Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000366
T. G. Baker, M. T. Smith
Abstract Medulloblastoma is a high-grade embryonal tumor of the central nervous system arising in the infratentorium of patients of all ages with a peak incidence in childhood. Within the last decade, advances in molecular profiling of gene expression and epigenetics have advanced general understanding of previously perceived intertumoral heterogeneity. Currently, 4 subtypes of medulloblastoma are recognized: wingless (WNT)–activated, sonic hedgehog (SHH)–activated, and the non-WNT/non-SHH group, which combines groups 3 and 4. The new subgroups, which continue to evolve, have greatly complicated the process of rendering a pathologic diagnosis through integration of histopathologic and molecular data. The criterion-standard techniques for identifying these subgroups include gene expression and methylation profiling; however, such complicated and expensive laboratory techniques may not be accessible to all laboratories. Although recommendations for the approach to an integrated diagnosis have been made, no specific algorithm has been put forth. We present a case of pediatric medulloblastoma in which hematoxylin-eosin–stained tissue sections, reticulin special stain, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and next-generation sequencing were implemented for the purpose of identifying subgroup and other markers of prognosis, such as TP53 mutation and MYC family member amplification. The discussion herein is aimed at reviewing current opinions on the integration of histomorphologic and molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma and providing a foundation for designing a practical and clinically meaningful approach to diagnosis.
{"title":"A Posterior Fossa Mass in a 6-Year-Old","authors":"T. G. Baker, M. T. Smith","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000366","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Medulloblastoma is a high-grade embryonal tumor of the central nervous system arising in the infratentorium of patients of all ages with a peak incidence in childhood. Within the last decade, advances in molecular profiling of gene expression and epigenetics have advanced general understanding of previously perceived intertumoral heterogeneity. Currently, 4 subtypes of medulloblastoma are recognized: wingless (WNT)–activated, sonic hedgehog (SHH)–activated, and the non-WNT/non-SHH group, which combines groups 3 and 4. The new subgroups, which continue to evolve, have greatly complicated the process of rendering a pathologic diagnosis through integration of histopathologic and molecular data. The criterion-standard techniques for identifying these subgroups include gene expression and methylation profiling; however, such complicated and expensive laboratory techniques may not be accessible to all laboratories. Although recommendations for the approach to an integrated diagnosis have been made, no specific algorithm has been put forth. We present a case of pediatric medulloblastoma in which hematoxylin-eosin–stained tissue sections, reticulin special stain, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and next-generation sequencing were implemented for the purpose of identifying subgroup and other markers of prognosis, such as TP53 mutation and MYC family member amplification. The discussion herein is aimed at reviewing current opinions on the integration of histomorphologic and molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma and providing a foundation for designing a practical and clinically meaningful approach to diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"21 1","pages":"69 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74897311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000364
C. Welsh
Abstract Glial tumors comprise the majority of primary intra-axial intracranial tumors. Since its introduction in 2016, the revised fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors has changed the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in glial tumors (WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System [revised fourth edition]; Lyon, France: IARC; 2016). Diffuse gliomas (WHO grades II–IV) are now molecularly stratified based on isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 mutation status and classified according to 1p/19q codeletion status into astrocytic or oligodendroglial type. Updates now occur faster than new editions of the WHO classification can be prepared, so updates are being issued by way of journal articles from a Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy (Brain Pathol 2019;29(4):469–472).
{"title":"Glial Tumors","authors":"C. Welsh","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000364","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Glial tumors comprise the majority of primary intra-axial intracranial tumors. Since its introduction in 2016, the revised fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors has changed the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in glial tumors (WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System [revised fourth edition]; Lyon, France: IARC; 2016). Diffuse gliomas (WHO grades II–IV) are now molecularly stratified based on isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 mutation status and classified according to 1p/19q codeletion status into astrocytic or oligodendroglial type. Updates now occur faster than new editions of the WHO classification can be prepared, so updates are being issued by way of journal articles from a Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy (Brain Pathol 2019;29(4):469–472).","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"26 1","pages":"57 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75715605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000371
Leyla Canbeldek, H. Ames
Abstract High-grade gliomas in early adulthood (between the ages of 20 and 40 years) have a wide differential diagnosis that includes entities from childhood and late adulthood. These gliomas are increasingly defined by their molecular signatures, requiring a molecular-based workup that is informed by morphology and anatomy. Here we present four cases with four different diagnoses, some rare and some common, presenting with new brain lesions. This diagnostic process is informed by the 2016 World Health Organization guidelines, c-IMPACT Now updates, and the clinico-pathologic features shown by these high-grade tumors. Particularly, we focus on practical diagnostic decisions that may need to be made with limited tissue and/or limited on-site molecular resources.
