Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.11648/j.abb.20231103.14
Mulatu Gidi
Sorghum is one of the most significant C4 cereal crops grown in dry and semi-arid regions of the world. It is a major staple crop for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Drought is an important constraint on agricultural production and productivity around the world. It has a significant impact on plant growth, development, and yields. Drought stress risks food security by having a substantial impact on sorghum growth and development, grain yields, and nutritional quality. Sorghum has become known as a drought-tolerant model crop when compared with many other crops. Its ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions makes it a feasible model crop for studying abiotic stress responses and developing stress-tolerant crops. Sorghum response and/or tolerance mechanisms include morphological, physiological, and molecular changes. Drought stress tolerance mechanisms in sorghum include drought escape, early flowering, stay-green, drought avoidance, leaf area, osmotic adjustment, stomata-mediated drought responses, cuticular wax production, root characteristics, and drought tolerance. Biotechnology and its advanced approaches, such as QTL, marker-assisted backcrossing, genetic engineering, and others, are used for screening drought-tolerant genotypes that can withstand drought stress. Therefore, focusing on the drought-tolerant genotypes will boost the speed of the sorghum breeding program, which will feed millions of people worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
{"title":"Sorghum as a Model Crop for Drought Stress Tolerance","authors":"Mulatu Gidi","doi":"10.11648/j.abb.20231103.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.abb.20231103.14","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum is one of the most significant C4 cereal crops grown in dry and semi-arid regions of the world. It is a major staple crop for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Drought is an important constraint on agricultural production and productivity around the world. It has a significant impact on plant growth, development, and yields. Drought stress risks food security by having a substantial impact on sorghum growth and development, grain yields, and nutritional quality. Sorghum has become known as a drought-tolerant model crop when compared with many other crops. Its ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions makes it a feasible model crop for studying abiotic stress responses and developing stress-tolerant crops. Sorghum response and/or tolerance mechanisms include morphological, physiological, and molecular changes. Drought stress tolerance mechanisms in sorghum include drought escape, early flowering, stay-green, drought avoidance, leaf area, osmotic adjustment, stomata-mediated drought responses, cuticular wax production, root characteristics, and drought tolerance. Biotechnology and its advanced approaches, such as QTL, marker-assisted backcrossing, genetic engineering, and others, are used for screening drought-tolerant genotypes that can withstand drought stress. Therefore, focusing on the drought-tolerant genotypes will boost the speed of the sorghum breeding program, which will feed millions of people worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":7276,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.11648/j.abb.20231103.12
Truayinet Mekuriaw, Yazachew Genet, Abune Gudeta, Wubishet Chiche, Habtamu Geremew, Mohammed Ahmed
Technology awareness and adoption by farmers in Ethiopia are low. Therefore, the study was conducted to improve farmers’ awareness, and enhance the adoption of full package Tef production technologies. The large-scale demonstration was implemented in two regional states using the Tef variety Dagim, Ebba and Boset for two years (2020-2021). The demonstration was implemented in three districts (Boset, Becho in Oromia region and Shebel Berenta in Amhara region) covering 9 kebeles and 100 hectares of land. A total of 212 households, including 29 women-headed households participated in the activity. Participated farmers contributed a land size of 0.25 to 1 hectares. The findings of the study showed that the improved variety of Tef showed better performance in grain yield where variety Specifically, Dagim variety gave 2370 kgha-1 and 2580 kgha-1 in Becho and Shebel Berenta districts respectively, whereas 2280 and 2480 kgha-1 were obtained from variety Ebba at the same location. In moisture deficit areas of Boset district, the average yield of Boset and Bora variety was 2260 kgha-1 and 2350 kgha-1 respectively, compared to the farmer’s practice of 222 kgha-1 in highland area and 211 in lowland areas. The technology gap (TG) for the demonstrated varieties ranged from 540 to 725 kgha−1, indicating that the technologies have not been adopted. Similarly, the extension gap ranged from 150to 275 kgha−1, highlighting the need to strengthen the extension approaches to bridge the gap. The results demonstrate that the varieties are the best fitted, and the large scale demonstration approach significantly increased yield s compared to the farmers’ local cultivars and traditional practices. Thus, to ensure a sustainable production of improved Tef technologies, both the extension and the seed system should be considered to deliver the seed supply for the entire Tef producers.
