Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

Background: Bone scintigraphy using technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (^99mTc-HMDP) is extensively employed to detect bone metastases. However, incidental myocardial uptake may indicate wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTRwt-CM), a frequently overlooked diagnosis with important clinical implications.

Case presentation: Two elderly female patients with a history of breast cancer were subjected to ^99mTc-HMDP bone scintigraphy as part of a routine evaluation for possible bone metastases. Both cases demonstrated incidental myocardial uptake (Perugini Grade 2 and Grade 3, respectively), raising suspicion for ATTRwt-CM, which was subsequently confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy.

Review of the literature: We reviewed published studies reporting cardiac uptake on bone scintigraphy, summarizing the frequency, patient demographics, and tracer types, and emphasizing the clinical relevance of this finding in cancer patients.

Conclusions: In oncology patients, bone scintigraphy performed during routine metastatic screening may facilitate early detection of ATTRwt-CM, enabling timely diagnosis and treatment initiation, potentially improving clinical outcomes.

Background: Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is frequently used in moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to optimize ventilatory synchrony and minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. However, comparative real-world data on different NMB strategies remain limited.

Objective: To describe patterns of neuromuscular blockade use in ARDS and describe clinical outcomes across four NMB strategies: intermittent rocuronium, continuous cisatracurium, escalation from rocuronium to cisatracurium, and de-escalation from cisatracurium to rocuronium.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted in an 18-bed tertiary ICU at Hôpital Montfort (Ottawa, Canada) between November 2021 and March 2025. Adult ARDS patients who received NMB for >24 h were included. Continuous variables (age, ventilation time, ICU stay) were summarized as means ± SD and median [IQR]; categorical variables (sex, ARDS etiology, mortality) as counts and percentages. Inferential testing was limited to baseline characteristics; clinical outcomes were summarized descriptively.

Results: Fifty-one patients met inclusion criteria: rocuronium (n = 20), cisatracurium (n = 14), rocuronium→cisatracurium (n = 8), and cisatracurium→rocuronium (n = 9). Mean ventilation durations were 280, 195, 272, and 262 h, respectively; corresponding ICU stays were 245, 237, 380, and 299 h. Mortality ranged from 25% to 56%. Escalation from rocuronium to cisatracurium typically reflected persistent dyssynchrony or worsening oxygenation, whereas de-escalation occurred in improving patients with residual ventilatory drive. Variability in corticosteroid use, adjunctive proning, and epoprostenol were potential confounders.

Conclusions: Distinct NMB use patterns in ARDS reflect bedside clinical judgment rather than predefined thresholds. Patient trajectory and dyssynchrony severity appear to drive NMBA escalation decisions more than oxygenation indices alone. These findings highlight the need for prospective studies defining standardized criteria for NMB initiation, escalation, and weaning in ARDS.

Background: Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) demands not only early pulmonary nodule detection but also accurate estimation of malignancy risk. This remains challenging due to subtle nodule appearances, the large number of CT slices per scan, and variability in radiological interpretation. The objective of this study is to develop a unified computer-aided detection and diagnosis framework that improves both nodule localization and malignancy assessment while maintaining clinical reliability.

Methods: We propose Seg-CADe-CADx, a dual-stage deep learning framework that integrates segmentation-guided detection and malignancy classification. In the first stage, a segmentation-guided detector with a lightweight 2.5D refinement head is employed to enhance nodule localization accuracy, particularly for small nodules with diameters of 6 mm or less. In the second stage, a hybrid 3D DenseNet-Swin Transformer classifier is used for malignancy prediction, incorporating probability calibration to improve the reliability of risk estimates.

Results: The proposed framework was evaluated on established public benchmarks. On the LUNA16 dataset, the system achieved a competitive performance metric (CPM) of 0.944 for nodule detection. On the LIDC-IDRI dataset, the malignancy classification module achieved a ROC-AUC of 0.988, a PR-AUC of 0.947, and a specificity of 97.8% at 95% sensitivity. Calibration analysis further demonstrated strong agreement between predicted probabilities and true malignancy likelihoods, with an expected calibration error of 0.209 and a Brier score of 0.083.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate that hybrid segmentation-guided CNN-Transformer architectures can effectively improve both diagnostic accuracy and clinical reliability in lung cancer screening. By combining precise nodule localization with calibrated malignancy risk estimation, the proposed framework offers a promising tool for supporting radiologists in LDCT-based lung cancer assessment.

