Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Medica. Monographia最新文献

1. A method for planimetric measurement of areas of standardized dorsoventral projections of embryonal limbs was elaborated. The method permits a quantitative study of the growth of embryonic limbs at early stages of development, since the stage of flat limb bud until the stage at which the external shape of the limb (bending in joint regions and increase in volume) interferes with the simplification of its three-dimensional characteristics to two-dimensional ones of its dorsoventral projection. (Until stage 31-32HH for the chick embryo, see fig. 1 and 2). 2. A method of linear marking was elaborated (fig. 3). The marker proper are India-ink particles suspended in gelatin. Such stained gelatin is spread over a glass carrier (a glass fibre 10-20 microns thick) in the form of a thin film. After drying the fibre is cut in rods of a length desired for the appropriate linear mark. The marks can be introduced into the tissue by a single stab. After the gelatin film had swollen owing to the presence of tissue fluids, it is detached from the carrier surface and the carrier can be removed from the tissue. After the gelatin had been resorbed, a linear mark remains in the tissue. Deformations of the mark line and the scattering of India-ink particles which actually form the mark facilitates the assessment of the growth pattern of the respective marked tissue (see fig. 4-6). 3. During our studies of the differential growth of the wing bud with the method of linear marking the newly coined term "relative tissue shift" had to be specified. That term has been used for designating changes of the mutual position of tissue areas which could not be defined exactly as to their topography within a region or organ (such as the wing bud), showing fluent transitions between one another. If areas with different growth activities occur in the region studied, such areas undergo an uneven increase (differential growth). Thus another factor is added to those operating in the growth process, namely the direction of expansion of the different growing areas of the region studied to one another. The resultant of the mutual ratios of the voluminal growth of the neighbouring tissue areas and the directions of their expansion are the relative tissue shifts in the sense used in our studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Total amylase activity in serum and urine is formed by pancreatic (P) and salivary (S) isoenzymes. The evaluation of isoamylases provides better information on enzyme changes during the disease than total activities alone. The resolution of pancreatic from extrapancreatic origin of hyperamylasemia may be clinically important. The experience obtained from the analysis of isoamylases in more than 1500 patients with different clinical diagnoses we compare with a contemporary knowledge of disturbances in amylase activities. We developed a method separating quantitatively both isoamylases on the mini-columns of ion-exchanger which we used in routine clinical investigation. In the first section we selected the findings on physiology and biochemistry of isoamylases. We described for the first time a significant decrease of P-isoamylase activity in serum during the intravenous infusions of hypertonic glucose, amino acids and during acute hypercalcaemia. We suggested that hypertonic glucose, amino acids and calcium may regulate directly or indirectly the amylase flux from acinar cells in the pancreas across basolateral membrane into blood. This endocrine secretion of amylase may be important in different clinical conditions in which changes of neurohumoral and/or hormonal regulation are developed. The isoamylase activities in patients with different diagnosis are analyzed in the clinical section. The results may be correctly evaluated only in connection with the pathogenesis of isoamylase changes. Disorders of the organs producing amylase (i.e. pancreas or salivary glands) may induce changes of isoamylases depending on their functional status. A progressive loss of amylase producing cells may be accompanied by a decrease of enzyme activity in serum as was described in chronic pancreatitis with exocrine insufficiency. However, the amylase activity in serum is significantly influenced by clearance mechanisms, too. Disorders of the liver or kidneys are accompanied predominantly with hyperamylasemia caused by the disturbed clearance mechanisms. The amylase activity in serum is a consequence of the result between input and output of the enzyme within the blood stream. Some humoral and hormonal regulations are able to modulate both processes in vivo. We suppose that pathogenetic standpoint has the main role for correct interpretation of isoamylase activities. The pathogenesis of hyperamylasemia is therefore discussed in single chapters. In conclusion, the isoamylase activities in serum and urine are influenced beside genetic background by many factors in health and disease which may be respected during the evaluation of the results.

One of the relevant symptoms of damage due to irradiation are the manifestations of haemorrhagic diathesis. The extravascular effusion of the blood in the course of the course of the irradiation disease may sometimes also be the cause of death of the irradiated individual, it may complicate the course of the arisen disease and sometimes even make any necessary therapeutical help impossible. The postirradiation disorder of haemocoagulation and haemostasis is a process very complicated both in its origin and in its course. Many experimental studies have been devoted to the study of the mechanism of origin of this disorder, of its course and of the possibilities of its therapy and actually we already have some clinical results. For a wider information and for the utilization of the up-to-date findings in practise, we hold it reasonable to summarize, in a certain time period, the information, though of a restricted problem, in order to facilitate an orientation in the contributions research has made up to now and to enable the selection of the adequate direction of the future experimental studies. This was the reason for the compilation of this monograph in which a summary of the up-to-date experience published in the literature and the results of our many-year standing experimental work is presented in the first opening chapter. In the second chapter, the mechanisms of blood clotting in man and the most often used laboratory animals in experiments, i.e. the dog, rabbit, rat and guinea pig, are compared. By a comparison of the platelet counts, of the time of their survival and the modes of reaction to the inductors of aggregation, some differences have been demonstrated between human thrombocytes and those of laboratory animals, which may be partly conditioned by some species specific composition of the glycoproteins of the platelet membrane. Further on, the difficulties in the determination of the levels of the individual coagulation factors are referred to and their values established in man are compared with those found in the examined laboratory animals in which decreased levels of factor VII and markedly elevated levels of factors V and VIII have been demonstrated. Next, the physiological inhibitors of blood clotting in man are compared with similar substances found in the blood of laboratory animals. Some differences in the structure and in the function of these substances slowing down the blood coagulation are stressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The study deals with the subject of exercise in diabetic patients, with particular emphasis on acute physical stress in type--I and type--II diabetics. The principal task was to define metabolic changes as they occur in the diabetic subjected to acute stress induced by exercise, in comparison with non-diabetics; metabolic changes during prolonged stress as well as during the period of rest; and finally, to propose, on the basis of authors' experimental results and detailed literature research, appropriate rules of procedure for prescriptive exercise for the individual patient. There were 120 subjects divided into 8 groups. Using primarily a bicycle ergometer, the members of the individual groups were subjected to physical stress of various intensity and duration. A detailed analysis of each subject's metabolic response was performed, involving an assessment of 35 physiological and biochemical parameters, with main focus on determining biochemical changes. The study results are presented in detail both with respect to the metabolic response to a given stress in individual groups and comparatively for individual parameters with regard to specific stress rates and groups. Significant differences were found in the metabolic responses concerning the following parameters: acid-base balance, potassium, triglycerols, glucose, cholesterol, FFA, free glycerol, lactate, uric acid. On the basis of the results of experimental measurements, the following algorithm has been designed for prescribing exercise to diabetics: appropriate motivation; determination of the type of exercise; determination of the intensity of exercise; determination of the duration of exercise; respecting related contraindications and complications. A conclusion has been made that provided all possible risks and contraindications as well as prescription guidelines are respected, exercise is to be considered one of the basic principles of diabetes management.