Pub Date : 2021-11-17DOI: 10.1097/ID9.0000000000000028
S. M. Akbar, M. Al‐Mahtab, Sakirul Khan, O. Yoshida, Y. Hiasa
Abstract Each year, viral hepatitis and its complications affect millions of patients and cause one-and-a-half million deaths. To deal with this immense public health burden, international organizations have, as part of their sustainable development goals, set up the plan “Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030,” which has been ratified by most countries. The plan's aims include the prevention of different hepatitis viruses and the treatment of existing patients. However, a mid-term analysis revealed that lest novel maneuvers are adopted, some of the plan's objectives may not be attained. While new infections seem to be contained by vaccines and other public health measures, the persistent reservoir of chronic hepatitis viruses –hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) – may not be properly addressed. Although antiviral therapy against chronic HCV infection is promising, chronic-HBV-infected persons may not be properly handled. There are about 296 million chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in the world, and only 10% of them are aware of their infection. Thus, the undetected CHB patients should be found, and a proper approach should be devised to address this issue, especially in developing countries that harbor the main bulk of CHB patients. In addition, there is no finite therapy for CHB patients, and the safety and efficacy of the existing drugs are also questionable. This indicates the need for novel drugs for CHB patients. In light of this, this study aimed to offer measures that could discover the millions of undetected patients and address the need for developing innovative drugs for CHB patients and thus substantiate the “Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030” plan.
{"title":"“Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030”: Present Realities and Future Projections","authors":"S. M. Akbar, M. Al‐Mahtab, Sakirul Khan, O. Yoshida, Y. Hiasa","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Each year, viral hepatitis and its complications affect millions of patients and cause one-and-a-half million deaths. To deal with this immense public health burden, international organizations have, as part of their sustainable development goals, set up the plan “Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030,” which has been ratified by most countries. The plan's aims include the prevention of different hepatitis viruses and the treatment of existing patients. However, a mid-term analysis revealed that lest novel maneuvers are adopted, some of the plan's objectives may not be attained. While new infections seem to be contained by vaccines and other public health measures, the persistent reservoir of chronic hepatitis viruses –hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) – may not be properly addressed. Although antiviral therapy against chronic HCV infection is promising, chronic-HBV-infected persons may not be properly handled. There are about 296 million chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in the world, and only 10% of them are aware of their infection. Thus, the undetected CHB patients should be found, and a proper approach should be devised to address this issue, especially in developing countries that harbor the main bulk of CHB patients. In addition, there is no finite therapy for CHB patients, and the safety and efficacy of the existing drugs are also questionable. This indicates the need for novel drugs for CHB patients. In light of this, this study aimed to offer measures that could discover the millions of undetected patients and address the need for developing innovative drugs for CHB patients and thus substantiate the “Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030” plan.","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45058739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000026
Fuchun Zhang, Jianfeng He, Jie Peng, Xiaoping Tang, C. Qin, Hongzhou Lu, Xing-wang Li, Qin Liu, Hongting Zhao, J. Sheng, Guiqiang Wang
{"title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue in China","authors":"Fuchun Zhang, Jianfeng He, Jie Peng, Xiaoping Tang, C. Qin, Hongzhou Lu, Xing-wang Li, Qin Liu, Hongting Zhao, J. Sheng, Guiqiang Wang","doi":"10.1097/id9.0000000000000026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/id9.0000000000000026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43450663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1097/ID9.0000000000000025
Wen-Tyng Kang, Yongtao Sun
Abstract Despite the recent success of suppressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication in the peripheral blood with antiretroviral therapy, elimination of the provirus from infected cells remains challenging because the virus can integrate into the host genome and become a latent proviral reservoir. The removal of these latent viral reservoirs from tissue containing infected resting memory CD4+ T cells remains a major barrier to developing a cure for HIV-1. Several novel strategies have recently been developed for curing HIV infection. These include stem cell transplantation with CCR5-Δ32 mutated cells, initial antiretroviral treatment in the very early stage of HIV infection, gene editing to excise the HIV genome or generate CCR5-mutated HIV-1-resistant cells, “shock-and-kill” to reactivate latent HIV using latency reversal agents combined with enhanced immune clearance methods, and an emerging “block-and-lock” strategy to reactivate latent HIV using latency reversal agents combined with enhanced immune clearance methods. However, the high risks and limitations to scale-up in clinics, as well as poor performance in clinical trials, have hampered these efforts. This review aims to describe the present efforts that are being made to combat HIV latency, and critically discuss the limitations and future of the cure for HIV-1.
