Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00080-0
Maksymilian Michał Kuźmicz
Abstract This paper explores the concept of balancing interests within the context of Active Assisted Living (AAL). AAL technologies hold great promise for addressing the care and support needs of older adults. However, they also raise ethical and social considerations that necessitate a careful balance of interests among various stakeholders. The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the notion of balance shedding light on its multifaceted dimensions and discuss practical implications for the AAL. Drawing on a thorough literature review and interdisciplinary insights, the research unfolds in three stages. First, it recognizes four key dimensions of balance: equilibrium, avoidance of extremes, proportion, and compromise. Subsequently, the study explores arguments both in favor of and against balancing, addressing issues such as absolute values, methodological concerns, benefits of imbalances, and alternative approaches. This examination offers a comprehensive perspective on the complexities surrounding the concept of balance. Finally, the paper investigates the implications of the conceptual framework within the AAL context, examining what the process of balancing interests could mean from this perspective.
{"title":"A Concept of Balance of Interest in the Context of Active Assisted Living","authors":"Maksymilian Michał Kuźmicz","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00080-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00080-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores the concept of balancing interests within the context of Active Assisted Living (AAL). AAL technologies hold great promise for addressing the care and support needs of older adults. However, they also raise ethical and social considerations that necessitate a careful balance of interests among various stakeholders. The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the notion of balance shedding light on its multifaceted dimensions and discuss practical implications for the AAL. Drawing on a thorough literature review and interdisciplinary insights, the research unfolds in three stages. First, it recognizes four key dimensions of balance: equilibrium, avoidance of extremes, proportion, and compromise. Subsequently, the study explores arguments both in favor of and against balancing, addressing issues such as absolute values, methodological concerns, benefits of imbalances, and alternative approaches. This examination offers a comprehensive perspective on the complexities surrounding the concept of balance. Finally, the paper investigates the implications of the conceptual framework within the AAL context, examining what the process of balancing interests could mean from this perspective.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00074-y
Jakob Mökander
Abstract AI auditing is a rapidly growing field of research and practice. This review article, which doubles as an editorial to Digital Society’s topical collection on ‘Auditing of AI’, provides an overview of previous work in the field. Three key points emerge from the review. First, contemporary attempts to audit AI systems have much to learn from how audits have historically been structured and conducted in areas like financial accounting, safety engineering and the social sciences. Second, both policymakers and technology providers have an interest in promoting auditing as an AI governance mechanism. Academic researchers can thus fill an important role by studying the feasibility and effectiveness of different AI auditing procedures. Third, AI auditing is an inherently multidisciplinary undertaking, to which substantial contributions have been made by computer scientists and engineers as well as social scientists, philosophers, legal scholars and industry practitioners. Reflecting this diversity of perspectives, different approaches to AI auditing have different affordances and constraints. Specifically, a distinction can be made between technology-oriented audits, which focus on the properties and capabilities of AI systems, and process-oriented audits, which focus on technology providers’ governance structures and quality management systems. The next step in the evolution of auditing as an AI governance mechanism, this article concludes, should be the interlinking of these available—and complementary—approaches into structured and holistic procedures to audit not only how AI systems are designed and used but also how they impact users, societies and the natural environment in applied settings over time.
