Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research最新文献

Quantified Sleep: Self-Tracking Technologies and the Reshaping of 21^st-Century Subjectivity. 量化睡眠：自我追踪技术与 21 世纪主观性的重塑》（Self-Tracking Technologies and the Reshaping of 21st-Century Subjectivity）。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/hsr.48.2023.21

Diletta De Cristofaro, Simona Chiodo

Taking sleep-tracking as its case study, this article seeks to theorise the understandings of the self that are at stake in the the Quantified Self (QS) movement and everyday self-tracking practices by bringing together a cultural theorist's and a philosopher's perspectives. We situate the rise of sleep-tracking practices within the sleep crisis discourse, namely, the sense that in today's society sleep disorders are on the rise and sleep deprivation is rife. Through analyses of self-trackers' blogs about sleep, sleep-tracking technologies' marketing information, and the functionalities of these devices and apps, we argue that the drive to self-improve at the heart of self- and sleep-tracking props up an understanding of the self centred around achievement. This understanding ends up devaluing sleep and risks contributing to the sleep crisis. We show how these paradoxes can be further understood from an epistemological perspective. Self- and sleep-tracking are arguably practices that seek to obtain knowledge by trading referential expert knowledge for self-referential nonexpert knowledge and that strive for self-optimisation by self-sabotaging achievement subjectivity. We conclude that the use of self-tracking technologies magnifies what is essentially a crisis of subjectivity.

本文以睡眠追踪为案例，试图从文化理论家和哲学家的视角，从理论上阐述量化自我（QS）运动和日常自我追踪实践中对自我的理解。我们将睡眠追踪实践的兴起归因于睡眠危机的论述，即当今社会睡眠障碍正在增加，睡眠剥夺现象十分普遍。通过分析自我追踪者关于睡眠的博客、睡眠追踪技术的营销信息以及这些设备和应用程序的功能，我们认为，自我改善的动力是自我追踪和睡眠追踪的核心，它支持一种以成就为中心的自我理解。这种认识最终会贬低睡眠的价值，并有可能导致睡眠危机。我们将展示如何从认识论的角度进一步理解这些悖论。可以说，自我追踪和睡眠追踪都是通过将专家参考性知识换成自我参考性非专家知识来获取知识的做法，也是通过自我破坏成就主观性来努力实现自我优化的做法。我们的结论是，自我跟踪技术的使用放大了本质上的主观性危机。

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引用次数: 0

Economic Pressure, Parent Personality and Child Development: An Interactionist Analysis. 经济压力、父母个性与儿童发展:一个互动分析。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 2010-01-01

Rand D Conger, Thomas K Schofield, Katherine J Conger, Tricia K Neppl

The current economic downturn in the U.S. and around the world has refocused attention on the processes through which families and children are affected by economic hardship. This study examines the response to economic pressure of a cohort of youth first studied 20 years ago as adolescents and now grown to adulthood. A total of 271 of the original G2 adolescents (M age = 25.6 years) participated in the study with their young child (G3, M age = 2.31 years at the first time of assessment) and the child's other parent in 81% of the cases. Data analyses were guided by the interactionist model which proposed that positive G2 personality attributes during adolescence would predict lower economic pressure during adulthood and would diminish the negative family processes related to economic pressure expected to disrupt competent G3 development. The findings were consistent with this social selection aspect of the interactionist model. The model also predicted that economic pressure and other aspects of the related family stress process would affect G3 development net of earlier G2 personality. This social causation aspect of the interactionist model also received support. The findings suggest that the relationship between economic conditions and child development reflect a dynamic process of selection and causation that plays out over time and generations.

当前美国和世界各地的经济衰退使人们重新关注家庭和儿童受到经济困难影响的过程。本研究考察了一组青年对经济压力的反应，这些青年最初是在20年前作为青少年进行研究的，现在已成年。在最初的G2青少年(M年龄= 25.6岁)中，共有271人与他们的幼儿(G3，第一次评估时M年龄= 2.31岁)和孩子的另一方父母一起参与了研究，其中81%的病例。数据分析以互动主义模型为指导，该模型提出青春期积极的G2人格属性可以预测成年期较低的经济压力，并减少与经济压力相关的负面家庭过程，这些负面家庭过程有望破坏G3的胜任发展。这些发现与互动主义模型的社会选择方面是一致的。该模型还预测经济压力等相关家庭压力过程的方方面面会影响早期G2人格的G3发展网络。互动主义模型的社会因果关系方面也得到了支持。研究结果表明，经济条件和儿童发展之间的关系反映了一个动态的选择和因果关系的过程，这个过程会随着时间和世代的推移而发生变化。

