Our current hypothesis is that there is differential antibody level and quality between the sexes. This is based on earlier work in schistosomiasis showing higher levels of antibodies in females. Females have also been shown to have lower malaria parasite density although the explanation for this was thought to be hormonal.
{"title":"COVID-19: An Acute Secondary Interferonophaty? The Mirror of Autoinflammatory Syndromes","authors":"F. Julian, R. Pérez-Álvarez, M. José","doi":"10.36959/885/368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36959/885/368","url":null,"abstract":"Our current hypothesis is that there is differential antibody level and quality between the sexes. This is based on earlier work in schistosomiasis showing higher levels of antibodies in females. Females have also been shown to have lower malaria parasite density although the explanation for this was thought to be hormonal.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86830502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Lounnas, A. Lacout, Xavier Azalbert, C. Perronne
{"title":"Shunt due to Hydroxychloroquine Sub-lethal Dosage Resulted in Excess Transfer to Mechanical Ventilation and Death in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19","authors":"V. Lounnas, A. Lacout, Xavier Azalbert, C. Perronne","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Skin aging is a natural phenomenon witnessed by humans. However various intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to early skin aging. There have been a variety of approaches to combat skin aging one approach uses antioxidants that are known to fight oxidative stress as well as combat problems of aging. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from fresh water microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) are evaluated. Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated by hot water extraction method and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The biochemical composition of the extract showed carbohydrate content of 785.07 mg/g, 324.26 mg/g of sulphate and 393.32 mg/g of uronic acid. These extracts which are enriched with SPs were further used for checking antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties. Cr-SPs showed Superoxide anion scavenging activity of 38-92% at 0.1-2 mg/mL, 51-89% of nitric oxide scavenging ability at 0.2-2 mg/mL, 10-58% of hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability at 1- 10 mg/mL, and 28-68% of ferric ion reducing potential at 0.5-5 mg/mL respectively. Furthermore, Cr-SPs showed 90% anti-elastase enzyme activity at 1 mg/mL, 83% and 89% anti-collagenase and anti-hyaluronidase activities at 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL respectively. These promising antioxidant and anti- skin aging properties of Cr-SPs pave way to explore the potential of Cr-SPs in cosmeceutic and pharmaceutical formulations as anti-skin aging agents in a cost-effective manner.
{"title":"In Vitro Evaluation of The Antioxidant and Anti-Skin Aging Properties of Green Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides","authors":"B. Falcao, J. Vishwakarma, H. Jadav, S. Vavilala","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Skin aging is a natural phenomenon witnessed by humans. However various intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to early skin aging. There have been a variety of approaches to combat skin aging one approach uses antioxidants that are known to fight oxidative stress as well as combat problems of aging. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from fresh water microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) are evaluated. Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated by hot water extraction method and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The biochemical composition of the extract showed carbohydrate content of 785.07 mg/g, 324.26 mg/g of sulphate and 393.32 mg/g of uronic acid. These extracts which are enriched with SPs were further used for checking antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties. Cr-SPs showed Superoxide anion scavenging activity of 38-92% at 0.1-2 mg/mL, 51-89% of nitric oxide scavenging ability at 0.2-2 mg/mL, 10-58% of hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability at 1- 10 mg/mL, and 28-68% of ferric ion reducing potential at 0.5-5 mg/mL respectively. Furthermore, Cr-SPs showed 90% anti-elastase enzyme activity at 1 mg/mL, 83% and 89% anti-collagenase and anti-hyaluronidase activities at 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL respectively. These promising antioxidant and anti- skin aging properties of Cr-SPs pave way to explore the potential of Cr-SPs in cosmeceutic and pharmaceutical formulations as anti-skin aging agents in a cost-effective manner.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgement to Authors, Reviewers and Editors of Archives of Microbiology & Immunology in 2017.","authors":"Fortune Journals","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Simuyandi, R. Chilengi, S. Connor, Joseph B. Voeglein, N. Laban, Katayi Mwila-Kazimbaya, C. Chisenga, J. Mwaba, D. Sack, S. Chakraborty
