Extracellular vesicle最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing extracellular vesicles for stabilized and functional IL-10 delivery in macrophage immunomodulation","authors":"Najla A. Saleh ,&nbsp;Matthew A. Gagea ,&nbsp;Xheneta Vitija ,&nbsp;Sadhana Kilangodi ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Zarea ,&nbsp;Tomas Janovic ,&nbsp;Jens C. Schmidt ,&nbsp;Cheri X. Deng ,&nbsp;Masamitsu Kanada","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining recognition as promising therapeutic carriers for immune modulation. We investigated the potential of EVs derived from HEK293FT cells to stabilize and deliver interleukin-10 (IL-10), a key anti-inflammatory cytokine. Using minicircle (MC) DNA vectors, we achieved IL-10 overexpression and efficient incorporation into filter-isolated small EVs (F-sEVs), resulting in superior stability compared to free recombinant IL-10. Detailed biophysical and functional analyses revealed that IL-10⁺ F-sEVs contain both monomeric and oligomeric IL-10 on their external surface and encapsulated within vesicles. Size-based fractionation of IL-10⁺ large EVs (lEVs), small EVs (UC-sEVs), and non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs) revealed IL-10 presence across all fractions, predominantly in monomeric form. Anion exchange chromatography successfully enriched IL-10⁺ exosomes that efficiently associated with both IL-10 monomers and oligomers. IL-10⁺ F-sEVs suppressed inflammatory cytokine expression in pro-inflammatory macrophages (two-to 14-fold more effectively than naïve F-sEVs) without inducing anti-inflammatory repolarization. However, detailed analysis of IL-10-loaded EV subpopulations revealed that anti-inflammatory activity was distributed across multiple fractions. Moreover, naïve F-sEVs derived from non-transfected cells also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting that endogenous EV cargo contributes to their immunomodulatory activity and complicates attribution of effects specifically to IL-10. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of EVs while emphasizing the need to disentangle contributions of engineered cytokines from endogenous vesicular components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145718983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic characterization of mammalian extracellular vesicles using nano-flow cytometry","authors":"Benjamin T. Vyzourek ,&nbsp;Dirk Anderson ,&nbsp;Luke Skrabal ,&nbsp;Christine E. Humphrey ,&nbsp;Eduardo Romero ,&nbsp;Brittany Schweiger ,&nbsp;Forrest Kievit ,&nbsp;Jeremy R. Miles ,&nbsp;Angela K. Pannier","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale, membrane-enclosed particles that transport bioactive cargo between cells and are increasingly studied for their potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advancing EV-based technologies for these applications depend on the ability to consistently isolate and characterize vesicle populations with defined biophysical and molecular properties. Efforts to obtain pure EV populations from cell culture systems are limited by inherent EV heterogeneity, exogenous particle contamination introduced by media supplements, and the co-isolation of non-vesicular contaminants. These challenges are further compounded by the limitations of conventional EV characterization platforms, which often lack the resolution to distinguish EVs from similarly sized non-vesicular particles or to capture molecular heterogeneity at the single-vesicle scale. Together, these limitations highlight the need for analytical approaches capable of resolving EV heterogeneity and enabling comparisons across EV production conditions and isolation strategies. In this study, we used nano-flow cytometry (nFCM) for high-resolution analysis of individual EVs, enabling simultaneous measurement of particle size, concentration, and tetraspanin expression. This approach revealed substantial amounts of exogenous particle contamination in media supplements commonly used to culture EV-producing cells, and quantified differences in EV purity and yield between methods used to isolate EVs from the media of the producing cells. Additionally, analysis of EVs derived from HEK293T, U-87 MG, and hMSC mammalian cell cultures revealed cell type-specific differences in EV production and expression of tetraspanin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. Collectively, these results demonstrate that careful selection of media compositions and isolation strategies, combined with nFCM analytical techniques can resolve biological differences in EV populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic profiling of tissue extracellular vesicles (EVs) identifies tissue EV markers and estimates the abundance of tissue EVs in the circulation","authors":"Sho Watanabe ,&nbsp;Takumi Makino ,&nbsp;Kahori Hiro ,&nbsp;Takashi Sasaki ,&nbsp;Yu Takahashi ,&nbsp;Kei Futagawa ,&nbsp;Michio Suzuki ,&nbsp;Ryuichiro Sato ,&nbsp;Yoshio Yamauchi","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication in endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine fashions, but their roles and transport in the body remain incompletely understood. It is suggested that EVs circulate in the body through the bloodstream, where EVs derived from various tissues are present. However, how much each tissue contributes to circulating EVs is largely unknown. Therefore, identifying tissue-specific EV markers is of importance for elucidating <em>in vivo</em> dynamics of tissue EVs. A key issue that hampers studying EVs <em>in vivo</em> is the lack of methodologies for collecting them from tissues. Here, we developed methods to isolate EVs from four different tissues, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and adipose tissue, and performed proteomic analysis on their EVs. Unbiased and quantitative proteomic analysis revealed protein signatures of EVs from the four tissues and identified marker proteins specific to or highly enriched in EVs of each tissue. Furthermore, through comprehensive comparisons of the proteome from tissue and plasma EVs, we estimated the relative contribution of tissue EVs to