With the improvement of cancer therapy, survival related to malignancy has improved, but the prevalence of long-term cardiotoxicity has also increased. Cancer therapies with known cardiac toxicity include anthracyclines, biologic agents (trastuzumab), and multikinase inhibitors (sunitinib). The most frequent presentation of cardiac toxicity is dilated cardiomyopathy associated with poorest prognosis. Monitoring of cardiac toxicity is commonly performed by assessment of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, which requires a significant amount of myocardial damage to allow detection of cardiac toxicity. Accordingly, this creates the impetus to search for more sensitive and reproducible biomarkers of cardiac toxicity after cancer therapy. Different biomarkers have been proposed to that end, the most studied ones included troponin release resulting from cardiomyocyte damage and natriuretic peptides reflecting elevation in LV filling pressure and wall stress. Increase in the levels of troponin and natriuretic peptides have been correlated with cumulative dose of anthracycline and the degree of LV dysfunction. Troponin is recognized as a highly efficient predictor of early and chronic cardiac toxicity, but there remains some debate regarding the clinical usefulness of the measurement of natriuretic peptides because of divergent results. Preliminary data are available for other biomarkers targeting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and neuregulin-1. The purpose of this article is to review the available data to determine the role of biomarkers in decreasing the risk of cardiac toxicity after cancer therapy.
{"title":"The Role of Biomarkers in Decreasing Risk of Cardiac Toxicity after Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Christine Henri, Therese Heinonen, Jean-Claude Tardif","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S31798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S31798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the improvement of cancer therapy, survival related to malignancy has improved, but the prevalence of long-term cardiotoxicity has also increased. Cancer therapies with known cardiac toxicity include anthracyclines, biologic agents (trastuzumab), and multikinase inhibitors (sunitinib). The most frequent presentation of cardiac toxicity is dilated cardiomyopathy associated with poorest prognosis. Monitoring of cardiac toxicity is commonly performed by assessment of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, which requires a significant amount of myocardial damage to allow detection of cardiac toxicity. Accordingly, this creates the impetus to search for more sensitive and reproducible biomarkers of cardiac toxicity after cancer therapy. Different biomarkers have been proposed to that end, the most studied ones included troponin release resulting from cardiomyocyte damage and natriuretic peptides reflecting elevation in LV filling pressure and wall stress. Increase in the levels of troponin and natriuretic peptides have been correlated with cumulative dose of anthracycline and the degree of LV dysfunction. Troponin is recognized as a highly efficient predictor of early and chronic cardiac toxicity, but there remains some debate regarding the clinical usefulness of the measurement of natriuretic peptides because of divergent results. Preliminary data are available for other biomarkers targeting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and neuregulin-1. The purpose of this article is to review the available data to determine the role of biomarkers in decreasing the risk of cardiac toxicity after cancer therapy. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S31798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34608354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-19eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S38894
Samuel Burke Nanni, Jonathan Pratt, David Beauchemin, Khadidja Haidara, Borhane Annabi
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a multiligand endocytic receptor, which plays a pivotal role in controlling cytoskeleton dynamics during cancer cell migration. Its rapid endocytosis further allows efficient clearance of extracellular ligands. Concanavalin-A (ConA) is a lectin used to trigger in vitro physiological cellular processes, including cytokines secretion, nitric oxide production, and T-lymphocytes activation. Given that ConA exerts part of its effects through cytoskeleton remodeling, we questioned whether it affected LRP-1 expression, intracellular trafficking, and cell surface function in grade IV U87 glioblastoma cells. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we found that loss of the cell surface 600-kDa mature form of LRP-1 occurs upon ConA treatment. Consequently, internalization of the physiological α2-macroglobulin and the synthetic angiopep-2 ligands of LRP-1 was also decreased. Silencing of known mediators of ConA, such as the membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, and the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-6 was unable to rescue ConA-mediated LRP-1 expression decrease, implying that the loss of LRP-1 was independent of cell surface relayed signaling. The ConA-mediated reduction in LRP-1 expression was emulated by the actin cytoskeleton-disrupting agent cytochalasin-D, but not by the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, and required both lysosomal- and ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated degradation. Our study implies that actin cytoskeleton integrity is required for proper LRP-1 cell surface functions and that impaired trafficking leads to specialized compartmentation and degradation. Our data also strengthen the biomarker role of cell surface LRP-1 functions in the vectorized transport of therapeutic angiopep bioconjugates into brain cancer cells.