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) is an important cause for diarrheal disease in children and travelers globally. Epidemiological data on the distribution of strains of ETEC and associated colonization factors (CFs) is important for evaluation of candidate vaccines. We used conventional PCR and quantitative PCR to screen for toxins and CFs using DNA extracted from stool samples which tested positive for ETEC using the Luminex GPP panel collected from children presenting with moderate to severe diarrhea at selected health facilities in Lusaka. 49/106 (46.2%) were positive for at least one toxin (i.e. LT/STh/STp), ST was 18 (17%) [STh 16(15%) and STp 2 (~2%)], and LT 16(15%). The most frequent CF detected was CS6 with 6/49 (12.2%), followed by CS2, CS3 and CS7 with 2/49 (4.1%) each. CS6 was common across all toxin combinations (LT only, STh only and a combination of LT/STh) while CS2, CS3, CS7 were identified in both LT and LT/STh strains respectively. The mean age of children with detected toxin or CFs was 15.4 months (95% CI: 12.2, 18.7). Our results offer an insight into relevant CFs in ETEC diarrhea in Zambia and that Luminex™ platform is not as specific as ordinary and quantitative PCR for ETEC detection.
{"title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Toxins and Colonization Factors Among Zambian Children Presenting with Moderate to Severe Diarrhea to Selected Health Facilities","authors":"M. Simuyandi, R. Chilengi, S. Connor, Joseph B. Voeglein, N. Laban, Katayi Mwila-Kazimbaya, C. Chisenga, J. Mwaba, D. Sack, S. Chakraborty","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650039","url":null,"abstract":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) is an important cause for diarrheal disease in children and travelers globally. Epidemiological data on the distribution of strains of ETEC and associated colonization factors (CFs) is important for evaluation of candidate vaccines. We used conventional PCR and quantitative PCR to screen for toxins and CFs using DNA extracted from stool samples which tested positive for ETEC using the Luminex GPP panel collected from children presenting with moderate to severe diarrhea at selected health facilities in Lusaka. 49/106 (46.2%) were positive for at least one toxin (i.e. LT/STh/STp), ST was 18 (17%) [STh 16(15%) and STp 2 (~2%)], and LT 16(15%). The most frequent CF detected was CS6 with 6/49 (12.2%), followed by CS2, CS3 and CS7 with 2/49 (4.1%) each. CS6 was common across all toxin combinations (LT only, STh only and a combination of LT/STh) while CS2, CS3, CS7 were identified in both LT and LT/STh strains respectively. The mean age of children with detected toxin or CFs was 15.4 months (95% CI: 12.2, 18.7). Our results offer an insight into relevant CFs in ETEC diarrhea in Zambia and that Luminex™ platform is not as specific as ordinary and quantitative PCR for ETEC detection.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exopolyphosphatase of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Might Limit the Growth of Bacteria Which Thrive in Inflamed and Injured Lung","authors":"J. Block","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fiorino, M. Zippi, C. Benini, Angeloluca De Quarto, M. Masetti
Background/Objectives: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is a disease with a poor prognosis. Hepatitis B (HBV)/Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are hepatotropic pathogens with pro-carcinogenic properties able to attack also the pancreas. Although several trials, mainly carried out in the USA and in the Eastern Countries, strongly suggested that HBV/HCV exert a role in PAC development, no study on this topic was still performed in Italy. Through this present work, we aimed to assess HBV antigens/antibodies and anti-HCV antibodies prevalence in a small cohort of Italian patients with PAC, irrespective of the other risk factors for PAC development, like smoking, alcohol drinking, and diabetes.Methods: This pivotal-retrospective-study was led both at Surgery Unit of Maggiore Hospital, (Bologna) and at Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy of Sandro Pertini Hospital, (Rome). Data concerning age, sex, pancreatic cancer localization (head, body, tail) and serum HBV/HCV profiles of subjects with a histological/radiological/biochemical diagnosis of PAC were collected from files concerning pancreatectomy and endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography (ERCPs).Results: It was found that 4 patients were HBsAg positive and 28 were HBsAb/HBcAb-positive, with a prevalence equal to 1% and 7.5%, respectively. Sixteen patients were HCV positive, with a prevalence equal to 4.3%.Conclusions: Our observational study describes, for the first time in our Country, HBsAg, HBsAb/HBcAb and HCV prevalence in a small-sized cohort of patients suffering from PAC. Despite no definitive conclusions on the association between HBV/HCV infection and PAC may be drawn, our research could represent the basis for additional epidemiological/histological nationwide trials in Italy.