Background and Objectives: On-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional hemodialysis (HD) for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Randomized controlled trials suggest that OL-HDF may reduce mortality, particularly when the convection volume (CV) exceeds 23 L/1.73 m² per session. However, achieving this target depends on local practices and may be limited to selected populations. The CONVINCE trial reported a 97% success rate using a structured optimization protocol, but its applicability to unselected real-world populations remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of high CV in OL-HDF among unselected patients managed under routine conditions with a standardized optimization protocol. Methods and Materials: This prospective cohort study (May-October 2024) included 67 unselected incident and prevalent patients undergoing HD or HDF in a hospital-based dialysis center. All patients were switched to post-dilution OL-HDF following the CONVINCE optimization protocol, which involved stepwise increases in blood flow, adjustment of filtration fraction, and optimization of session duration. Results: The mean age was 68.8 ± 14.9 years; 56.7% were male. Blood flow increased from 283 to 338 mL/min (p < 0.001), and the use of dialyzers > 2 m² increased from 36% to 68% (p < 0.003). Kt/V improved from 1.22 to 1.6 (p < 0.01). CV increased by ~2 L from M1 onward and was sustained through M6, correlating positively with blood flow, session duration, and Kt/V (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: Stepwise optimization protocol enabled sustained achievement of high CV (23.5 L/session) in 62.3% of patients, improving dialysis adequacy.

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet (MD) constitutes one of the most broadly studied dietary patterns, which has been linked to the prevention of non-communicable diseases and mental health disorders. University students, a population exposed to significant psychosocial stressors and lifestyle changes, may particularly benefit from healthy eating patterns such as the MD. This study was designed to examine the potential associations of MD adherence with symptoms of depression and anxiety among Greek university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was initially conducted among 7160 active university students from ten diverse geographic regions in Greece. After the enrollment procedure and the application of relevant exclusion criteria, 5191 university students (52.0% female; mean age: 21.3 ± 2.4 years) constituted the study population. MD adherence was assessed using the KIDMED index, while depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), respectively. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected for all the enrolled university students. All the questionnaires were completed by face-to-face interviews with expert personnel. Results: Students with low adherence to the MD were significantly more likely to report symptoms of depression (OR = 2.12; p ˂ 0.001) and anxiety (OR = 2.27; p ˂ 0.001) and to be overweight or obese (OR = 2.45; p ˂ 0.001) after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Low MD adherence was also associated with male gender (OR = 0.73; p ˂ 0.01), living alone (OR = 0.78; p ˂ 0.01), smoking (OR = 0.75; p ˂ 0.01), low physical activity (OR = 1.84; p = 0.001), and poorer academic performance (OR = 0.83; p ˂ 0.01). Conclusions: Low adherence to the MD is significantly associated with increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and excess body weight among university students in Greece. These findings underscore the importance of promoting healthy dietary habits and related lifestyle behaviors in young adult populations as a potential strategy for mental health prevention and intervention. Due to the presence of several limitations in the present study, future longitudinal and interventional studies should be performed to confirm the present findings.

Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been associated with reduced physical function in older adults, but the relative contributions of metabolic components, physiological responses, and functional performance to walking capacity remain unclear. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 116 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years (mean age 68.5 ± 5.5 years; 65.5% female). Walking capacity was evaluated using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) with associated physiological responses. Functional performance was assessed using the five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST), timed-up-and-go (TUG), and handgrip strength. Associations with six-minute walk distance (6MWD) were examined using hierarchical regression analyses, and discriminatory performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results: Participants with MetS demonstrated shorter 6MWD, slower FTSST and TUG performance, and higher dyspnea ratings compared to those without MetS (p < 0.05). Triglycerides were inversely associated with 6MWD in intermediate models (β = -0.33, p < 0.001), but after full adjustment, only ΔSBP (β = 0.76, p = 0.008) and FTSST (β = -24.45, p < 0.001) remained significant. The FTSST and TUG demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability, with AUC values of 0.956 (cut-off ≥ 15.5 s) and 0.925 (cut-off ≥ 13.7 s), respectively, whereas triglycerides showed moderate accuracy (AUC = 0.709) with a cut-off of ≥143 mg/dL. Conclusions: Walking capacity was more strongly associated with physiological and functional measures than with metabolic biomarkers. The FTSST and TUG showed strong discriminatory performance for low walking capacity, whereas metabolic markers provided complementary contextual information.

Background/objectives: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a medical emergency associated with life-threatening complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), necessitating prompt therapeutic intervention and rapid diagnostic confirmation. APL is characterized by a translocation of the PML gene (15q24) with the RARA gene (17q21), resulting in the PML::RARA fusion gene on the derivative chromosome 15. Atypical PML::RARA rearrangements may escape detection by standard FISH probes. This study highlights limitations of commonly used probe sets and underscores the need for alternative FISH probe sets and complementary molecular testing.

Methods: Two unique APL cases with atypical PML::RARA rearrangements were identified in our laboratory. Each case was evaluated at diagnosis using two commercially available FISH probe sets from Abbott Molecular and Cytocell. Metaphase FISH was performed to characterize the atypical FISH signal pattern further, and qRT-PCR was used to confirm the presence of the PML::RARA transcript.