{"title":"Auditing of AI: Legal, Ethical and Technical Approaches","authors":"Jakob Mökander","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00074-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00074-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract AI auditing is a rapidly growing field of research and practice. This review article, which doubles as an editorial to Digital Society’s topical collection on ‘Auditing of AI’, provides an overview of previous work in the field. Three key points emerge from the review. First, contemporary attempts to audit AI systems have much to learn from how audits have historically been structured and conducted in areas like financial accounting, safety engineering and the social sciences. Second, both policymakers and technology providers have an interest in promoting auditing as an AI governance mechanism. Academic researchers can thus fill an important role by studying the feasibility and effectiveness of different AI auditing procedures. Third, AI auditing is an inherently multidisciplinary undertaking, to which substantial contributions have been made by computer scientists and engineers as well as social scientists, philosophers, legal scholars and industry practitioners. Reflecting this diversity of perspectives, different approaches to AI auditing have different affordances and constraints. Specifically, a distinction can be made between technology-oriented audits, which focus on the properties and capabilities of AI systems, and process-oriented audits, which focus on technology providers’ governance structures and quality management systems. The next step in the evolution of auditing as an AI governance mechanism, this article concludes, should be the interlinking of these available—and complementary—approaches into structured and holistic procedures to audit not only how AI systems are designed and used but also how they impact users, societies and the natural environment in applied settings over time.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135390755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00082-y
Federica Russo
{"title":"Automated Content Writing Tools and the Question of Objectivity","authors":"Federica Russo","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00082-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00082-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135392047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00079-7
Simon Friederich, Jonathan Symons
Abstract If and when artificial intelligence systems become superhuman in more aspects of analytic reasoning, this will inevitably have a strong impact on the social organisation of science, including academic writing, reviewing, and publishing. We consider how norms of academic publishing should be adjusted as this happens. To do so, we propose four intuitively plausible desiderata that norms of academic publishing should fulfil in the age of increasingly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and argue that there are no “quick fixes” to current norms that fulfil these desiderata. To indicate the scale of change needed to prepare academic publishing for the era of increasingly advanced AI, we tentatively sketch a more promising novel system of norms. Our proposal centres around the idea that AI systems should “sign off’’ on statements that outline the human and AI contributions to academic research. We discuss possible challenges for this proposal and highlight the type of technological and regulatory infrastructure that would be needed to enable it.
{"title":"Norms for Academic Writing in the Era of Advanced Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Simon Friederich, Jonathan Symons","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00079-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00079-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract If and when artificial intelligence systems become superhuman in more aspects of analytic reasoning, this will inevitably have a strong impact on the social organisation of science, including academic writing, reviewing, and publishing. We consider how norms of academic publishing should be adjusted as this happens. To do so, we propose four intuitively plausible desiderata that norms of academic publishing should fulfil in the age of increasingly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and argue that there are no “quick fixes” to current norms that fulfil these desiderata. To indicate the scale of change needed to prepare academic publishing for the era of increasingly advanced AI, we tentatively sketch a more promising novel system of norms. Our proposal centres around the idea that AI systems should “sign off’’ on statements that outline the human and AI contributions to academic research. We discuss possible challenges for this proposal and highlight the type of technological and regulatory infrastructure that would be needed to enable it.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00072-0
Megan M. Milota, Jojanneke M. T. M. Drogt, Karin R. Jongsma
Abstract The field of pathology is currently undergoing fundamental changes, including the transition from analog to digital workspaces and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into digital diagnostic workflows. Discussing the ethical implications of these changes is complicated by the fact that both laypersons and medical professionals know relatively little about the ways pathologists conduct their daily work. To reveal the largely ‘invisible’ daily practices of pathology departments and better understand the ongoing processes of innovation within the field, we employed a variety of ethnographic methods: interviews, participant observations, and ethnographic filming. Approaching AI in pathology through three different angles helped us to gain rich knowledge and meaningful insights about the ways AI should impact pathologists’ and lab technicians’ roles and responsibilities. In this article, we describe the benefits and downsides of our ‘slow approach’ to data collection and invite those working on similar topics involving the complex dynamics of digital transitions to reflect on whether such methods might also benefit their research.
{"title":"Making AI’s Impact on Pathology Visible: Using Ethnographic Methods for Ethical and Epistemological Insights","authors":"Megan M. Milota, Jojanneke M. T. M. Drogt, Karin R. Jongsma","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00072-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00072-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The field of pathology is currently undergoing fundamental changes, including the transition from analog to digital workspaces and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into digital diagnostic workflows. Discussing the ethical implications of these changes is complicated by the fact that both laypersons and medical professionals know relatively little about the ways pathologists conduct their daily work. To reveal the largely ‘invisible’ daily practices of pathology departments and better understand the ongoing processes of innovation within the field, we employed a variety of ethnographic methods: interviews, participant observations, and ethnographic filming. Approaching AI in pathology through three different angles helped us to gain rich knowledge and meaningful insights about the ways AI should impact pathologists’ and lab technicians’ roles and responsibilities. In this article, we describe the benefits and downsides of our ‘slow approach’ to data collection and invite those working on similar topics involving the complex dynamics of digital transitions to reflect on whether such methods might also benefit their research.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00076-w
Magnus Boman
Abstract Validation of machine learning algorithms that take health data as input is analysed, leveraging on an example from radiology. A 2-year study of AI use in a university hospital and a connected medical university indicated what was often forgotten by human decision makers in the clinic and by medical researchers. A nine-item laundry list that does not require machine learning expertise to use resulted. The list items guide stakeholders toward complete validation processes and clinical routines for bias-aware, sound, energy-aware and efficient data-driven reasoning for health. The list can also prove useful to machine learning developers, as a list of minimal requirements for successful implementation in the clinic.