{"title":"Prevalence of Antigens/Antibodies Against Hepatitis B and C Viruses in A Cohort of Italian Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Admitted to Two Hospital Wards in Italy: A Pivotal Retrospective Study","authors":"S. Fiorino, M. Zippi, C. Benini, Angeloluca De Quarto, M. Masetti","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650035","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Objectives: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is a disease with a poor prognosis. Hepatitis B (HBV)/Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are hepatotropic pathogens with pro-carcinogenic properties able to attack also the pancreas. Although several trials, mainly carried out in the USA and in the Eastern Countries, strongly suggested that HBV/HCV exert a role in PAC development, no study on this topic was still performed in Italy. Through this present work, we aimed to assess HBV antigens/antibodies and anti-HCV antibodies prevalence in a small cohort of Italian patients with PAC, irrespective of the other risk factors for PAC development, like smoking, alcohol drinking, and diabetes.Methods: This pivotal-retrospective-study was led both at Surgery Unit of Maggiore Hospital, (Bologna) and at Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy of Sandro Pertini Hospital, (Rome). Data concerning age, sex, pancreatic cancer localization (head, body, tail) and serum HBV/HCV profiles of subjects with a histological/radiological/biochemical diagnosis of PAC were collected from files concerning pancreatectomy and endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography (ERCPs).Results: It was found that 4 patients were HBsAg positive and 28 were HBsAb/HBcAb-positive, with a prevalence equal to 1% and 7.5%, respectively. Sixteen patients were HCV positive, with a prevalence equal to 4.3%.Conclusions: Our observational study describes, for the first time in our Country, HBsAg, HBsAb/HBcAb and HCV prevalence in a small-sized cohort of patients suffering from PAC. Despite no definitive conclusions on the association between HBV/HCV infection and PAC may be drawn, our research could represent the basis for additional epidemiological/histological nationwide trials in Italy.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The CD4 receptor is the primary entry receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. Besides this detrimental function, the CD4 receptor is crucial for positive selection and development of CD4+ T cells as well as for proper functioning of the immune system. During T cell activation, the CD4 receptor can fulfill an adhesion function, act as a signaling molecule and enhance the sensitivity of T cells to antigens. In addition, the CD4 receptor was suggested to be involved in differentiation towards the T helper 2 subset and in chemotaxis of T cells. In other types of immune cells, diverging functions are attributed to the CD4 receptor. The immunological importance of the CD4 receptor makes it an interesting target for immunosuppression. This is demonstrated by the immunosuppressive potential of several anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies may have several modes of action, such as (1) inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation by steric hindrance of the CD4/major histocompatibility complex class II interaction resulting in antigen-specific tolerance, (2) down-modulation of the CD4 receptor, (3) switching from a pro-inflammatory T helper 1 to a more immunomodulatory T helper 2 type immune response, (4) induction of regulatory T cells and enhancement of their activity, or (5) delivery of a negative or attenuated signal into the CD4+ T cell. In addition, medicinal drugs that target CD4 are interesting alternatives for immunosuppressive treatment. The small molecule cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) that down-modulates the CD4 receptor in a unique way by signal peptide-dependent inhibition of ER co-translational translocation is currently under investigation as a novel immunosuppressive drug.