{"title":"Impact of Concanavalin-A-Mediated Cytoskeleton Disruption on Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 Internalization and Cell Surface Expression in Glioblastomas.","authors":"Samuel Burke Nanni, Jonathan Pratt, David Beauchemin, Khadidja Haidara, Borhane Annabi","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S38894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S38894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a multiligand endocytic receptor, which plays a pivotal role in controlling cytoskeleton dynamics during cancer cell migration. Its rapid endocytosis further allows efficient clearance of extracellular ligands. Concanavalin-A (ConA) is a lectin used to trigger in vitro physiological cellular processes, including cytokines secretion, nitric oxide production, and T-lymphocytes activation. Given that ConA exerts part of its effects through cytoskeleton remodeling, we questioned whether it affected LRP-1 expression, intracellular trafficking, and cell surface function in grade IV U87 glioblastoma cells. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we found that loss of the cell surface 600-kDa mature form of LRP-1 occurs upon ConA treatment. Consequently, internalization of the physiological α2-macroglobulin and the synthetic angiopep-2 ligands of LRP-1 was also decreased. Silencing of known mediators of ConA, such as the membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, and the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-6 was unable to rescue ConA-mediated LRP-1 expression decrease, implying that the loss of LRP-1 was independent of cell surface relayed signaling. The ConA-mediated reduction in LRP-1 expression was emulated by the actin cytoskeleton-disrupting agent cytochalasin-D, but not by the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, and required both lysosomal- and ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated degradation. Our study implies that actin cytoskeleton integrity is required for proper LRP-1 cell surface functions and that impaired trafficking leads to specialized compartmentation and degradation. Our data also strengthen the biomarker role of cell surface LRP-1 functions in the vectorized transport of therapeutic angiopep bioconjugates into brain cancer cells. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S38894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34518885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-18eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S31804
Katherine Zukotynski, Hossein Jadvar, Jacek Capala, Frederic Fahey
In recent years, there has been a proliferation in the development of targeted radionuclide cancer therapy. It is now possible to use baseline clinical and imaging assessments to determine the most effective therapy and to tailor this therapy during the course of treatment based on radiation dosimetry and tumor response. Although this personalized approach to medicine has the advantage of maximizing therapeutic effect while limiting toxicity, it can be challenging to implement and expensive. Further, in order to use targeted radionuclide therapy effectively, there is a need for multidisciplinary awareness, education, and collaboration across the scientific, industrial, and medical communities. Even more important, there is a growing understanding that combining radiopharmaceuticals with conventional treatment such as chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy may limit patient morbidity while improving survival. Developments in radiopharmaceuticals as biomarkers capable of predicting therapeutic response and targeting disease are playing a central role in medical research. Adoption of a practical approach to manufacturing and delivering radiopharmaceuticals, assessing patient eligibility, optimizing post-therapy follow-up, and addressing reimbursement issues will be essential for their success.
{"title":"Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Practical Applications and Future Prospects.","authors":"Katherine Zukotynski, Hossein Jadvar, Jacek Capala, Frederic Fahey","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S31804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S31804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, there has been a proliferation in the development of targeted radionuclide cancer therapy. It is now possible to use baseline clinical and imaging assessments to determine the most effective therapy and to tailor this therapy during the course of treatment based on radiation dosimetry and tumor response. Although this personalized approach to medicine has the advantage of maximizing therapeutic effect while limiting toxicity, it can be challenging to implement and expensive. Further, in order to use targeted radionuclide therapy effectively, there is a need for multidisciplinary awareness, education, and collaboration across the scientific, industrial, and medical communities. Even more important, there is a growing understanding that combining radiopharmaceuticals with conventional treatment such as chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy may limit patient morbidity while improving survival. Developments in radiopharmaceuticals as biomarkers capable of predicting therapeutic response and targeting disease are playing a central role in medical research. Adoption of a practical approach to manufacturing and delivering radiopharmaceuticals, assessing patient eligibility, optimizing post-therapy follow-up, and addressing reimbursement issues will be essential for their success. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S31804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34518886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-05eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S33376
Anagh A Sahasrabuddhe
BMI1 oncogene is a catalytic member of epigenetic repressor polycomb group proteins. It plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression pattern and consequently several cellular processes during development, including cell cycle progression, senescence, aging, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and importantly self-renewal of adult stem cells of several lineages. Preponderance of evidences indicates that deregulated expression of PcG protein BMI1 is associated with several human malignancies, cancer stem cell maintenance, and propagation. Importantly, overexpression of BMI1 correlates with therapy failure in cancer patients and tumor relapse. This review discusses the diverse mode of BMI1 regulation at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels as well as at various critical signaling pathways regulated by BMI1 activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the role of BMI1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several subtypes of hematologic malignancies and the importance to target this biomarker for therapeutic applications.
