This paper explores results of a program for substance-abusing welfare recipients in New Jersey. New Jersey hired an outside contractor, placed them in the welfare offices and proactively identified recipients with problems, assessed and placed them in appropriate treatment and then managed their care. The program eased the burden on welfare caseworkers who had had little motivation to help these recipients obtain treatment. While the initiative started slowly, because of concerns of the caseworkers and the recipients, recruitment, assessment and placement rates have continued to grow. In addition, those getting into treatment now appear to be receiving more treatment services as opposed to only detox (which was what they primarily received in the past) with no additional costs to the program. Finally, some preliminary outcomes data indicates improvements in the population in terms of both less drug use and increased employment.
{"title":"Providing care coordination and treatment services for substance-abusing women in the Work First/New Jersey (TANF) Program.","authors":"Jeffrey C Merrill","doi":"10.1300/J045v18n03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J045v18n03_01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores results of a program for substance-abusing welfare recipients in New Jersey. New Jersey hired an outside contractor, placed them in the welfare offices and proactively identified recipients with problems, assessed and placed them in appropriate treatment and then managed their care. The program eased the burden on welfare caseworkers who had had little motivation to help these recipients obtain treatment. While the initiative started slowly, because of concerns of the caseworkers and the recipients, recruitment, assessment and placement rates have continued to grow. In addition, those getting into treatment now appear to be receiving more treatment services as opposed to only detox (which was what they primarily received in the past) with no additional costs to the program. Finally, some preliminary outcomes data indicates improvements in the population in terms of both less drug use and increased employment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"18 3","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J045v18n03_01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24568997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Suresh Madhavan, Rohit D Borker, Ancilla W Fernandes, Mayur M Amonkar, S Alan Rosenbluth
The overall purpose of this study was to identify predictors of influenza and pneumonia vaccination among rural senior adults. A mail survey was conducted in eight rural counties. Reported immunization rate for influenza (81.5%) among respondents was higher as compared to pneumonia (74.7%). Knowing someone with influenza was the strongest predictor of influenza vaccination, and knowing someone with pneumonia was the strongest predictor of pneumonia vaccination. Belief that vaccinations are always beneficial was also a significant predictor. While several of the findings of this study are consistent with factors reported in literature to be significant predictors of immunization behavior for this age group, surprisingly, access was not a significant predictor for this rural sample.
{"title":"Assessing predictors of influenza and pneumonia vaccination in rural senior adults.","authors":"S Suresh Madhavan, Rohit D Borker, Ancilla W Fernandes, Mayur M Amonkar, S Alan Rosenbluth","doi":"10.1300/J045v18n04_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J045v18n04_02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The overall purpose of this study was to identify predictors of influenza and pneumonia vaccination among rural senior adults. A mail survey was conducted in eight rural counties. Reported immunization rate for influenza (81.5%) among respondents was higher as compared to pneumonia (74.7%). Knowing someone with influenza was the strongest predictor of influenza vaccination, and knowing someone with pneumonia was the strongest predictor of pneumonia vaccination. Belief that vaccinations are always beneficial was also a significant predictor. While several of the findings of this study are consistent with factors reported in literature to be significant predictors of immunization behavior for this age group, surprisingly, access was not a significant predictor for this rural sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"18 4","pages":"13-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J045v18n04_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24759435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Congress enacted the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) in 1990 and amended it in 2000. Included for compensation were underground uranium miners who developed health problems related to radiation exposures. Neither the 1990 Act nor the 2000 Amendments covered post-1971 workers. In this article, we will examine regulatory history and scientific evidence used for the passage of RECA for the pre-1972 miners and will present evidence supporting the inclusion of the post-1971 workers.
{"title":"Unfinished business: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) for post-1971 U.S. uranium underground miners.","authors":"Gary E Madsen, Susan E Dawson","doi":"10.1300/j045v19n04_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v19n04_03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congress enacted the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) in 1990 and amended it in 2000. Included for compensation were underground uranium miners who developed health problems related to radiation exposures. Neither the 1990 Act nor the 2000 Amendments covered post-1971 workers. In this article, we will examine regulatory history and scientific evidence used for the passage of RECA for the pre-1972 miners and will present evidence supporting the inclusion of the post-1971 workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 4","pages":"45-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v19n04_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25079654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudha Xirasagar, Carleen H Stoskopf, William R Shrader, Saundra H Glover
This paper presents a qualitative analysis of states' small group health insurance reforms that impact small group premiums, mostly enacted by the states during 1996-99, following the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 1996. It draws from an intensive review of statutes of 48 states and the District of Columbia as of 1999. It analyses regulations related to insurer pricing and rating practices concerning rating criteria and rating bands, pricing incentives, premium stability from year to year, minimum loss rations, reinsurance and carve-out coverage for the medically uninsurable. It also covers regulations targeting employer purchasing and coverage practices such as pooled purchasing and adverse selection. This is the second of a two-part series analyzing states' small group market reforms, the first being devoted to state reforms to promote access and improving the value of health plans offered in this market (Xirasagar et al. 2004). The variety in pricing and rating reforms illustrate the differences in the depth of reforms across states, and represent a far wider range of potential actuarial combinations than the sample of reforms documented in past literature.