{"title":"Promotion of Improved &lt;i&gt;Tef&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Eragrostis Tef&lt;/i&gt;) Technologies Through Cluster-Based Large-Scale Demonstration in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, Ethiopia","authors":"Truayinet Mekuriaw, Yazachew Genet, Abune Gudeta, Wubishet Chiche, Habtamu Geremew, Mohammed Ahmed","doi":"10.11648/j.abb.20231103.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.abb.20231103.12","url":null,"abstract":"Technology awareness and adoption by farmers in Ethiopia are low. Therefore, the study was conducted to improve farmers’ awareness, and enhance the adoption of full package <i>Tef</i> production technologies. The large-scale demonstration was implemented in two regional states using the Tef variety Dagim, Ebba and Boset for two years (2020-2021). The demonstration was implemented in three districts (Boset, Becho in Oromia region and Shebel Berenta in Amhara region) covering 9 kebeles and 100 hectares of land. A total of 212 households, including 29 women-headed households participated in the activity. Participated farmers contributed a land size of 0.25 to 1 hectares. The findings of the study showed that the improved variety of Tef showed better performance in grain yield where variety Specifically, Dagim variety gave 2370 kgha<sup>-1 </sup>and 2580 kgha<sup>-1</sup> in Becho and Shebel Berenta districts respectively, whereas 2280 and 2480 kgha<sup>-1</sup> were obtained from variety Ebba at the same location. In moisture deficit areas of Boset district, the average yield of Boset and Bora variety was 2260 kgha<sup>-1</sup> and 2350 kgha<sup>-1</sup> respectively, compared to the farmer’s practice of 222 kgha<sup>-1</sup> in highland area and 211 in lowland areas. The technology gap (TG) for the demonstrated varieties ranged from 540 to 725 kgha<sup>−1</sup>, indicating that the technologies have not been adopted. Similarly, the extension gap ranged from 150to 275 kgha<sup>−1</sup>, highlighting the need to strengthen the extension approaches to bridge the gap. The results demonstrate that the varieties are the best fitted, and the large scale demonstration approach significantly increased yield s compared to the farmers’ local cultivars and traditional practices. Thus, to ensure a sustainable production of improved Tef technologies, both the extension and the seed system should be considered to deliver the seed supply for the entire Tef producers.","PeriodicalId":7276,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.11648/j.abb.20231103.11
Nibo Beneberu
Crossbreeding had been initiated and put into practice in various parts of Ethiopia for a very long time to improve milk yield performance. This review was conducted to review and generating compiled information on milk production traits such as daily milk yield (DMY), lactation length (LL), and lactation milk yield of cross breed dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Review results of milk production performances in Ethiopia varied greatly from one genotype to another. The on-station lactation milk yield, lactation length and daily milk yield were ranged from 1293.01±23.70 to 2957.46±72.98 liters, 298.68±5.17 to 374.05±7.24 days, 4.18±5 to 8.70±0.17 liters, respectively, whereas the on-farm review results were ranged from 631.69±222.98 to 2705.43 liters, 241.65±26.22 to 310.91±41.83 days and 7.30±0.16 to 9.91 liters, respectively. Among the genotypes, the 50% F1 and 75% Holstein Friesian first generations were considered suitable for milk production parameters. The on-station development of 50% F2, F3, and 75% second generations showed low milk production. Regardless of blood level and genotype difference, the performance of on-farm crossbred cows was almost similar to on-station experimental cows. Crossbred cows were affected by non-genetic factors like year, season, and parity, depending on the breed and study location. In general, crossbred cows have good milk yield performances compared to indigenous (local) breeds. However, crossbred animals could not exploit their maximum potentials because animals are subjected to different environmental effects.