{"title":"BMI1: A Biomarker of Hematologic Malignancies.","authors":"Anagh A Sahasrabuddhe","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S33376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S33376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BMI1 oncogene is a catalytic member of epigenetic repressor polycomb group proteins. It plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression pattern and consequently several cellular processes during development, including cell cycle progression, senescence, aging, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and importantly self-renewal of adult stem cells of several lineages. Preponderance of evidences indicates that deregulated expression of PcG protein BMI1 is associated with several human malignancies, cancer stem cell maintenance, and propagation. Importantly, overexpression of BMI1 correlates with therapy failure in cancer patients and tumor relapse. This review discusses the diverse mode of BMI1 regulation at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels as well as at various critical signaling pathways regulated by BMI1 activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the role of BMI1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several subtypes of hematologic malignancies and the importance to target this biomarker for therapeutic applications. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S33376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34475953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-05eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S31802
Pierre-Olivier Gaudreau, John Stagg, Denis Soulières, Fred Saad
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common form of cancer in men worldwide. Biomarkers have emerged as essential tools for treatment and assessment since the variability of disease behavior, the cost and diversity of treatments, and the related impairment of quality of life have given rise to a need for a personalized approach. High-throughput technology platforms in proteomics and genomics have accelerated the development of biomarkers. Furthermore, recent successes of several new agents in PC, including immunotherapy, have stimulated the search for predictors of response and resistance and have improved the understanding of the biological mechanisms at work. This review provides an overview of currently established biomarkers in PC, as well as a selection of the most promising biomarkers within these particular fields of development.
前列腺癌(PC)是全球男性第二大常见癌症。生物标志物已成为治疗和评估的重要工具,因为疾病行为的多变性、治疗的成本和多样性,以及相关的生活质量损害,使得人们需要一种个性化的方法。蛋白质组学和基因组学的高通量技术平台加速了生物标志物的开发。此外,最近包括免疫疗法在内的几种新药在 PC 领域取得的成功也促进了对反应和耐药性预测指标的研究,并加深了人们对其生物作用机制的了解。本综述概述了 PC 领域目前已确立的生物标志物,并选择了这些特定发展领域中最有前景的生物标志物。
{"title":"The Present and Future of Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer: Proteomics, Genomics, and Immunology Advancements.","authors":"Pierre-Olivier Gaudreau, John Stagg, Denis Soulières, Fred Saad","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S31802","DOIUrl":"10.4137/BIC.S31802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common form of cancer in men worldwide. Biomarkers have emerged as essential tools for treatment and assessment since the variability of disease behavior, the cost and diversity of treatments, and the related impairment of quality of life have given rise to a need for a personalized approach. High-throughput technology platforms in proteomics and genomics have accelerated the development of biomarkers. Furthermore, recent successes of several new agents in PC, including immunotherapy, have stimulated the search for predictors of response and resistance and have improved the understanding of the biological mechanisms at work. This review provides an overview of currently established biomarkers in PC, as well as a selection of the most promising biomarkers within these particular fields of development. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34539099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-28eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S38229
Saeideh Keyvani, Nasrin Karimi, Zahra Orafa, Saeid Bouzari, Mana Oloomi
Detection of cytokeratin-19 (CK19) expression as an epithelial-specific marker in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of breast cancer patients can be important for diagnostic purposes. Comparison of CK19 expression in breast cancer cell lines can indicate that expression of this marker is different in various breast cancer cell lines based on their category. Thirty-five breast cancer patients were evaluated for detection of CK19 mRNA in their peripheral blood using CK19-specific primers and a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. CK19 expression levels were detected in MCF7, T47D, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Statistical analysis of our data indicates that there is no significant difference between CK19 expression and histopathological parameters and some molecular markers, including Ki-67, HER-2, and P53, but there are statistically significant correlations between estrogen receptor (P = 0.040) and progesterone receptor (P = 0.046) with CK19 expression. CK19 expression was detected in MCF7, T47D, and SK-BR-3 cell lines but not in MDA-MB-231 cell line. More studies are needed to determine the relationship between this marker and other markers in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. On the other hand, the study of different markers using breast cancer cell lines as experimental models of breast cancer could have an impact on improving the health outcomes of patients with breast cancer.