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引用次数: 0

Economic Pressure, Parent Personality and Child Development: An Interactionist Analysis. 经济压力、父母个性与儿童发展:一个互动分析。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/HSR.35.2010.2.169-194

R. Conger, Thomas K Schofield, K. Conger, T. Neppl

The current economic downturn in the U.S. and around the world has refocused attention on the processes through which families and children are affected by economic hardship. This study examines the response to economic pressure of a cohort of youth first studied 20 years ago as adolescents and now grown to adulthood. A total of 271 of the original G2 adolescents (M age = 25.6 years) participated in the study with their young child (G3, M age = 2.31 years at the first time of assessment) and the child's other parent in 81% of the cases. Data analyses were guided by the interactionist model which proposed that positive G2 personality attributes during adolescence would predict lower economic pressure during adulthood and would diminish the negative family processes related to economic pressure expected to disrupt competent G3 development. The findings were consistent with this social selection aspect of the interactionist model. The model also predicted that economic pressure and other aspects of the related family stress process would affect G3 development net of earlier G2 personality. This social causation aspect of the interactionist model also received support. The findings suggest that the relationship between economic conditions and child development reflect a dynamic process of selection and causation that plays out over time and generations.

当前美国和世界各地的经济衰退使人们重新关注家庭和儿童受到经济困难影响的过程。本研究考察了一组青年对经济压力的反应，这些青年最初是在20年前作为青少年进行研究的，现在已成年。在最初的G2青少年(M年龄= 25.6岁)中，共有271人与他们的幼儿(G3，第一次评估时M年龄= 2.31岁)和孩子的另一方父母一起参与了研究，其中81%的病例。数据分析以互动主义模型为指导，该模型提出青春期积极的G2人格属性可以预测成年期较低的经济压力，并减少与经济压力相关的负面家庭过程，这些负面家庭过程有望破坏G3的胜任发展。这些发现与互动主义模型的社会选择方面是一致的。该模型还预测经济压力等相关家庭压力过程的方方面面会影响早期G2人格的G3发展网络。互动主义模型的社会因果关系方面也得到了支持。研究结果表明，经济条件和儿童发展之间的关系反映了一个动态的选择和因果关系的过程，这个过程会随着时间和世代的推移而发生变化。

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引用次数: 18

["These victims of racial persecution believe they can do whatever they want": denunciations between refugees and the established population in the Stade region, 1945-49]. [“这些种族迫害的受害者认为他们可以为所欲为”:1945- 1949年斯塔德地区难民与既有人口之间的谴责]。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 2001-01-01

S Abke

引用次数: 0

[Kinetic analysis of historical processes: the model case of the health care system]. [历史进程的动力学分析:以医疗保健系统为例]。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 2000-01-01

P Ridder

引用次数: 0

[Secure retirement or increased risk of poverty? Assistance for persons receiving small pensions in the Weimar Republic following war and inflation]. [保障退休还是增加贫困风险?]在战争和通货膨胀后向魏玛共和国领取小额养恤金的人提供援助。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 1999-01-01

J Reichel

引用次数: 0

[The retreat of death: the epidemiological transition in Germany during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries]. [死亡的退却:19世纪和20世纪德国流行病学的转变]。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/HSR.23.1998.1/2.4-43

R. Spree

"Using the concept of the epidemiologic transition, this paper examines the long-term changes in morbidity and mortality in Germany during the nineteenth and twentieth century. It focuses on the duration of the transitional phases and their main characteristics by investigating age specific mortality rates and causes-of-death. Applying epidemiological methods such as mean age of death and potential years of life lost will contribute to understand better the epidemiologic transition and its causes from the late nineteenth century onwards. These methods have so far hardly been applied in historical research. They will be related to the causes of death which have been grouped together in 15 categories." (EXCERPT)

利用流行病学转变的概念，本文考察了19世纪和20世纪德国发病率和死亡率的长期变化。它通过调查特定年龄的死亡率和死亡原因，重点关注过渡阶段的持续时间及其主要特征。应用流行病学方法，如平均死亡年龄和潜在寿命损失年数，将有助于更好地了解19世纪后期以来的流行病学转变及其原因。迄今为止，这些方法在历史研究中几乎没有得到应用。它们将与死亡原因相关，这些原因被分为15类。”(摘录)

引用次数: 9

Characteristics of European family and household systems. 欧洲家庭和家庭制度的特点。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/HSR.23.1998.1/2.44-66

R. Wall

"This article establishes that there was considerable diversity in the size and composition of the kin group within the household that is not captured by the conventional classification of family systems according to the relative proportions of simple and complex household forms. Three case studies are presented from England, Corsica and Hungary. English households fulfilled an important welfare role in that they incorporated relatives and non-relatives who were not members of core families-- couples or parent(s) and unmarried child(ren). The societies of Corsica and Hungary provided a greater proportion of their populations with membership of a core family."