{"title":"The CD4 Receptor: An Indispensable Protein in T Cell Activation and A Promising Target for Immunosuppression","authors":"Elisa Claeys and Kurt Vermeire","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650036","url":null,"abstract":"The CD4 receptor is the primary entry receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. Besides this detrimental function, the CD4 receptor is crucial for positive selection and development of CD4+ T cells as well as for proper functioning of the immune system. During T cell activation, the CD4 receptor can fulfill an adhesion function, act as a signaling molecule and enhance the sensitivity of T cells to antigens. In addition, the CD4 receptor was suggested to be involved in differentiation towards the T helper 2 subset and in chemotaxis of T cells. In other types of immune cells, diverging functions are attributed to the CD4 receptor. The immunological importance of the CD4 receptor makes it an interesting target for immunosuppression. This is demonstrated by the immunosuppressive potential of several anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies may have several modes of action, such as (1) inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation by steric hindrance of the CD4/major histocompatibility complex class II interaction resulting in antigen-specific tolerance, (2) down-modulation of the CD4 receptor, (3) switching from a pro-inflammatory T helper 1 to a more immunomodulatory T helper 2 type immune response, (4) induction of regulatory T cells and enhancement of their activity, or (5) delivery of a negative or attenuated signal into the CD4+ T cell. In addition, medicinal drugs that target CD4 are interesting alternatives for immunosuppressive treatment. The small molecule cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) that down-modulates the CD4 receptor in a unique way by signal peptide-dependent inhibition of ER co-translational translocation is currently under investigation as a novel immunosuppressive drug.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At birth, one hundred and fifty beef calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Dams of the calves had received no vaccines for at least two years. At day sixty of age, serum was drawn for antibodies against exotoxins from Clostridium perfringens (Clp) type C and D, Cl. novyi (Cln) and Cl. sordellii (Cls). Calves in group one were administered 2ml of an intranasal vaccine containing modified live BHV-1, BRSV and PI3 virusa (IN), a modified live viral vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 in combination with a Mannheimia hemolytica (BVDMh) inactivated leukotoxoidc and a Clostridium Chauvoei-Septicum-Novyi-Sordellii-Perfringens Types C and D Bacterin-Toxoid vaccine (7way).b Calves in group two received a systemic MLV combination vaccine containing BVDV types 1 and 2, BHV-1, BRSV, PI3 virus and the same Mh vaccined (FivewayMH). Group three were vaccinated with only the 7 way Clostridium vaccine. At 210 days of age serum was drawn and calves in group 1 received the FivewayMH and 7way vaccines. Calves in group 2 were administered the IN, BVDMH and 7way vaccines and group 3 calves were vaccinated with only the 7way. At 240 days of age sera was drawn for final SN titers. At 60 days of age high levels of maternal antibody against all the exotoxins tested were detected. Serologic responses in all groups indicated maternal antibody interference after 7way vaccination to Cl. Perfringens C and D and in group 3 to Cl. novyi and sordellii. Interference of the immune response to Cl. novyi by systemic MLV BHV-1 viral vaccination was seen on day 60 and 210 to Cl. sordellii. This study indicates that both maternal antibody and concurrent systemic BHV-1 vaccination may interfere with serologic responses to Clostridial exotoxin vaccination. The impact of the decreased antibody levels on protection could not be determined in this study.