本文对影响小群体保费的各州小群体健康保险改革进行了定性分析,这些改革主要是在1996年至1999年期间由各州颁布的,之后是1996年的联邦健康保险流通与责任法案。它是对截至1999年的48个州和哥伦比亚特区的法规进行深入审查后得出的结论。它分析了与保险公司定价和评级做法有关的法规,涉及评级标准和评级范围、定价激励措施、每年的保费稳定性、最低损失限额、再保险和医疗不保险的分割保险。它还涵盖了针对雇主采购的规定,并涵盖了诸如集中采购和逆向选择等做法。这是分析各州小团体市场改革的两部分系列的第二部分,第一部分专门讨论各州改革,以促进获得和提高该市场提供的保健计划的价值(Xirasagar et al. 2004)。定价和评级改革的多样性说明了各州改革深度的差异,并且代表了比过去文献中记录的改革样本更广泛的潜在精算组合。
{"title":"A comprehensive snapshot of States' small group market reforms on insurer pricing & rating practices, 1999.","authors":"Sudha Xirasagar, Carleen H Stoskopf, William R Shrader, Saundra H Glover","doi":"10.1300/j045v19n04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v19n04_04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents a qualitative analysis of states' small group health insurance reforms that impact small group premiums, mostly enacted by the states during 1996-99, following the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 1996. It draws from an intensive review of statutes of 48 states and the District of Columbia as of 1999. It analyses regulations related to insurer pricing and rating practices concerning rating criteria and rating bands, pricing incentives, premium stability from year to year, minimum loss rations, reinsurance and carve-out coverage for the medically uninsurable. It also covers regulations targeting employer purchasing and coverage practices such as pooled purchasing and adverse selection. This is the second of a two-part series analyzing states' small group market reforms, the first being devoted to state reforms to promote access and improving the value of health plans offered in this market (Xirasagar et al. 2004). The variety in pricing and rating reforms illustrate the differences in the depth of reforms across states, and represent a far wider range of potential actuarial combinations than the sample of reforms documented in past literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 4","pages":"61-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v19n04_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25079655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports a national survey of U.S. states that was conducted from July of 1999 through March of 2001. The lack of consistent data on serious mental illness (SMI) provided the impetus for this study. Data was collected through a survey on states' definitions of SMI, on demographic information for patients with SMI, and on total annual per capita expenditures for SMI. Based on a 100% response rate, we found considerable variation among states in the definition used for SMI and the records kept on patients with SMI. This paper also involves a state-level statistical analysis of factors that may influence rates of per capita expenditures for SMI. The main finding using regression analysis was that per capita income and state definitions of mental illness that included DSM-III, DSM-IV, and ICD-9-CM diagnoses are significant and positively associated with a state's per capita expenditures for SMI. An additional finding is that accounting for all of the above factors, there still remains significant differences across major census divisions in per capita expenditures for the seriously mentally ill. Another major finding is that more consistent data collection is needed to take an epidemiological approach toward understanding the social conditions that contribute to SMI.
{"title":"State level classification of serious mental illness: a case for a more uniform standard.","authors":"Lynn Bye, Jamie Partridge","doi":"10.1300/J045v19n02_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J045v19n02_01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports a national survey of U.S. states that was conducted from July of 1999 through March of 2001. The lack of consistent data on serious mental illness (SMI) provided the impetus for this study. Data was collected through a survey on states' definitions of SMI, on demographic information for patients with SMI, and on total annual per capita expenditures for SMI. Based on a 100% response rate, we found considerable variation among states in the definition used for SMI and the records kept on patients with SMI. This paper also involves a state-level statistical analysis of factors that may influence rates of per capita expenditures for SMI. The main finding using regression analysis was that per capita income and state definitions of mental illness that included DSM-III, DSM-IV, and ICD-9-CM diagnoses are significant and positively associated with a state's per capita expenditures for SMI. An additional finding is that accounting for all of the above factors, there still remains significant differences across major census divisions in per capita expenditures for the seriously mentally ill. Another major finding is that more consistent data collection is needed to take an epidemiological approach toward understanding the social conditions that contribute to SMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 2","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J045v19n02_01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25179563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On October, 12, 2003, then California Governor Gray Davis vetoed legislation which would have created a trial period for evaluating nonprescription pharmacy access to needles and syringes for adults in California. An analysis of California Senate Bill 774 provides a case study to examine the struggle for clean syringe and needle access as a component of disease prevention along with the community fear of tacit approval for illicit drug use. Reflecting upon the empirically-supported research and community concerns for this specific type of harm reduction policy is an important step towards forming common political ground. This article underscores the relevance of syringe deregulation and its relevance as an ethical and political issue for social workers.