{"title":"High-Grade Gliomas in Early Adulthood: A Case-Based Review of Current Molecular Diagnostic Considerations","authors":"Leyla Canbeldek, H. Ames","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000371","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High-grade gliomas in early adulthood (between the ages of 20 and 40 years) have a wide differential diagnosis that includes entities from childhood and late adulthood. These gliomas are increasingly defined by their molecular signatures, requiring a molecular-based workup that is informed by morphology and anatomy. Here we present four cases with four different diagnoses, some rare and some common, presenting with new brain lesions. This diagnostic process is informed by the 2016 World Health Organization guidelines, c-IMPACT Now updates, and the clinico-pathologic features shown by these high-grade tumors. Particularly, we focus on practical diagnostic decisions that may need to be made with limited tissue and/or limited on-site molecular resources.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"63 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75158189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000369
A. Vargas, Caroline Kurek, F. Bonar, F. Maclean, M. Qiu, R. Boyle, R. Brookwell, A. Gill
Abstract We report a case of a 51-year-old man with primary diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma confined to the soft tissue, associated with EWSR1-FLI1 gene fusion demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Six years after the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry for NTRK (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1–3) was performed on this tumor using 2 Pan-Trk rabbit monoclonal antibodies, A7H6R (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass) and EPR17341 (Abcam, Cambridge, Mass). Both clones showed diffuse moderate to strong cytoplasmic expression including presence of nuclear stain. RNA sequencing demonstrated the co-occurrence of MTMR2-NTRK2, a novel gene fusion, in the same tumor block used for EWSR1 FISH testing. While FISH for NRK2 did not confirm gene rearrangement, an atypical signal pattern was identified. This case challenges the concept that NTRK fusions are mutually exclusive with other oncogenic drivers. The clinical course of this patient has also been unusual as the tumor has followed an indolent course with no evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease.
{"title":"A “Double-Hit” Translocation Sarcoma—First Report of the Co-occurrence of EWSR1-FLI1 and MTMR2-NTRK2 Fusion in a Small Round Blue Cell Sarcoma","authors":"A. Vargas, Caroline Kurek, F. Bonar, F. Maclean, M. Qiu, R. Boyle, R. Brookwell, A. Gill","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000369","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We report a case of a 51-year-old man with primary diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma confined to the soft tissue, associated with EWSR1-FLI1 gene fusion demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Six years after the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry for NTRK (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1–3) was performed on this tumor using 2 Pan-Trk rabbit monoclonal antibodies, A7H6R (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass) and EPR17341 (Abcam, Cambridge, Mass). Both clones showed diffuse moderate to strong cytoplasmic expression including presence of nuclear stain. RNA sequencing demonstrated the co-occurrence of MTMR2-NTRK2, a novel gene fusion, in the same tumor block used for EWSR1 FISH testing. While FISH for NRK2 did not confirm gene rearrangement, an atypical signal pattern was identified. This case challenges the concept that NTRK fusions are mutually exclusive with other oncogenic drivers. The clinical course of this patient has also been unusual as the tumor has followed an indolent course with no evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"100 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79824240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000365
M. T. Smith, E. Bruner
Abstract Impediments to making a correct diagnosis are avoided, and complex administrative efforts are used to make those impediments less frequent. There are quality control procedures, patient safety initiatives, and endless meetings attempting to lessen medical errors. Pitfalls and traps are encountered daily by pathologists, and most are avoided. Artifacts produce traps created by cautery, physical crush, thick sections, and drying and are well known. Appropriate deferral, recuts, stains, and collegial consultations aid in error avoidance in these instances. Neuropathology has some pitfalls and traps that are encountered infrequently especially in the low neuropathology case load environment. Those traps are unfamiliar and treacherous for the unwary pathologist. This review describes five cases each with its special trap.
{"title":"Pitfalls and Traps in Neuropathology","authors":"M. T. Smith, E. Bruner","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000365","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Impediments to making a correct diagnosis are avoided, and complex administrative efforts are used to make those impediments less frequent. There are quality control procedures, patient safety initiatives, and endless meetings attempting to lessen medical errors. Pitfalls and traps are encountered daily by pathologists, and most are avoided. Artifacts produce traps created by cautery, physical crush, thick sections, and drying and are well known. Appropriate deferral, recuts, stains, and collegial consultations aid in error avoidance in these instances. Neuropathology has some pitfalls and traps that are encountered infrequently especially in the low neuropathology case load environment. Those traps are unfamiliar and treacherous for the unwary pathologist. This review describes five cases each with its special trap.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"95 1","pages":"83 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83712546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000406
J. Hernandez-Prera
Abstract Inflammatory conditions of salivary glands—so-called sialadenitis—may clinically and histologically resemble a true neoplasm and result in a surgical resection. This review summarizes distinctive morphological patterns of inflammation that affect major salivary glands, and within this context, an unusual case of sialadenitis is also presented.