{"title":"Human-Curated Validation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Health Data","authors":"Magnus Boman","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00076-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00076-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Validation of machine learning algorithms that take health data as input is analysed, leveraging on an example from radiology. A 2-year study of AI use in a university hospital and a connected medical university indicated what was often forgotten by human decision makers in the clinic and by medical researchers. A nine-item laundry list that does not require machine learning expertise to use resulted. The list items guide stakeholders toward complete validation processes and clinical routines for bias-aware, sound, energy-aware and efficient data-driven reasoning for health. The list can also prove useful to machine learning developers, as a list of minimal requirements for successful implementation in the clinic.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00067-x
Alesia Zhuk
Abstract This paper examines the legal status of micronations claiming virtual sovereignty in cyberspace, using the case of the Republic of Errant Menda Lerenda (REML) as an example. The REML is a micronation that claims to have virtual sovereignty over a network of individuals who share its values and beliefs. Through an in-depth analysis of existing literature and sources, this paper explores the legal implications of virtual sovereignty and the challenges that micronations face in establishing legitimacy in the international community. The paper concludes that while the lack of recognition of virtual states by the international community limits their ability to engage in formal relations with other states, virtual sovereignty raises important questions about the concept of statehood in the digital age. This paper suggests that further research is needed to explore the legal and practical implications of virtual sovereignty and to develop new frameworks for determining the legitimacy of virtual states.
{"title":"Virtual Sovereignty: Examining the Legal Status of Micronations in Cyberspace Through the Case of the Republic of Errant Menda Lerenda","authors":"Alesia Zhuk","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00067-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00067-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the legal status of micronations claiming virtual sovereignty in cyberspace, using the case of the Republic of Errant Menda Lerenda (REML) as an example. The REML is a micronation that claims to have virtual sovereignty over a network of individuals who share its values and beliefs. Through an in-depth analysis of existing literature and sources, this paper explores the legal implications of virtual sovereignty and the challenges that micronations face in establishing legitimacy in the international community. The paper concludes that while the lack of recognition of virtual states by the international community limits their ability to engage in formal relations with other states, virtual sovereignty raises important questions about the concept of statehood in the digital age. This paper suggests that further research is needed to explore the legal and practical implications of virtual sovereignty and to develop new frameworks for determining the legitimacy of virtual states.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00069-9
Harry Hobbs, Philip Hayward, Robert Motum
Abstract The Internet has spurred the development of thousands of virtual nations. Located entirely online, these micronations claim sovereignty over vast stretches of cyberspace and engage in performative rituals of statehood. They draft constitutions, compose national anthems, sell citizenship, and sometimes, confuse or confound ordinary people. What are these entities and why do their founders and proponents purport to be a state? What legal and ethical challenges do cyber micronations provoke, and how do they challenge orthodox conceptions of the state? This brief communication considers these questions.
