Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100003
E. El-Omar
{"title":"Future directions in the microbiome field: an editor’s perspective","authors":"E. El-Omar","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-100003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90462435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100007
H. C. Lau, Xiang Zhang, Jun Yu
Human gastrointestinal tract harbours trillions of microbes to form the gut microbiota. Through interacting with host cells, gut microbes play critical roles in host physiology and function. On the other hand, an altered or dysbiotic microbiota is now well acknowledged for contributing to cancer development and progression. Since the last decade, immunotherapy has risen as a promising and novel means to fight against cancer. Meanwhile, accumulating studies have clearly revealed the close association of gut microbiota with immunotherapy efficacy, suggesting the feasibility of modulating microbiota to improve treatment responsiveness. In this review, we present the current evidence elucidating the interplay between gut microbiota and immune system in the development of several cancers including colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma. We also discuss how the gut microbiota impacts immune checkpoint inhibitors, one of the most common approaches of immunotherapy, and explore approaches that aim to harness the gut microbiota to improve treatment efficacy. Overall, investigations on the relationship between microbiota and cancer immunotherapy can have important clinical significance, potentially leading to the development of more potent and effective cancer therapeutics in the near future.
{"title":"Gut microbiota and immune alteration in cancer development: implication for immunotherapy","authors":"H. C. Lau, Xiang Zhang, Jun Yu","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-100007","url":null,"abstract":"Human gastrointestinal tract harbours trillions of microbes to form the gut microbiota. Through interacting with host cells, gut microbes play critical roles in host physiology and function. On the other hand, an altered or dysbiotic microbiota is now well acknowledged for contributing to cancer development and progression. Since the last decade, immunotherapy has risen as a promising and novel means to fight against cancer. Meanwhile, accumulating studies have clearly revealed the close association of gut microbiota with immunotherapy efficacy, suggesting the feasibility of modulating microbiota to improve treatment responsiveness. In this review, we present the current evidence elucidating the interplay between gut microbiota and immune system in the development of several cancers including colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma. We also discuss how the gut microbiota impacts immune checkpoint inhibitors, one of the most common approaches of immunotherapy, and explore approaches that aim to harness the gut microbiota to improve treatment efficacy. Overall, investigations on the relationship between microbiota and cancer immunotherapy can have important clinical significance, potentially leading to the development of more potent and effective cancer therapeutics in the near future.","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78941495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-000001
B. Ericzon, Guoyue Lv, J. Harmon
{"title":"A star is born:eGastroenterology","authors":"B. Ericzon, Guoyue Lv, J. Harmon","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-000001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90367956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-000003
A. Guillot, F. Tacke
The structural and cellular organisation of the liver has unique features that define it as both a metabolic and an immunological organ. Noteworthy, liver resident macrophages, named Kupffer cells, represent the most frequent tissue resident macrophage population in the human body. Nonetheless, on acute or chronic tissue injury, Kupffer cells seem rather static and may undergo cell death, while the liver is massively infiltrated by circulating immune cells such as bone marrow-derived macrophages, also termed monocyte-derived macrophages, which drastically alter the hepatic immune landscape. Over the last decade, our knowledge on liver macrophage populations during homeostasis and liver diseases has greatly expanded. This particularly holds true in light of the recent fast-paced technological advances that brought novel dimensions to our knowledge, either in single-cell suspensions, in a two-dimensional plane or a three-dimensional space, or even in time-lapse (intravital) microscopy. This novel understanding goes from unravelling a previously underestimated macrophage diversity (eg, in terms of activation phenotype or cellular origins) to identifying spatially or temporally restricted responses that drive liver disease outcome. This review aims at providing insights into the most recent breakthroughs in our understanding of liver macrophage biology and its roles in liver (patho)physiology, in a four-dimensional perspective.