“这篇文章确立了家庭中亲属群体的规模和组成有相当大的多样性，这是传统的根据简单和复杂家庭形式的相对比例进行的家庭系统分类所没有捕捉到的。本文介绍了来自英格兰、科西嘉和匈牙利的三个案例研究。英国家庭扮演了一个重要的福利角色，因为他们将非核心家庭成员的亲属和非亲属——夫妇或父母和未婚子女——结合在一起。科西嘉和匈牙利社会为其人口提供了更大比例的核心家庭成员。”

引用次数: 19

Small town development and urban illiteracy: comparative evidence from Leicestershire marriage registers 1754-1890. 小城镇发展与城市文盲:1754-1890年莱斯特郡婚姻登记的比较证据。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/HSR.23.1998.1/2.202-230

M. Hoyler

"Based on the analysis of Anglican marriage registers for the period 1754 to 1890, the article explores patterns of illiteracy in three small Leicestershire [England] towns with contrasting economic functions. Illiteracy levels were closely related to urban occupational and social structures, which also affected distinct gender differentials. Evidence [of] the effect of literacy on age at marriage and marriage distance suggests that demographic behaviour and spatial interaction were determined more by socio-economic factors than by the possession of literacy skills. Literacy attainment, however, was linked to extended marriage distances when both spouses could sign the register."

本文通过对1754年至1890年英国圣公会婚姻登记的分析，探讨了三个经济功能截然不同的英国莱斯特郡小镇的文盲模式。文盲水平与城市职业和社会结构密切相关，这也影响到明显的性别差异。识字对结婚年龄和婚姻距离影响的证据表明，人口行为和空间互动更多地取决于社会经济因素，而不是拥有识字技能。然而，当夫妻双方都能在登记簿上签名时，识字程度与婚姻距离的延长有关。”

引用次数: 6

[Estimation of infant mortality and life expectancy in the time of the Roman Empire: a methodological examination]. [罗马帝国时期婴儿死亡率和预期寿命的估计:一种方法学检验]。

Historische Sozialforschung = Historical social research

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.12759/HSR.23.1998.1/2.299-326

G. Langner

"The first available written source in human history relating to the description of the life expectancy of a living population is a legal text which originates from the Roman jurist Ulpianus (murdered in AD 228). In contrast to the prevailing opinion in demography, I not only do consider the text to be of ¿historical interest'...but to be a document of inestimable worth for evaluating the population survival probability in the Roman empire. The criteria specified by Ulpianus are in line with the ¿pan-human' survival function as described by modern model life tables, when based on adulthood. Values calculated from tomb inscriptions follow the lowest level of the model life tables as well and support Ulpianus' statements. The specifications by Ulpianus for the population of the Roman world empire as a whole in the ¿best fit' with modern life tables lead to an average level of 20 years of life expectancy. As a consequence a high infant mortality rate of almost 400 [per thousand] can be concluded resulting in no more than three children at the age of five in an average family in spite of a high fertility rate." (EXCERPT)

“人类历史上第一个关于现存人口预期寿命描述的书面资料是罗马法学家乌尔皮亚努斯(公元228年被谋杀)的法律文本。与人口学的主流观点相反，我不仅认为这篇文章具有“历史价值”……而是一份具有不可估量价值的文件，可以用来评估罗马帝国人口的生存概率。乌尔皮亚努斯指定的标准与现代模型生命表所描述的“泛人类”生存功能是一致的，当基于成年时。从墓葬铭文中计算出的数值也遵循模型生命表的最低水平，支持乌尔皮亚努斯的说法。乌尔皮亚努斯对整个罗马帝国人口的规格与现代生命表“最吻合”，导致平均预期寿命达到20岁。因此，婴儿死亡率几乎高达[千分之400]，尽管生育率很高，但平均每个家庭5岁时的子女不超过3个。”(摘录)

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引用次数: 2