Results: Both cases demonstrated atypical rearrangements with a single fusion signal. In the first case, the Abbott probe detected a single fusion signal, while the Cytocell probe was negative. Metaphase FISH revealed an insertion of the PML region near RARA on chromosome 17. In the second case, the Cytocell probe was positive, and the Abbott probe was negative; metaphase FISH demonstrated insertion of the RARA region near PML on chromosome 15. qRT-PCR confirmed the presence of the PML::RARA transcript in both cases.

Conclusions: These findings reveal limitations in commonly used PML::RARA FISH probes and support reflex testing with alternative probes and molecular confirmation to ensure accurate diagnosis.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is found in extragenital regions, including the oropharyngeal cavity. Its presence in this area is linked to the increased prevalence of oral and pharyngeal cancer cases in young individuals, which is associated with current sexual practices in the young population. Objective, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HPV infection in the oropharyngeal cavity and identify associated factors within the student community of the Engineering and Chemical Sciences Unit of the University of Veracruz.

Methods: an observational, descriptive, and transversal study was conducted. The study included 136 sexually active students aged 18 to 25 without oropharyngeal infection. After obtaining informed consent from all participants, mouthwashes were collected from the oropharyngeal cavity for subsequent detection of viral DNA and HPV genotyping using the PCR-RFLP technique. Risk factors were further assessed through a private questionnaire. For statistical analysis, a bivariate analysis of the main risk factors was performed, and Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results: The results showed that HPV was detected in 6 participants, resulting in a prevalence of 4.4% (95% CI, 0.92-7.91), with genotypes 11, 52 and 58 identified. Notably, participants with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual had a 7.5-fold higher association with HPV.

Conclusions: these findings indicate that low- and high-risk HPV infection in the oropharyngeal cavity is associated with risky sexual behavior in young individuals. Therefore, understanding the specifics of sexual activities is necessary to better comprehend viral transmission and spread among HPV-positive students.

Background and Objectives: Female breast cancer (FBC) is an increasing public health concern in Iran, with notable geographic disparities that necessitate comprehensive burden assessments at national and provincial levels. This study presented the national and subnational burden and changes in FBC burden from 2010 to 2021 in Iran in comparison with global data. Materials and Methods: The GBD (2021) data on female BC were extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) query tool. Age-standardized incidence, deaths, prevalence, and adjusted years of life with disabilities (DALYs) rates (per 100,000) of FBC were extracted. Data were extracted globally, by continents, for Iran and its provinces, from 2010 to 2021. Results: Although the global FBC burden indicators remained almost stable, in Iran, there was a nearly twofold rise in incidence and prevalence and notable rises in mortality and DALYs. This study showed significant variation at the provincial level; Tehran, Qom, and Alborz consistently had the highest incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates, whereas Sistan and Baluchistan, Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, and Zanjan had the lowest rates. During 2010-2021, the provinces of Golestan, Ardebil, Sistan and Baluchistan, West Azarbayejan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, and North Khorasan experienced the most increasing trend in BC burden, while Yazd and Semnan showed smaller increases or modest decreases. Conclusions: The rising FBC burden in Iran underscores the urgent need to strengthen cancer registries, expand screening programs, ensure equitable resource distribution, and implement targeted regional interventions focused on modifiable risk factors and early detection to reduce health disparities nationwide.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to characterize the clinical, hormonal, and extended biomarker profile of infertile men in a Moroccan context, based on a retrospective single-center study, and to assess the relevance of selected markers for initial andrological assessment.

Methods: This descriptive, retrospective, single-center study included 1399 men consulting for infertility between January and December 2024 in a specialized center. Collected data encompassed lifestyle habits, medical history, semen parameters (WHO 2021 criteria), sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay), nuclear decondensation, and hormonal assays (FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B) available in a subset of 156, 56, and 26 patients (for FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B, respectively). Associations with oligozoospermia were explored using univariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: The mean age was 39.0 ± 8.0 years; 57% presented with primary infertility, and 82.8% were active smokers. A sperm concentration <16 M/mL was observed in 31.6% of patients. Among the 156 patients analyzed, high FSH levels were observed in 24% of cases. As for inhibin B, among the 26 patients evaluated, a decrease in levels was observed in 38% of cases. Pathological DNA fragmentation was found in 9.6%. In univariate analysis, oligozoospermia was significantly associated with elevated FSH (OR = 7.25; 95% CI: 3.15-16.70), varicocele (OR = 1.81), and smoking (OR = 0.66).

Conclusion: This is the first large-scale Moroccan study integrating advanced biomarkers into the assessment of male infertility. The observed associations between elevated FSH, sperm DNA fragmentation, and varicocele support the development of a simplified andrological triage strategy, particularly relevant in resource-limited settings.