circulating EVs. Our data suggest that adipose tissue-derived EVs are highly enriched, while skeletal muscle-derived EVs are only a minor population in circulating EVs. Collectively, our tissue EV proteome identified potential tissue EV markers and suggested that the abundance of tissue EVs in circulation highly depends on the original tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in radiation injury: research status, challenges, and prospects","authors":"Runxuan Wang,&nbsp;Tong An,&nbsp;Daqin Li,&nbsp;Huijuan Song,&nbsp;Ningning He,&nbsp;Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiation injury treatment represents a longstanding scientific challenge in radiotherapy research and an urgent medical problem. As the number of cancer patients in China increases, so does the number of radiotherapy recipients and the frequency of treatments. Concurrently, nuclear accidents continue to occur. Under these circumstances, public attention is increasingly focused on various types of radiation-induced bodily damage. However, the multifaceted damaging effects of radiation impede the activation of organ regeneration responses. With the deepening research on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs), accumulating evidence suggests that Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (MSC-EVs) are ideal candidates for cell-free therapy of radiation injury. In recent years, MSC-EVs have become a hot research topic in the biomedical field, and more and more studies have proven that they are excellent nanocarriers. Although significant gaps remain in understanding the therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-EVs for radiation injury repair, current research achievements sufficiently demonstrate their application value in treating radiation damage. Therefore, this paper summarizes and discusses recent advancements to provide new insights into cell-free EV therapy for radiation injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encapsulating extracellular vesicles with a minimal RISC complex as novel gene silencing tool","authors":"Tao Qiu,&nbsp;Yu Yan,&nbsp;Rui Hu,&nbsp;Yuan Yi,&nbsp;Guowu Liu,&nbsp;Wenqiang Lu,&nbsp;Xin Zhou,&nbsp;Ke Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gene silencing modalities including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have prospered in both fundamental research and clinical translations in recent years, with delivery platform being one of the key elements for success. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural carriers for cell-cell communication have been engineered in a variety of ways as delivery platform for gene silencing, yet facing limited efficiency and reproducibility. In this study, we developed a new strategy for engineering EVs as gene silencing tool. A minimal RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), composing of modified Argonaute 2 (AGO2) protein and specially designed guide strand RNAs, were encapsulated into EVs and elicited prominent EGFP silencing in proof-of-concept study. This modular EVs platform, which we named as minRISC-EVs, efficiently silenced iNOS expression in M1 macrophages as well as STAT6/A20 expression in M2 macrophages, enabling macrophages polarization towards desired directions. The macrophage modulating ability was further validated <em>in vivo</em>, as minRISC-EVs against iNOS alleviated mice lung inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury model, and minRISC-EVs against STAT6/A20 inhibited B16F10 tumor progression in the tumor xenograft model. In summary, minRISC-EVs can be utilized as novel gene silencing tool, and hold great promise for clinical translation in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and characterization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicle analogues from lyophilized platelets","authors":"Xin Xin,&nbsp;Ingrid Dijkgraaf,&nbsp;Tilman M. Hackeng,&nbsp;Rory R. Koenen","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (P-EV) are thought to facilitate the transfer of information from platelets to target cells, playing a role in both physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, particularly in regulating immune responses and healing processes. In addition, P-EV show promise as drug carriers and biomarkers for disease. However, the procedures for isolation, purification and fluorescent labeling of P-EV remain unstandardized. Moreover, the requirement to use freshly obtained platelets for generating EV presents a logistical challenge for their study. In this study, we isolated, characterized, and compared P-EV analogues by sonication of freshly obtained and lyophilized platelets, investigated fluorescent labeling methods, and monitored cellular uptake. We found that P-EV analogues derived from fresh or lyophilized platelets showed similar characteristics regarding size, surface proteins and content. Among the fluorescent labeling methods, CFSE and DiO-C6 were most effective in labeling P-EV analogues from both fresh and lyophilized platelets. All labeling methods led to an increase in P-EV analogue's size, with CFSE and DiO-C6 resulting in the smallest increase. The addition of P-EV analogues to cultured immortal endothelial cells revealed that P-EV analogues were effectively internalized and directed to the lysosomal compartment. The results indicate that P-EV analogues from lyophilized platelets have similar functional properties as those from freshly isolated platelets and these are retained after labeling with CFSE. Thus, lyophilized platelets can serve as a source of P-EV analogues for functional studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles in the plasma of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficient individuals reveal pro-inflammatory metabolic and transcriptomic signatures","authors":"Zachary F. Greenberg ,&nbsp;Regina Oshins ,&nbsp;Karina Serban ,&nbsp;Sina F. Bazargani ,&nbsp;Timothy J. Garrett ,&nbsp;Nancy G. Casanova ,&nbsp;Joe GN. Garcia ,&nbsp;Mei He ,&nbsp;Nazli Khodayari","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in <em>SERPINA1</em>, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver disease. Neutrophils are key regulators of inflammatory signaling networks; however, their dysregulation in AATD and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a multi-omics approach integrating RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomics to comprehensively characterize neutrophil dysfunction in AATD. RNA-seq analysis of blood neutrophils from AATD individuals revealed transcriptional dysregulation in genes involved in intracellular signaling, immune response regulation, and metabolic adaptation. Isolation and characterization of neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) demonstrated an increased plasma burden of neutrophil elastase (NE)-rich EV with elevated surface-bound NE. Metabolomic profiling revealed that these EVs are enriched with pro-inflammatory metabolites linked to dysregulated signaling pathways. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic network analysis showed that altered neutrophil gene expression and signaling pathways reshape EV metabolic cargo, linking metabolic reprogramming to inflammatory signal transduction in AATD. Furthermore, differentially expressed EV metabolites may modulate gene expression in recipient cells, sustaining chronic inflammation in AATD. The observed upregulation of interferon, pattern recognition receptors, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways in neutrophils suggests a potential feedback loop amplifying inflammation in AATD and COPD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outer membrane vesicles as novel therapeutics for heart repair","authors":"Ming Shen ,&nbsp;Dashuai Zhu ,&nbsp;Tongxuan Li ,&nbsp;Shixiong Wei ,&nbsp;Xianyun Wang ,&nbsp;Mingqi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Amending an injured heart remains a major challenge in both clinics and basic research. Cardiac regenerative medicine that utilizes stem cells for heart repair and regeneration has transitioned into extracellular vesicles. Despite advancements in extracellular vesicle treatment for heart disease, the selection of parental cells and the transplantation pattern—whether autologous or allogeneic—remains a topic of ongoing debate due to immunological and therapeutic variability. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) offer an alternative option due to their unique properties, including large-scale production, and highly efficient drug loading/eluting, as well as proven modulation of pathological conditions in various diseases. Additionally, engineering strategies, including surface modification, cargo encapsulation, and microbiome modulation, enhance the specificity and safety of OMVs. At the joint of microbial engineering and cardiac regenerative medicine, OMVs represent a novel platform to develop precise therapeutics for heart disease treatment. This review underscores OMVs as innovative nanotherapeutic tools, bridging microbial-host interactions and cardiovascular health, with transformative potential for patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel exosome-like vesicles from Dendrobium officinale: Unraveling a pioneering extraction protocol and their skin anti-aging potentials","authors":"Ye Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Zhao,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Meiping Shen,&nbsp;Zeyi Zhang,&nbsp;Chengjie Ren,&nbsp;Mimi Li,&nbsp;Melanie Liu,&nbsp;Zhicheng You,&nbsp;Ping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Numerous studies suggest that exosome-like nanovesicles (EVs) derived from medicinal plants are crucial for their therapeutic and cosmetic benefits. Nevertheless, the precise role of EVs derived from <em>Dendrobium officinale</em> Kimura et Migo (<em>D. officinale</em>), a treasured traditional Chinese medicine, in promoting skin health has not been extensively studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to establish an effective isolation method to isolate these EVs and to investigate their potential anti-aging benefits for skin.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We developed a sequential filtration-based isolation process to extract <em>D</em>. <em>officinale</em> EVs (DO-EVs). We compared their physical properties and phytochemical profiles with those of EVs obtained via the standard ultracentrifugation method (UC-EVs) using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and LC-MS/MS. At the cellular level, we assessed the anti-aging efficacy of DO-EVs against UC-EVs and ethanol-extracted polysaccharides from <em>D. officinale</em> (EE-PS) by analyzing pro-COL1A2 levels, cytoskeletal organization, and senescence markers. We further examined DO-EVs’ anti-photodamage effects on UV-treated 3D skin models through histological and immunological staining, and elasticity measurements. Finally, we observed DO-EVs’ impact on human skin using a two-photon microscope.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both isolation methods yielded EVs of similar size and structure but distinct metabonomic profiles. DO-EVs uniquely contained compounds vital for skin health. Compared to UC-EVs and EE-PS, DO-EVs more effectively enhanced collagen I production, restored cytoskeletal structures, and reduced senescence markers in UV-exposed fibroblasts. In 3D skin models, DO-EVs significantly improved epidermal thickness and skin elasticity post-UV exposure, upregulated hyaluronic acid, collagen I &amp; IV, integrin α6β4, plectin, laminin 5, and nidogen expression, and decreased DNA damage. Human trials confirmed DO-EVs’ effectiveness in enhancing skin structures within two weeks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our isolation method successfully extracted <em>D. officinale</em> EVs with superior anti-aging bioactivity compared to UC-EVs or ethanol-extracted polysaccharides. These findings suggest DO-EVs’ great potential as an anti-aging cosmetic ingredient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Head-to-head comparison of extracellular vesicles from different cell sources for cardiac repair” [Extracell Vesicle 5 (2025) 100068]","authors":"Kaiyue Zhang,&nbsp;Ke Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}