Exercise, sport, & movement最新文献

Introduction/purpose: A reduction in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) after exercise may reduce the effectiveness of exercise interventions on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Aerobic exercise (AEx) and resistance exercise (REx) may have different effects on NEPA. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the effect of a single bout of AEx or REx on NEPA and sedentary behavior in inactive adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods: Adults with overweight or obesity (n = 24; 50% male; age, 34.5 ± 1.5 yr; body mass index, 28.5 ± 0.9 kg·m^-2) not meeting current physical activity guidelines completed a single 45-min bout of AEx, REx, or a sedentary control on different days in random order. After each condition, participants' NEPA was recorded for 84 h by accelerometer. Time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; steps; metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours; and sit-to-stand transitions were calculated using activity count data.

Results: No differences were observed in the percent of waking time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous activity between conditions (P > 0.05). No differences were observed in steps, MET-hours, or sit-to-stand transitions between conditions (P > 0.05). NEPA responses were variable among individuals, with approximately half of participants reducing and half increasing NEPA over the 84 h after each exercise condition.

Conclusion: NEPA was not reduced after an acute bout of AEx or REx in a sample of inactive adults with overweight or obesity.

Introduction/purpose: We tested the hypothesis that an objective measure of auditory processing reveals a history of head trauma that does not meet the clinical definition of concussion.

Methods: Division I collegiate student-athletes (n = 709) across 19 sports were divided into groups, based on their sport, using prevailing classifications of "contact" (317 males, 212 females) and "noncontact" (58 males, 122 females). Participants were evaluated using the frequency-following response (FFR) to speech. The amplitude of FFR activity in a frequency band corresponding to the fundamental frequency (F0)-the voice pitch-of the speech stimulus, an outcome reduced in individuals with concussions, was critically examined.

Results: We found main effects of contact level and sex. The FFR-F0 was smaller in contact athletes than noncontact athletes and larger in females than males. There was a contact by sex interaction, with the FFR-F0 of males in the contact group being smaller than the three other groups. Secondary analyses found a correlation between FFR-F0 and length of participation in contact sports in male athletes.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the disruption of sensory processing in the brain can be observed in individuals without a concussion but whose sport features regular physical contact. This evidence identifies sound processing in the brain as an objective marker of subconcussion in athletes.

Introduction/purpose: Exercise interventions among Native American cancer survivors are lacking, despite major cancer health disparities in survivorship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) of culturally tailored exercise on cancer risk biomarkers and quality of life among Native American cancer survivors and family members.

Methods: Participants were randomized to immediate start versus 6-week waitlist control at two rural and two urban sites. Participants enrolled in a small feasibility pilot study (only cancer survivors evaluated, n=18; cohort 1) or larger efficacy pilot study where cancer survivors (n=38; cohort 2) and familial supporters (n=25; cohort 3) were evaluated concurrently. Resistance, aerobic, flexibility, and balance exercises were tailored by cultural experts representing ten tribes. Exercises was supervised on-site one day per week and continued in home-based settings two to five days per week. Fat mass, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, 6-min walk, sit-to-stand test, and quality of life (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health short form and isolation subscale) were measured. Mixed effects models evaluated differences between RCT arms from baseline to 6 weeks, and 12-week intervention effects in combined arms.

Results: There were no consistent differences at 6 weeks between randomized groups. Upon combining RCT arms, 6-min walk and sit-to-stand tests improved in all three cohorts by 12 weeks (both survivors and familial support persons, p<0.001); social isolation was reduced in all three cohorts (p≤0.05). Familial support persons additionally improved blood pressure and HbA1c (p≤0.05).

Conclusion: Exercise improved cardiorespiratory fitness and physical function among Native American cancer survivors and familial supporters. A longer intervention may influence other important health outcomes among Native American survivors. Additional improvements demonstrated among Native American family members may have a meaningful impact on cancer prevention in this underserved population with shared heritable and environmental risks.

Human-caused climate change has increased the average temperature of the Earth by over 1°C since the 19^th century with larger increases expected by 2100 due to continued human influence. This change in mean ambient temperature has had nonlinear effects, resulting in more high temperature extremes, i.e., heat waves, that have increased in frequency, duration, and magnitude. Additional occurrences of humid heatwaves have significantly affected human health due to the physiological strain associated with a relative inability for evaporative cooling. Inability to efficaciously cool the body, whether during passive heat exposure or physical activity, not only leads to elevated core temperatures but also places strain on the cardiovascular system, often exacerbating age-related co-morbidities. As part of the PSU HEAT (Pennsylvania State University - Human Environmental Age Thresholds) Project, a progressive environmental strain protocol has been developed to determine critical environmental limits - combinations of ambient temperature and humidity -- associated with uncompensable heat stress and intractable rises in core temperature (T_c). These human heat balance thresholds, well below those originally theorized by climatologists, have been surpassed in recent heatwaves and be exceeded on a more regular basis in the future, providing additional impetus to the urgency of adaptative measures and climate change mitigation.