{"title":"Assessment of Cytokeratin-19 Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood of Breast Cancer Patients and Breast Cancer Cell Lines.","authors":"Saeideh Keyvani, Nasrin Karimi, Zahra Orafa, Saeid Bouzari, Mana Oloomi","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S38229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S38229","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of cytokeratin-19 (CK19) expression as an epithelial-specific marker in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of breast cancer patients can be important for diagnostic purposes. Comparison of CK19 expression in breast cancer cell lines can indicate that expression of this marker is different in various breast cancer cell lines based on their category. Thirty-five breast cancer patients were evaluated for detection of CK19 mRNA in their peripheral blood using CK19-specific primers and a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. CK19 expression levels were detected in MCF7, T47D, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Statistical analysis of our data indicates that there is no significant difference between CK19 expression and histopathological parameters and some molecular markers, including Ki-67, HER-2, and P53, but there are statistically significant correlations between estrogen receptor (P = 0.040) and progesterone receptor (P = 0.046) with CK19 expression. CK19 expression was detected in MCF7, T47D, and SK-BR-3 cell lines but not in MDA-MB-231 cell line. More studies are needed to determine the relationship between this marker and other markers in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. On the other hand, the study of different markers using breast cancer cell lines as experimental models of breast cancer could have an impact on improving the health outcomes of patients with breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S38229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34456720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-26eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BiC.s34414
Fataneh Karandish, Sanku Mallik
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes 90% of pancreatic cancers. PDAC is a complex and devastating disease with only 1%-3% survival rate in five years after the second stage. Treatment of PDAC is complicated due to the tumor microenvironment, changing cell behaviors to the mesenchymal type, altered drug delivery, and drug resistance. Considering that pancreatic cancer shows early invasion and metastasis, critical research is needed to explore different aspects of the disease, such as elaboration of biomarkers, specific signaling pathways, and gene aberration. In this review, we highlight the biomarkers, the fundamental signaling pathways, and their importance in targeted drug delivery for pancreatic cancers.
{"title":"Biomarkers and Targeted Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer.","authors":"Fataneh Karandish, Sanku Mallik","doi":"10.4137/BiC.s34414","DOIUrl":"10.4137/BiC.s34414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes 90% of pancreatic cancers. PDAC is a complex and devastating disease with only 1%-3% survival rate in five years after the second stage. Treatment of PDAC is complicated due to the tumor microenvironment, changing cell behaviors to the mesenchymal type, altered drug delivery, and drug resistance. Considering that pancreatic cancer shows early invasion and metastasis, critical research is needed to explore different aspects of the disease, such as elaboration of biomarkers, specific signaling pathways, and gene aberration. In this review, we highlight the biomarkers, the fundamental signaling pathways, and their importance in targeted drug delivery for pancreatic cancers. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BiC.s34414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34456722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-20eCollection Date: 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S39882
David Barras, Sevtap Savas
49 This supplement is intended to focus on biomarkers for colon cancer. Biomarkers of survival in colon cancer, detection of new colon cancer biomarkers in tissues and body fluids, and new methods for the detection and elimination of micrometastases in colon cancer are included within the supplement's scope. Biomarkers in Cancer aims to provide researchers working in this complex, quickly developing field with online, open access to highly relevant scholarly articles by leading international researchers. In a field where the literature is ever-expanding, researchers increasingly need access to up-to-date, high quality scholarly articles on areas of specific contemporary interest. This supplement aims to address this by presenting high-quality articles that allow readers to distinguish the signal from the noise. The editor in chief hopes that through this effort, practitioners and researchers will be aided in finding answers to some of the most complex and pressing issues of our time. Articles should focus on biomarkers for colon cancer and may include the following topics: § § Biomarkers of survival in colon cancer § § Good prognosis indicators, micrometastases and their detection, genetic epidemiology. § § Detection of new colon cancer biomarkers—in tissues and body fluids § § miRNAs, proteomics, antibody arrays. § § New methods for the detection and elimination of micrometastases in colon cancer § § Histology (sentinel lymph nodes), fluorescence navigation (blood), RT-PCR. Supplement Aims and Scope T his supplement focuses on biomarkers for colorectal cancer, a common and often deadly cancer in the world. In an era of personalized medicine, identification as well as use of biomarkers for decision-making is crucial. Biomarkers could be of three different natures: diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic. Diagnostic biomarkers serve to determine the nature of a tumor, which could further help decision-making about the treatment to choose while prognostic biomarkers predict the survival outcomes of patients. Predictive bio-markers, on the other hand, can be used to predict response to specific treatments. An example of successful predictive biomarker is the G12D KRAS mutation in CRC. 1 It is now well established that patients with this mutation do not benefit from adjuvant therapy with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody named cetuximab. 1 Prognostic and diagnostic bio-markers are potentially predictive markers too, and this link remains to be examined in detail by future studies. Not surprisingly, research leading to biomarker identification is crucial. Two contributions in this supplement review and discuss the importance of biomarkers in CRC. …
{"title":"Biomarkers For Colon Cancer.","authors":"David Barras, Sevtap Savas","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S39882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S39882","url":null,"abstract":"49 This supplement is intended to focus on biomarkers for colon cancer. Biomarkers of survival in colon cancer, detection of new colon cancer biomarkers in tissues and body fluids, and new methods for the detection and elimination of micrometastases in colon cancer are included within the supplement's scope. Biomarkers in Cancer aims to provide researchers working in this complex, quickly developing field with online, open access to highly relevant scholarly articles by leading international researchers. In a field where the literature is ever-expanding, researchers increasingly need access to up-to-date, high quality scholarly articles on areas of specific contemporary interest. This supplement aims to address this by presenting high-quality articles that allow readers to distinguish the signal from the noise. The editor in chief hopes that through this effort, practitioners and researchers will be aided in finding answers to some of the most complex and pressing issues of our time. Articles should focus on biomarkers for colon cancer and may include the following topics: § § Biomarkers of survival in colon cancer § § Good prognosis indicators, micrometastases and their detection, genetic epidemiology. § § Detection of new colon cancer biomarkers—in tissues and body fluids § § miRNAs, proteomics, antibody arrays. § § New methods for the detection and elimination of micrometastases in colon cancer § § Histology (sentinel lymph nodes), fluorescence navigation (blood), RT-PCR. Supplement Aims and Scope T his supplement focuses on biomarkers for colorectal cancer, a common and often deadly cancer in the world. In an era of personalized medicine, identification as well as use of biomarkers for decision-making is crucial. Biomarkers could be of three different natures: diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic. Diagnostic biomarkers serve to determine the nature of a tumor, which could further help decision-making about the treatment to choose while prognostic biomarkers predict the survival outcomes of patients. Predictive bio-markers, on the other hand, can be used to predict response to specific treatments. An example of successful predictive biomarker is the G12D KRAS mutation in CRC. 1 It is now well established that patients with this mutation do not benefit from adjuvant therapy with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody named cetuximab. 1 Prognostic and diagnostic bio-markers are potentially predictive markers too, and this link remains to be examined in detail by future studies. Not surprisingly, research leading to biomarker identification is crucial. Two contributions in this supplement review and discuss the importance of biomarkers in CRC. …","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/BIC.S39882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34440153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is an initial debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite initial high response, three-fourths of these women experience disease recurrence with a dismal prognosis. Patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer who underwent cytoreductive surgery were enrolled and tissue samples were collected. Post surgery, these patients were started on chemotherapy and followed up till the end of the cycle. Fluorescence-based differential in-gel expression coupled with mass spectrometric analysis was used for discovery phase of experiments, and real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and pathway analysis were performed for expression and functional validation of differentially expressed proteins. While aldehyde reductase, hnRNP, cyclophilin A, heat shock protein-27, and actin are upregulated in responders, prohibitin, enoyl-coA hydratase, peroxiredoxin, and fibrin-β are upregulated in the nonresponders. The expressions of some of these proteins correlated with increased apoptotic activity in responders and decreased apoptotic activity in nonresponders. Therefore, the proteins qualify as potential biomarkers to predict chemotherapy response.