{"title":"Spatial dimension of macrophage heterogeneity in liver diseases","authors":"A. Guillot, F. Tacke","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-000003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-000003","url":null,"abstract":"The structural and cellular organisation of the liver has unique features that define it as both a metabolic and an immunological organ. Noteworthy, liver resident macrophages, named Kupffer cells, represent the most frequent tissue resident macrophage population in the human body. Nonetheless, on acute or chronic tissue injury, Kupffer cells seem rather static and may undergo cell death, while the liver is massively infiltrated by circulating immune cells such as bone marrow-derived macrophages, also termed monocyte-derived macrophages, which drastically alter the hepatic immune landscape. Over the last decade, our knowledge on liver macrophage populations during homeostasis and liver diseases has greatly expanded. This particularly holds true in light of the recent fast-paced technological advances that brought novel dimensions to our knowledge, either in single-cell suspensions, in a two-dimensional plane or a three-dimensional space, or even in time-lapse (intravital) microscopy. This novel understanding goes from unravelling a previously underestimated macrophage diversity (eg, in terms of activation phenotype or cellular origins) to identifying spatially or temporally restricted responses that drive liver disease outcome. This review aims at providing insights into the most recent breakthroughs in our understanding of liver macrophage biology and its roles in liver (patho)physiology, in a four-dimensional perspective.","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75542559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100013
Luca Maccioni, Yaojie Fu, Yves Horsmans, Isabelle Leclercq, Peter Stärkel, George Kunos, Bin Gao
Excessive alcohol drinking can cause pathological changes including carcinogenesis in the digestive tract from mouth to large intestine, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol on small and large intestinal functions, such as leaky gut, dysbiosis and alterations of intestinal epithelium and gut immune dysfunctions, commonly referred to as alcohol-associated bowel disease (ABD). To date, detailed mechanistic insights into ABD are lacking. Accumulating evidence suggests a pathogenic role of ethanol metabolism in dysfunctions of the intestinal tract. Ethanol metabolism generates acetaldehyde and acetate, which could potentially promote functional disruptions of microbial and host components of the intestinal barrier along the gastrointestinal tract. The potential involvement of acetaldehyde and acetate in the pathogenesis of the underlying ABD, including cancer, is discussed. We also highlight some gaps in knowledge existing in the field of ABD. Finally, we discuss future directions in exploring the role of acetaldehyde and acetate generated during chronic alcohol intake in various pathologies affecting different sites of the intestinal tract.
{"title":"Alcohol-associated bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis.","authors":"Luca Maccioni, Yaojie Fu, Yves Horsmans, Isabelle Leclercq, Peter Stärkel, George Kunos, Bin Gao","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-100013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-100013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive alcohol drinking can cause pathological changes including carcinogenesis in the digestive tract from mouth to large intestine, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol on small and large intestinal functions, such as leaky gut, dysbiosis and alterations of intestinal epithelium and gut immune dysfunctions, commonly referred to as alcohol-associated bowel disease (ABD). To date, detailed mechanistic insights into ABD are lacking. Accumulating evidence suggests a pathogenic role of ethanol metabolism in dysfunctions of the intestinal tract. Ethanol metabolism generates acetaldehyde and acetate, which could potentially promote functional disruptions of microbial and host components of the intestinal barrier along the gastrointestinal tract. The potential involvement of acetaldehyde and acetate in the pathogenesis of the underlying ABD, including cancer, is discussed. We also highlight some gaps in knowledge existing in the field of ABD. Finally, we discuss future directions in exploring the role of acetaldehyde and acetate generated during chronic alcohol intake in various pathologies affecting different sites of the intestinal tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/75/nihms-1926697.PMC10472976.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10207685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-000002
William B Greenough III, Niloufar Shababi, Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
Cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal infectious diseases known. Historically, two major problems have been faced by those who care for patients with cholera: first, how to treat individual patients to prevent rapid death, and second, how to prevent the spread of this highly contagious disease in the immediate community and beyond. In this review, we will discuss how clinical scientists have approached these two issues with some personal experiences that Dr William B Greenough III encountered when he was addressing these problems and treating cholera victims at the Pakistan SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory in the early 1960s in Dhaka, East Pakistan.
霍乱是已知的最迅速致命的传染病之一。从历史上看，照顾霍乱患者的人面临着两个主要问题:第一，如何治疗个别患者以防止迅速死亡;第二，如何防止这种高度传染性疾病在直接社区内外传播。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论临床科学家如何处理这两个问题，以及William B Greenough III博士在1960年代初在东巴基斯坦达卡的巴基斯坦SEATO霍乱研究实验室处理这些问题和治疗霍乱患者时遇到的一些个人经历。
{"title":"Taking science to cholera in Bangladesh: the personal odyssey of Dr William B Greenough III and his colleagues","authors":"William B Greenough III, Niloufar Shababi, Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi","doi":"10.1136/egastro-2023-000002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/egastro-2023-000002","url":null,"abstract":"Cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal infectious diseases known. Historically, two major problems have been faced by those who care for patients with cholera: first, how to treat individual patients to prevent rapid death, and second, how to prevent the spread of this highly contagious disease in the immediate community and beyond. In this review, we will discuss how clinical scientists have approached these two issues with some personal experiences that Dr William B Greenough III encountered when he was addressing these problems and treating cholera victims at the Pakistan SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory in the early 1960s in Dhaka, East Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":72879,"journal":{"name":"eGastroenterology","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85941353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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