5 > W.S. > 4 W.S.3 > W.S.1) and X16 = Withanolide-A (W.S.3 > W.S.5 > W.S.4 > W.S.2 > W.S.1) were shown to be 0.07 to 1.24% and 0.088 to 1.88%, respectively. Based on the mean performance of the most economically important traits and stability parameters, the two superior genotypes, W.S. 3 and W.S. 5 were highly stable for dry root yield with high-quality alkaloids. In south India, these genotypes are recommended for further cultivation.

Ethnoveterinary practices are an important part of Himalayan culture, and they have evolved as primary health care system for the treatment of different ailments in animals. The valley of Kashmir is home to a variety of ethnic groups [i.e., Gujjar, Bakarwal and Kashmiri], mostly occupied in agriculture and related services, having traditional knowledge to treat animal ailments by employing local flora. In the present study we documented the use of plant species used to treat animals, specific diseases treated with specific plant species, also we investigated the cross-cultural ethnoveterinary plant usage in the administrative district Kupwara of Kashmir valley. To gather the data we used simple random sampling; semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires followed by group discussions. The data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and ordination techniques [Principal Component Analysis] using Past Software ver.3.14. A total of 41 plant species, belonging to 25 families were identified as used for the treatment of livestock by the three ethnic groups in Kashmir. The distribution of species across families was asymmetric, with 7 families accounting for half of the species and 18 families accounting for the other half, but with 14 families comprising a single species. Asteraceae had the most species [15%], followed by Ranunculaceae [7%. Roots were the most frequently used plant part [48%,] followed by whole plant and leaves [18% each]. Different preparation forms were enlisted during the present study, but powder [54%] was the dominant form followed by decoction [22%] and paste [12%]. The Cluster analyses indicated substantial clusters of ethnoveterinary illnesses. In terms of disease-specific plant use, nearly one-third of the total species pool was used to combat gastrointestinal issues, while the remaining two-thirds of the species clustered out and were dispersed among the remaining 18 disease types. A cross-cultural comparison of plant resources showed that 15% of all plants were overlapping between the three ethnic groups. Our current findings of documenting ethenoveterinary knowledge serves a variety of purposes, including preserving it for future generations, securing it by placing it in the public domain, using it as a springboard for further research and conservation efforts. The documented species needs to be investigated scientifically as it can provide possible chances for the discovery of future novel molecules with potent medicinal attributions.