{"title":"Sialadenitis of the Major Salivary Glands: A Tumor-Like Lesion of Various Etiologies and Morphological Appearances","authors":"J. Hernandez-Prera","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000406","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inflammatory conditions of salivary glands—so-called sialadenitis—may clinically and histologically resemble a true neoplasm and result in a surgical resection. This review summarizes distinctive morphological patterns of inflammation that affect major salivary glands, and within this context, an unusual case of sialadenitis is also presented.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"57 1","pages":"255 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88034711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000417
N. Hardy, Kristen M. Stashek
{"title":"A Guide to Differentiating Thrombotic Microangiopathies Through a Case of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome","authors":"N. Hardy, Kristen M. Stashek","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83928596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000405
A. Zante, Patrick K. Ha, Marc P Pusztaszeri
{"title":"The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology","authors":"A. Zante, Patrick K. Ha, Marc P Pusztaszeri","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85363263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000400
M. Nakaguro, W. Faquin, P. Sadow
Abstract High-grade transformation (HGT) is a process whereby low- to intermediate-grade carcinomas transform into high-grade, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated carcinomas. In salivary gland tumor pathology, several terminologies, including dedifferentiation or hybrid tumor, have been adopted to describe tumors that do not fit into one distinct tumor type. As HGT confers a poor prognosis despite initial tumor type, the finding of HGT must be recognized for optimal patient management. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy is typically positive for malignancy, but the recognition of both low- and high-grade components is not always possible and, if only the latter present, may obscure the tumor subtype from which the HGT derives. Most HGTs occur in association with acinic cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, but have also been seen with epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
{"title":"Cytologic and Histologic Aspects of High-Grade Transformation of Salivary Gland Carcinoma","authors":"M. Nakaguro, W. Faquin, P. Sadow","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000400","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High-grade transformation (HGT) is a process whereby low- to intermediate-grade carcinomas transform into high-grade, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated carcinomas. In salivary gland tumor pathology, several terminologies, including dedifferentiation or hybrid tumor, have been adopted to describe tumors that do not fit into one distinct tumor type. As HGT confers a poor prognosis despite initial tumor type, the finding of HGT must be recognized for optimal patient management. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy is typically positive for malignancy, but the recognition of both low- and high-grade components is not always possible and, if only the latter present, may obscure the tumor subtype from which the HGT derives. Most HGTs occur in association with acinic cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, but have also been seen with epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"183 1","pages":"243 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74139977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/PCR.0000000000000402
B. Centeno, B. Wenig
Abstract Oncocytic lesions of the parotid gland include nonneoplastic entities and benign and malignant neoplasms. The most common benign neoplasm is Warthin tumor, which can be correctly diagnosed using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy in most cases. However, accurate FNA and/or biopsy preoperative diagnosis of many entities in this category is limited by sampling and overlap in morphological features among the different entities. We report the case of a 77-year-old man who presented with a right parotid mass identified on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan that was cystic with necrosis and with possible papillary growth in the cyst. The FNA smears were scantly cellular, with a few representative groups with significant nuclear crowding and overlapping in a bloody background. The cells had oncocytic cytoplasm, an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and round-to-oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Necrosis, mitoses, and significant nuclear pleomorphism were not identified. The findings were interpreted as consistent with an oncocytoid/oncocytic salivary gland neoplasm. The cell block was acellular, so the neoplasm could not be further characterized by ancillary studies. The patient underwent a right superficial parotidectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was oncocytic carcinoma primarily based on the identification of perineural invasion. Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare, high-grade malignancy of salivary glands. This case will be used to discuss the differential diagnosis of oncocytoid/oncocytic salivary gland lesions on both cytopathology and histopathology and provide a pragmatic approach to the diagnostic evaluation. Indications for available ancillary testing will also be reviewed.
{"title":"Navigating the Differential Diagnosis for Oncocytic Salivary Gland Lesions (Cytology and Histology)","authors":"B. Centeno, B. Wenig","doi":"10.1097/PCR.0000000000000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PCR.0000000000000402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oncocytic lesions of the parotid gland include nonneoplastic entities and benign and malignant neoplasms. The most common benign neoplasm is Warthin tumor, which can be correctly diagnosed using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy in most cases. However, accurate FNA and/or biopsy preoperative diagnosis of many entities in this category is limited by sampling and overlap in morphological features among the different entities. We report the case of a 77-year-old man who presented with a right parotid mass identified on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan that was cystic with necrosis and with possible papillary growth in the cyst. The FNA smears were scantly cellular, with a few representative groups with significant nuclear crowding and overlapping in a bloody background. The cells had oncocytic cytoplasm, an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and round-to-oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Necrosis, mitoses, and significant nuclear pleomorphism were not identified. The findings were interpreted as consistent with an oncocytoid/oncocytic salivary gland neoplasm. The cell block was acellular, so the neoplasm could not be further characterized by ancillary studies. The patient underwent a right superficial parotidectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was oncocytic carcinoma primarily based on the identification of perineural invasion. Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare, high-grade malignancy of salivary glands. This case will be used to discuss the differential diagnosis of oncocytoid/oncocytic salivary gland lesions on both cytopathology and histopathology and provide a pragmatic approach to the diagnostic evaluation. Indications for available ancillary testing will also be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":72144,"journal":{"name":"AJSP: reviews & reports","volume":"94 1","pages":"220 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74573109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：