{"title":"Review on Milk Yield Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cows in Ethiopia","authors":"Nibo Beneberu","doi":"10.11648/j.abb.20231103.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.abb.20231103.11","url":null,"abstract":"Crossbreeding had been initiated and put into practice in various parts of Ethiopia for a very long time to improve milk yield performance. This review was conducted to review and generating compiled information on milk production traits such as daily milk yield (DMY), lactation length (LL), and lactation milk yield of cross breed dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Review results of milk production performances in Ethiopia varied greatly from one genotype to another. The on-station lactation milk yield, lactation length and daily milk yield were ranged from 1293.01±23.70 to 2957.46±72.98 liters, 298.68±5.17 to 374.05±7.24 days, 4.18±5 to 8.70±0.17 liters, respectively, whereas the on-farm review results were ranged from 631.69±222.98 to 2705.43 liters, 241.65±26.22 to 310.91±41.83 days and 7.30±0.16 to 9.91 liters, respectively. Among the genotypes, the 50% F1 and 75% Holstein Friesian first generations were considered suitable for milk production parameters. The on-station development of 50% F2, F3, and 75% second generations showed low milk production. Regardless of blood level and genotype difference, the performance of on-farm crossbred cows was almost similar to on-station experimental cows. Crossbred cows were affected by non-genetic factors like year, season, and parity, depending on the breed and study location. In general, crossbred cows have good milk yield performances compared to indigenous (local) breeds. However, crossbred animals could not exploit their maximum potentials because animals are subjected to different environmental effects.","PeriodicalId":7276,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.11648/j.abb.20221004.12
Koku Abeb, Tesfaye Belachew
Efficiency of artificial insemination service might be lower due to various challenges including poor estrus detection, inefficiency of artificial insemination techniques, and distance from AI station, poor management system, inadequate nutrition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estrus detection and improper timing of insemination has been the most known problems of in diary animals. The intention of this study was to appraise the status, challenges and the outcome. AI service beneficiaries in and around bishoftu town. In this study, a total of 287 respondents (smallholder farmers, dairy farm, Animals health professionals and Artificial Insemination Techniques) were included through structured questionnaires survey and interviewed. In to this, Retrospective data study was included in the study to evaluate the status of AI service in the study site. As the result revealed that from 269 total farmer respondents 49.1% (132/269) had got AI service on time without any interruption while 50.9% (137/269) AI users couldn’t got service on time due to lack of input, unavailability of AITs and discontinuation of service on weekends and holidays with statistically significant among kebeles (p<0.05). Bellowing, clear mucous discharge from vagina, mounting, decrease production and feed intake, restlessness and nervousness, were found to be the most common estrus manifestation observed by diary owners as holidays, lack of appropriate collaboration and communication among stake holders, and repeat breeding. In case of repeat breeding, he maximum and minimum impression of AI users toward using AI repeatedly were 43.8% (Danbi) and 33.0% (Kality) respectively with statistically insignificant among respondents (p>0.05). Generally the questionnaire survey indicated that the application of assisted reproductive biotechnologies in the study area was at infant stage surrounded with challenge full so it requires urgent involvement of stakeholders before it aggravates.
{"title":"Status and Constraints Evaluation of Artificial Insemination in Bishoftu and Its Environs","authors":"Koku Abeb, Tesfaye Belachew","doi":"10.11648/j.abb.20221004.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.abb.20221004.12","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiency of artificial insemination service might be lower due to various challenges including poor estrus detection, inefficiency of artificial insemination techniques, and distance from AI station, poor management system, inadequate nutrition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estrus detection and improper timing of insemination has been the most known problems of in diary animals. The intention of this study was to appraise the status, challenges and the outcome. AI service beneficiaries in and around bishoftu town. In this study, a total of 287 respondents (smallholder farmers, dairy farm, Animals health professionals and Artificial Insemination Techniques) were included through structured questionnaires survey and interviewed. In to this, Retrospective data study was included in the study to evaluate the status of AI service in the study site. As the result revealed that from 269 total farmer respondents 49.1% (132/269) had got AI service on time without any interruption while 50.9% (137/269) AI users couldn’t got service on time due to lack of input, unavailability of AITs and discontinuation of service on weekends and holidays with statistically significant among kebeles (p<0.05). Bellowing, clear mucous discharge from vagina, mounting, decrease production and feed intake, restlessness and nervousness, were found to be the most common estrus manifestation observed by diary owners as holidays, lack of appropriate collaboration and communication among stake holders, and repeat breeding. In case of repeat breeding, he maximum and minimum impression of AI users toward using AI repeatedly were 43.8% (Danbi) and 33.0% (Kality) respectively with statistically insignificant among respondents (p>0.05). Generally the questionnaire survey indicated that the application of assisted reproductive biotechnologies in the study area was at infant stage surrounded with challenge full so it requires urgent involvement of stakeholders before it aggravates.","PeriodicalId":7276,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135395922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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