Since 1985, China has been the world’s largest egg producer. In 2020, 3.3 billion layer hens were reared in China, producing 29.8 million tons of eggs (around 40% of the world’s egg production, see Figure 1; FAO, 2022). Battery cage production became common in China in the 1980s and by 2017 approximately 90% of farms used cages (IEC, 2017). Internationally, concern for animal welfare has begun to encourage a shift towards less confined housing systems, including cage-free housing for hens (with or without access to the outdoors). Any transition to cage-free systems will depend upon a variety of factors including the values of consumers and the way these eggs are marketed. The effects of this transition on hen welfare will depend on the degree to which cagefree housing methods actually benefit the birds themselves. In this paper we review the development of cage-free farming in China in relation to consumer preferences and hen welfare. Our aims are to 1) describe the history of egg production in China, including changes in cage-free production, 2) describe current consumer preferences for eggs, including attributes associated with hen housing and welfare, 3) review the link between cage-free housing and hen welfare, 4) describe approaches to help improve hen welfare on cage-free farms, and 5) identify areas for future research.
{"title":"Cage-free eggs in China.","authors":"Maria Chen, Huipin Lee, Yuchen Lin, Dan Weary","doi":"10.1093/af/vfac078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac078","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1985, China has been the world’s largest egg producer. In 2020, 3.3 billion layer hens were reared in China, producing 29.8 million tons of eggs (around 40% of the world’s egg production, see Figure 1; FAO, 2022). Battery cage production became common in China in the 1980s and by 2017 approximately 90% of farms used cages (IEC, 2017). Internationally, concern for animal welfare has begun to encourage a shift towards less confined housing systems, including cage-free housing for hens (with or without access to the outdoors). Any transition to cage-free systems will depend upon a variety of factors including the values of consumers and the way these eggs are marketed. The effects of this transition on hen welfare will depend on the degree to which cagefree housing methods actually benefit the birds themselves. In this paper we review the development of cage-free farming in China in relation to consumer preferences and hen welfare. Our aims are to 1) describe the history of egg production in China, including changes in cage-free production, 2) describe current consumer preferences for eggs, including attributes associated with hen housing and welfare, 3) review the link between cage-free housing and hen welfare, 4) describe approaches to help improve hen welfare on cage-free farms, and 5) identify areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9314177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"American Meat Science Association (AMSA).","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/af/vfad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947315/pdf/vfad007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9328183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CSAS.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/af/vfad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947324/pdf/vfad009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9328185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last years, consumer interest in how livestock is raised and handled and thus how animal-based products such as milk, meat, and eggs are produced, has increased in the Western world (Alonso et al., 2020). As a result, several marketdriven initiatives tackling consumer demand for products produced with higher animal welfare standards were introduced (Esbjerg et al., 2022). Nowadays, consumers are confronted with a variety of front-of-package food labels such as the “Beter Leven” label in the Netherlands or the “Initiative Tierwohl” in Germany. The most well-known and widespread label associated with animal welfare from a consumer’s perspective is the organic label (Schleenbecker and Hamm, 2013; Meyer-Höfer et al., 2015; Figure 1): more than 95% of German consumers are familiar with the German organic label (Zühlsdorf et al., 2016) and the more animal-friendly husbandry systems are the most important buying motive for organic meat consumers (Zander and Hamm, 2009). Labels, such as the organic label, are needed to help consumers make purchasing decisions according to their preferences. Without these labels, consumers would not be able to identify how animal-based products were produced as the keeping of animals is a so-called “credence attribute” that cannot be verified on the product itself (Darby and Karni, 1973). Consumers neither have the possibility nor the expertise to control the promised product characteristics, such as keeping and feeding of the animals. Therefore, trust in the label and certification is crucial when buying organic products (Nuttavuthisit and Thøgersen, 2017). Previous research has shown that higher levels of trust are associated with higher confidence that the products meet the promised standards (Wu et al., 2021). In contrast, distrust lowers the expectations and thus makes it less likely that consumers buy a labeled product (Nuttavuthisit and Thøgersen, 2017). To guarantee that products adhere to the promised standards, and thus increase consumer trust, credible and understandable third-party certification schemes are often used to monitor the production process (Alonso et al., 2020). Such labels serve to inform consumers about the standards behind them in a simplified way as consumer knowledge about livestock farming is limited (Di Pasquale et al., 2014). The low level of knowledge along with positive perceptions of organic can lead consumers to have false associations or overly high expectations of organic animal products and the respective husbandry systems (Hermansen, 2003). Von Meyer-Höfer et al. (2015) conclude in their study that, from an overarching perspective, there