{"title":"Moving Toward a Functional Cure for HIV-1","authors":"Wen-Tyng Kang, Yongtao Sun","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite the recent success of suppressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication in the peripheral blood with antiretroviral therapy, elimination of the provirus from infected cells remains challenging because the virus can integrate into the host genome and become a latent proviral reservoir. The removal of these latent viral reservoirs from tissue containing infected resting memory CD4+ T cells remains a major barrier to developing a cure for HIV-1. Several novel strategies have recently been developed for curing HIV infection. These include stem cell transplantation with CCR5-Δ32 mutated cells, initial antiretroviral treatment in the very early stage of HIV infection, gene editing to excise the HIV genome or generate CCR5-mutated HIV-1-resistant cells, “shock-and-kill” to reactivate latent HIV using latency reversal agents combined with enhanced immune clearance methods, and an emerging “block-and-lock” strategy to reactivate latent HIV using latency reversal agents combined with enhanced immune clearance methods. However, the high risks and limitations to scale-up in clinics, as well as poor performance in clinical trials, have hampered these efforts. This review aims to describe the present efforts that are being made to combat HIV latency, and critically discuss the limitations and future of the cure for HIV-1.","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43657662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000022
Yongqun Li, Caiyun Zhang, Chunyang Zhang
{"title":"Bronchoscopy and Pathology Findings in an Unusual Case of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis","authors":"Yongqun Li, Caiyun Zhang, Chunyang Zhang","doi":"10.1097/id9.0000000000000022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/id9.0000000000000022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43760507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Precipitated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in a Patient with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cirrhosis: A Case Report","authors":"Wanling Chen, Qiran Zhang, Shi-Jun Li, Rui-ting Liang, Hai-jun Liang, Yiqi Yu, C. Qiu, Jiannan Lv, Wenhong Zhang","doi":"10.1097/id9.0000000000000023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/id9.0000000000000023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47613228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000018
Ailong Huang, Jie-Li Hu, Hong Zhang
{"title":"Opinion on the Policy of Lifting Restrictions to Entry Under the Circumstance of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ailong Huang, Jie-Li Hu, Hong Zhang","doi":"10.1097/id9.0000000000000018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/id9.0000000000000018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47690710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1097/ID9.0000000000000017
In May 2020, the World Health Assembly in resolution WHA73.1 requested the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) to continue to work closely with theWorld Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and countries, as part of the OneHealth approach, to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to the human population, including the possible role of intermediate hosts. The aim is to prevent both reinfections with the virus in animals and humans and the establishment of new zoonotic reservoirs, thereby reducing further risks of the emergence and transmission of zoonotic diseases. In July 2020, WHO and China began the groundwork for studies to better understand the origins of the virus. Terms of Reference (TORs) were agreed that defined a phased approach, and the scope of studies, the main guiding principles and expected deliverables. The TORs envisaged an initial Phase 1 of short-term studies to better understand how the virus might have been introduced and started to circulate in Wuhan, China. The joint international team comprised 17 Chinese and 17 international experts from other countries, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (Annex B). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) participated as an observer. Following initial online meetings, a joint study was conducted over a 28-day period from January 14 to February 10, 2021 in the city of Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. The team agreed on a workplan and established working groups to review the progress made in Phase 1 studies in the areas of epidemiology, animals and the environment, and molecular epidemiology and bioinformatics. During the course of the discussions, the international experts gained deeper understanding of the methods used and data obtained. In response to requests during the visit, further data and analyses were generated, reflecting a productive iterative approach to refining the design and interpretation of complex studies in all areas. In addition to group work, the team shared scientific and thematic presentations on relevant topics to help inform its work,
{"title":"WHO-Convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part (Text Extract)","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000017","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2020, the World Health Assembly in resolution WHA73.1 requested the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) to continue to work closely with theWorld Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and countries, as part of the OneHealth approach, to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to the human population, including the possible role of intermediate hosts. The aim is to prevent both reinfections with the virus in animals and humans and the establishment of new zoonotic reservoirs, thereby reducing further risks of the emergence and transmission of zoonotic diseases. In July 2020, WHO and China began the groundwork for studies to better understand the origins of the virus. Terms of Reference (TORs) were agreed that defined a phased approach, and the scope of studies, the main guiding principles and expected deliverables. The TORs envisaged an initial Phase 1 of short-term studies to better understand how the virus might have been introduced and started to circulate in Wuhan, China. The joint international team comprised 17 Chinese and 17 international experts from other countries, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (Annex B). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) participated as an observer. Following initial online meetings, a joint study was conducted over a 28-day period from January 14 to February 10, 2021 in the city of Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. The team agreed on a workplan and established working groups to review the progress made in Phase 1 studies in the areas of epidemiology, animals and the environment, and molecular epidemiology and bioinformatics. During the course of the discussions, the international experts gained deeper understanding of the methods used and data obtained. In response to requests during the visit, further data and analyses were generated, reflecting a productive iterative approach to refining the design and interpretation of complex studies in all areas. In addition to group work, the team shared scientific and thematic presentations on relevant topics to help inform its work,","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49147057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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