{"title":"Cyber Micronations and Digital Sovereignty","authors":"Harry Hobbs, Philip Hayward, Robert Motum","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00069-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00069-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Internet has spurred the development of thousands of virtual nations. Located entirely online, these micronations claim sovereignty over vast stretches of cyberspace and engage in performative rituals of statehood. They draft constitutions, compose national anthems, sell citizenship, and sometimes, confuse or confound ordinary people. What are these entities and why do their founders and proponents purport to be a state? What legal and ethical challenges do cyber micronations provoke, and how do they challenge orthodox conceptions of the state? This brief communication considers these questions.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00077-9
Nina F. de Groot
Abstract In May 2023, it was reported that human genomic information can be captured relatively easy and inadvertently from environmental samples, such as air or water. Humans, as well as all other organisms, shed fragments of DNA continuously. There is a large variety of potential applications of such environmental DNA, for instance in biology, but also for criminal justice purposes. However, capturing human DNA from such environmental sources raises ethical issues. This article explores some key ethical issues of human environmental DNA, in particular those revolving around consent, privacy, commodification, and the possibility of genetic surveillance. The article suggests that insights from the digital data protection debate, in particular non-individual-based approaches to data control and governance, can be a valuable starting point for evaluating the ethical, legal, and policy aspects of human environmental DNA. As we leave genetic traces everywhere (just as we also leave digital traces everywhere online), seeking individual control over all of that information seems not only practically hardly possible, but also ethically problematic. Therefore, we need new approaches on how best to articulate and address the challenges that novel genetic information processing techniques bring about. Approaches and concepts from the online digital data debate, such as group privacy and predictive privacy, can offer a valuable way forward to think about how to effectively deal with the complex issues that human environmental DNA raises.
{"title":"Capturing Human Environmental DNA: Ethical Challenges","authors":"Nina F. de Groot","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00077-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00077-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In May 2023, it was reported that human genomic information can be captured relatively easy and inadvertently from environmental samples, such as air or water. Humans, as well as all other organisms, shed fragments of DNA continuously. There is a large variety of potential applications of such environmental DNA, for instance in biology, but also for criminal justice purposes. However, capturing human DNA from such environmental sources raises ethical issues. This article explores some key ethical issues of human environmental DNA, in particular those revolving around consent, privacy, commodification, and the possibility of genetic surveillance. The article suggests that insights from the digital data protection debate, in particular non-individual-based approaches to data control and governance, can be a valuable starting point for evaluating the ethical, legal, and policy aspects of human environmental DNA. As we leave genetic traces everywhere (just as we also leave digital traces everywhere online), seeking individual control over all of that information seems not only practically hardly possible, but also ethically problematic. Therefore, we need new approaches on how best to articulate and address the challenges that novel genetic information processing techniques bring about. Approaches and concepts from the online digital data debate, such as group privacy and predictive privacy, can offer a valuable way forward to think about how to effectively deal with the complex issues that human environmental DNA raises.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136115610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s44206-023-00075-x
Philip J. Nickel, Iris Loosman, Lily Frank, Anna Vinnikova
Abstract The proposition that digital innovations can put people in charge of their health has been accompanied by prolific talk of empowerment. In this paper we consider ethical challenges and opportunities of trying to achieve justice and empowerment using digital health initiatives. The language of empowerment can misleadingly suggest that by using technology, people can control their health and take responsibility for health outcomes to a greater degree than is realistic or fair. Also, digital health empowerment often primarily reaches people who already have high technological and health literacy, leaving others behind. We critically investigate whether the concept of health empowerment could be re-engineered to mean something different, namely the process of improving the health literacy and access of those who least possess it, in line with recent proposals for conceptual engineering in the service of justice. We settle on the weaker conclusion that underlying ethical values including justice should be used to interpret the existing concept of empowerment. To conclude, we take a high-level view of various strategies for achieving the ethical value associated with digital health empowerment.
{"title":"Justice and Empowerment Through Digital Health: Ethical Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Philip J. Nickel, Iris Loosman, Lily Frank, Anna Vinnikova","doi":"10.1007/s44206-023-00075-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00075-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The proposition that digital innovations can put people in charge of their health has been accompanied by prolific talk of empowerment. In this paper we consider ethical challenges and opportunities of trying to achieve justice and empowerment using digital health initiatives. The language of empowerment can misleadingly suggest that by using technology, people can control their health and take responsibility for health outcomes to a greater degree than is realistic or fair. Also, digital health empowerment often primarily reaches people who already have high technological and health literacy, leaving others behind. We critically investigate whether the concept of health empowerment could be re-engineered to mean something different, namely the process of improving the health literacy and access of those who least possess it, in line with recent proposals for conceptual engineering in the service of justice. We settle on the weaker conclusion that underlying ethical values including justice should be used to interpret the existing concept of empowerment. To conclude, we take a high-level view of various strategies for achieving the ethical value associated with digital health empowerment.","PeriodicalId":72819,"journal":{"name":"Digital society : ethics, socio-legal and governance of digital technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136294874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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