{"title":"The role of trust, expectation, and deception when buying organic animal products.","authors":"Sarah Kühl, Elisa Bayer, Maureen Schulze","doi":"10.1093/af/vfac080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac080","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last years, consumer interest in how livestock is raised and handled and thus how animal-based products such as milk, meat, and eggs are produced, has increased in the Western world (Alonso et al., 2020). As a result, several marketdriven initiatives tackling consumer demand for products produced with higher animal welfare standards were introduced (Esbjerg et al., 2022). Nowadays, consumers are confronted with a variety of front-of-package food labels such as the “Beter Leven” label in the Netherlands or the “Initiative Tierwohl” in Germany. The most well-known and widespread label associated with animal welfare from a consumer’s perspective is the organic label (Schleenbecker and Hamm, 2013; Meyer-Höfer et al., 2015; Figure 1): more than 95% of German consumers are familiar with the German organic label (Zühlsdorf et al., 2016) and the more animal-friendly husbandry systems are the most important buying motive for organic meat consumers (Zander and Hamm, 2009). Labels, such as the organic label, are needed to help consumers make purchasing decisions according to their preferences. Without these labels, consumers would not be able to identify how animal-based products were produced as the keeping of animals is a so-called “credence attribute” that cannot be verified on the product itself (Darby and Karni, 1973). Consumers neither have the possibility nor the expertise to control the promised product characteristics, such as keeping and feeding of the animals. Therefore, trust in the label and certification is crucial when buying organic products (Nuttavuthisit and Thøgersen, 2017). Previous research has shown that higher levels of trust are associated with higher confidence that the products meet the promised standards (Wu et al., 2021). In contrast, distrust lowers the expectations and thus makes it less likely that consumers buy a labeled product (Nuttavuthisit and Thøgersen, 2017). To guarantee that products adhere to the promised standards, and thus increase consumer trust, credible and understandable third-party certification schemes are often used to monitor the production process (Alonso et al., 2020). Such labels serve to inform consumers about the standards behind them in a simplified way as consumer knowledge about livestock farming is limited (Di Pasquale et al., 2014). The low level of knowledge along with positive perceptions of organic can lead consumers to have false associations or overly high expectations of organic animal products and the respective husbandry systems (Hermansen, 2003). Von Meyer-Höfer et al. (2015) conclude in their study that, from an overarching perspective, there","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9341377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social aspects of livestock farming around the globe","authors":"G. Busch","doi":"10.1093/af/vfac084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74030378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"American Society of Animal Science (ASAS).","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/af/vfad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947319/pdf/vfad008.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9328184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-14eCollection Date: 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac085
C E Vonderohe, L A Brizgys, J A Richert, J S Radcliffe
{"title":"Swine production: how sustainable is sustainability?","authors":"C E Vonderohe, L A Brizgys, J A Richert, J S Radcliffe","doi":"10.1093/af/vfac085","DOIUrl":"10.1093/af/vfac085","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9749816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10765411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-14eCollection Date: 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac070
Wusheng Yu, Jørgen Dejgård Jensen
{"title":"Sustainability implications of rising global pork demand.","authors":"Wusheng Yu, Jørgen Dejgård Jensen","doi":"10.1093/af/vfac070","DOIUrl":"10.1093/af/vfac070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72200,"journal":{"name":"Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ca/e1/vfac070.PMC9749802.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10765403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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