{"title":"Impact of Maternal Antibody and Concurrent Vaccination on Serologic Responses to Clostridial Vaccination in Calves","authors":"V. Cortese, J. T. Seeger, C. Trejo, T. Short","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650037","url":null,"abstract":"At birth, one hundred and fifty beef calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Dams of the calves had received no vaccines for at least two years. At day sixty of age, serum was drawn for antibodies against exotoxins from Clostridium perfringens (Clp) type C and D, Cl. novyi (Cln) and Cl. sordellii (Cls). Calves in group one were administered 2ml of an intranasal vaccine containing modified live BHV-1, BRSV and PI3 virusa (IN), a modified live viral vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 in combination with a Mannheimia hemolytica (BVDMh) inactivated leukotoxoidc and a Clostridium Chauvoei-Septicum-Novyi-Sordellii-Perfringens Types C and D Bacterin-Toxoid vaccine (7way).b Calves in group two received a systemic MLV combination vaccine containing BVDV types 1 and 2, BHV-1, BRSV, PI3 virus and the same Mh vaccined (FivewayMH). Group three were vaccinated with only the 7 way Clostridium vaccine. At 210 days of age serum was drawn and calves in group 1 received the FivewayMH and 7way vaccines. Calves in group 2 were administered the IN, BVDMH and 7way vaccines and group 3 calves were vaccinated with only the 7way. At 240 days of age sera was drawn for final SN titers. At 60 days of age high levels of maternal antibody against all the exotoxins tested were detected. Serologic responses in all groups indicated maternal antibody interference after 7way vaccination to Cl. Perfringens C and D and in group 3 to Cl. novyi and sordellii. Interference of the immune response to Cl. novyi by systemic MLV BHV-1 viral vaccination was seen on day 60 and 210 to Cl. sordellii. This study indicates that both maternal antibody and concurrent systemic BHV-1 vaccination may interfere with serologic responses to Clostridial exotoxin vaccination. The impact of the decreased antibody levels on protection could not be determined in this study.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between 2000-2007, Clostridium (now Closteroides) difficile infections have increased by a factor of 400% and have been associated with greater disease severity. These increases are associated to the increased prevalence of the NAP1/BI/027 ribotype (ribotype-027). This ribotype was characterized as hypervirulent, and one reason was the ability to produce greater numbers of spores in vitro. However, it is unclear whether the epidemic ribotype-027 are able to produce greater numbers of spores in vivo, and if this plays a role during clinically relevant treatments. To determine if epidemic strains are able to produce more spores during clinically relevant treatments, the growth and in vivo production of spores of four C. difficile isolates (2 non-epidemic and 2-epidemic) were determined in the hamster model of C. difficile infection (CDI). By using this model, the epidemic isolates of C. difficile were found to produce more spores than the non-epidemic isolates during treatment with vancomycin. The difference in spore numbers in response to the presence of vancomycin also occurred in in vitro cultures. These differences between the epidemic and non-epidemic isolates were consistent despite there being no difference to sensitivity to vancomycin in vitro. Thus, antibiotic treatment promoted higher levels of spores of epidemic isolates in vivo and in vitro than found in non-epidemic isolates, suggesting this difference in response to clinically relevant antibiotics is a factor that contributes to the ribotype-027 being more frequently diagnosed in C. difficile cases.
{"title":"Clostridium (Now Closteroides) difficile Spore Formation Is Higher in Epidemic Isolates When Treated With Vancomycin in Vivo and in Vitro","authors":"John C. Vitucci, M. Pulse, J. Simecka","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650038","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2000-2007, Clostridium (now Closteroides) difficile infections have increased by a factor of 400% and have been associated with greater disease severity. These increases are associated to the increased prevalence of the NAP1/BI/027 ribotype (ribotype-027). This ribotype was characterized as hypervirulent, and one reason was the ability to produce greater numbers of spores in vitro. However, it is unclear whether the epidemic ribotype-027 are able to produce greater numbers of spores in vivo, and if this plays a role during clinically relevant treatments. To determine if epidemic strains are able to produce more spores during clinically relevant treatments, the growth and in vivo production of spores of four C. difficile isolates (2 non-epidemic and 2-epidemic) were determined in the hamster model of C. difficile infection (CDI). By using this model, the epidemic isolates of C. difficile were found to produce more spores than the non-epidemic isolates during treatment with vancomycin. The difference in spore numbers in response to the presence of vancomycin also occurred in in vitro cultures. These differences between the epidemic and non-epidemic isolates were consistent despite there being no difference to sensitivity to vancomycin in vitro. Thus, antibiotic treatment promoted higher levels of spores of epidemic isolates in vivo and in vitro than found in non-epidemic isolates, suggesting this difference in response to clinically relevant antibiotics is a factor that contributes to the ribotype-027 being more frequently diagnosed in C. difficile cases.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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