{"title":"Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Advanced Ovarian Cancer Tissue to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Responders and Nonresponders to First-Line Chemotherapy of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel.","authors":"Urmila Sehrawat, Ruchika Pokhriyal, Ashish Kumar Gupta, Roopa Hariprasad, Mohd Imran Khan, Divya Gupta, Jasmine Naru, Sundararajan Baskar Singh, Ashok Kumar Mohanty, Perumal Vanamail, Lalit Kumar, Sunesh Kumar, Gururao Hariprasad","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S35775","DOIUrl":"10.4137/BIC.S35775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is an initial debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite initial high response, three-fourths of these women experience disease recurrence with a dismal prognosis. Patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer who underwent cytoreductive surgery were enrolled and tissue samples were collected. Post surgery, these patients were started on chemotherapy and followed up till the end of the cycle. Fluorescence-based differential in-gel expression coupled with mass spectrometric analysis was used for discovery phase of experiments, and real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and pathway analysis were performed for expression and functional validation of differentially expressed proteins. While aldehyde reductase, hnRNP, cyclophilin A, heat shock protein-27, and actin are upregulated in responders, prohibitin, enoyl-coA hydratase, peroxiredoxin, and fibrin-β are upregulated in the nonresponders. The expressions of some of these proteins correlated with increased apoptotic activity in responders and decreased apoptotic activity in nonresponders. Therefore, the proteins qualify as potential biomarkers to predict chemotherapy response. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70686662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-13eCollection Date: 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4137/BIC.S38394
Kazushi Inoue, Elizabeth A Fry
The use of molecular biomarkers assures that breast cancer (BC) patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki67, have been playing significant roles in the subcategorization of BC to predict the prognosis and decide the specific therapy to each patient. Antihormonal therapy using 4-hydroxytamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors have been employed in patients whose tumor cells express hormone receptors, while monoclonal antibody to HER2 has been administered to HER2-positive BCs. Although new therapeutic agents have been developed in the past few decades, many patients still die of the disease due to relapse; thus, novel molecular markers that predict therapeutic failure and those that can be targets for specific therapy are expected. We have chosen four of such molecules by reviewing recent publications, which are cyclin E, B-Myb, Twist, and DMP1β. The oncogenicity of these molecules has been demonstrated in vivo and/or in vitro through studies using transgenic mice or siRNAs, and their expressions have been shown to be associated with shortened overall or disease-free survival of BC patients. The former three molecules have been shown to accelerate epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is often associated with cancer stem cell-ness and metastasis; all these four can be novel therapeutic targets as well. Thus, large prospective studies employing immunohistochemistry will be needed to establish the predictive values of these molecules in patients with BC.
分子生物标记物的使用可确保乳腺癌(BC)患者获得最佳治疗。雌激素受体、孕激素受体、HER2 和 Ki67 等已确定的生物标志物在乳腺癌的亚分类中发挥了重要作用,可预测预后并决定对每位患者的具体治疗方法。使用 4-hydroxytamoxifen 或芳香化酶抑制剂的抗激素疗法适用于肿瘤细胞表达激素受体的患者,而 HER2 单克隆抗体则适用于 HER2 阳性的 BCs。尽管在过去几十年中开发出了新的治疗药物,但仍有许多患者因复发而死亡;因此,人们期待着能预测治疗失败的新分子标记物以及能成为特定治疗靶点的分子标记物。我们通过查阅最近发表的文章,选择了其中的四种分子,它们是细胞周期蛋白 E、B-Myb、Twist 和 DMP1β。通过使用转基因小鼠或 siRNA 进行研究,这些分子的致癌性已在体内和/或体外得到证实,而且它们的表达已被证明与 BC 患者总生存期或无病生存期的缩短有关。前三种分子已被证明可加速上皮-间质转化,而上皮-间质转化通常与癌症干细胞性和转移有关;所有这四种分子也可成为新的治疗靶点。因此,需要采用免疫组化技术进行大型前瞻性研究,以确定这些分子对 BC 患者的预测价值。
{"title":"Novel Molecular Markers for Breast Cancer.","authors":"Kazushi Inoue, Elizabeth A Fry","doi":"10.4137/BIC.S38394","DOIUrl":"10.4137/BIC.S38394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of molecular biomarkers assures that breast cancer (BC) patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki67, have been playing significant roles in the subcategorization of BC to predict the prognosis and decide the specific therapy to each patient. Antihormonal therapy using 4-hydroxytamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors have been employed in patients whose tumor cells express hormone receptors, while monoclonal antibody to HER2 has been administered to HER2-positive BCs. Although new therapeutic agents have been developed in the past few decades, many patients still die of the disease due to relapse; thus, novel molecular markers that predict therapeutic failure and those that can be targets for specific therapy are expected. We have chosen four of such molecules by reviewing recent publications, which are cyclin E, B-Myb, Twist, and DMP1β. The oncogenicity of these molecules has been demonstrated in vivo and/or in vitro through studies using transgenic mice or siRNAs, and their expressions have been shown to be associated with shortened overall or disease-free survival of BC patients. The former three molecules have been shown to accelerate epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is often associated with cancer stem cell-ness and metastasis; all these four can be novel therapeutic targets as well. Thus, large prospective studies employing immunohistochemistry will be needed to establish the predictive values of these molecules in patients with BC. </p>","PeriodicalId":72377,"journal":{"name":"Biomarkers in cancer","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70687104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}