{"title":"Drug use and harm reduction policy: alternative perspectives on the California proposal.","authors":"Laura Stauffer","doi":"10.1300/j045v19n03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v19n03_02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On October, 12, 2003, then California Governor Gray Davis vetoed legislation which would have created a trial period for evaluating nonprescription pharmacy access to needles and syringes for adults in California. An analysis of California Senate Bill 774 provides a case study to examine the struggle for clean syringe and needle access as a component of disease prevention along with the community fear of tacit approval for illicit drug use. Reflecting upon the empirically-supported research and community concerns for this specific type of harm reduction policy is an important step towards forming common political ground. This article underscores the relevance of syringe deregulation and its relevance as an ethical and political issue for social workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 3","pages":"19-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v19n03_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25229402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicaid Buy-Ins provide a new and exciting opportunity for people with disabilities to engage in meaningful employment while maintaining Medicaid coverage. Through interviews with participants in the Kansas Medicaid Buy-In, we examined perceived external influences on the decision to acquire or increase employment by people with disabilities. Two major external barriers were identified. First, physicians, therapists and case workers had frequently discouraged participants from getting jobs or increasing employment levels. Difficulty accessing adequate and consistent medical care and/or medications through Medicaid was also an issue in preventing participants from being able to acquire or increase employment.
{"title":"What providers and medicaid policymakers need to know about barriers to employment for people with disabilities.","authors":"Jean P Hall, Michael H Fox","doi":"10.1300/j045v19n03_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v19n03_03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicaid Buy-Ins provide a new and exciting opportunity for people with disabilities to engage in meaningful employment while maintaining Medicaid coverage. Through interviews with participants in the Kansas Medicaid Buy-In, we examined perceived external influences on the decision to acquire or increase employment by people with disabilities. Two major external barriers were identified. First, physicians, therapists and case workers had frequently discouraged participants from getting jobs or increasing employment levels. Difficulty accessing adequate and consistent medical care and/or medications through Medicaid was also an issue in preventing participants from being able to acquire or increase employment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 3","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v19n03_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25229403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The measurement of beliefs and attitudes on poverty and housing is important to researchers and social workers interested in examining the role that belief structures have on the development of policy and programs in these areas. This article reports pilot study findings of a new scale, The Poverty and Housing Scale (PHS), that measures this concept and evaluates its psychometric properties. Preliminary reliability was in the very good range. Examinations of content and face validity provided support of the instrument as a valid measure of beliefs and attitudes on poverty and housing. The factor analysis emerged a one factor, 13-item scale. Unlike other related scales, the PHS attempts to link the social factor of poverty and housing together. Theoretical and methodological strengths and weaknesses are considered and the implications for social work practice are discussed. The authors provide recommendations for additional testing of the instrument.
{"title":"The Poverty and Housing Scale: report on a pilot study.","authors":"Colleen M Galambos, Samuel A MacMaster","doi":"10.1300/j045v19n03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v19n03_04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The measurement of beliefs and attitudes on poverty and housing is important to researchers and social workers interested in examining the role that belief structures have on the development of policy and programs in these areas. This article reports pilot study findings of a new scale, The Poverty and Housing Scale (PHS), that measures this concept and evaluates its psychometric properties. Preliminary reliability was in the very good range. Examinations of content and face validity provided support of the instrument as a valid measure of beliefs and attitudes on poverty and housing. The factor analysis emerged a one factor, 13-item scale. Unlike other related scales, the PHS attempts to link the social factor of poverty and housing together. Theoretical and methodological strengths and weaknesses are considered and the implications for social work practice are discussed. The authors provide recommendations for additional testing of the instrument.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"19 3","pages":"51-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v19n03_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25229404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Florida, data from telephone surveys were used to identify correlates and predictors of teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of tobacco use prevention education (TUPE) prior to the implementation of the Tobacco Pilot Project (TPP). A 40% random sample of public middle and high schools yielded 296 middle school teachers (MST) and 282 high school teachers (HST). Higher perceived program effectiveness ratings were associated with: using peer leaders, frequent evaluations, parental involvement, few barriers, high student interest, and low tolerance norms for tobacco use. The importance of program features and implementation contexts to teachers' perceived program effectiveness ratings is highlighted.
{"title":"Tobacco Use Prevention Education (TUPE) Programs in the State of Florida: correlates and predictors of teachers' perceptions of program effectiveness.","authors":"Rita M Soza-Vento, Jonathan G Tubman","doi":"10.1300/j045v20n01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v20n01_03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Florida, data from telephone surveys were used to identify correlates and predictors of teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of tobacco use prevention education (TUPE) prior to the implementation of the Tobacco Pilot Project (TPP). A 40% random sample of public middle and high schools yielded 296 middle school teachers (MST) and 282 high school teachers (HST). Higher perceived program effectiveness ratings were associated with: using peer leaders, frequent evaluations, parental involvement, few barriers, high student interest, and low tolerance norms for tobacco use. The importance of program features and implementation contexts to teachers' perceived program effectiveness ratings is highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"20 1","pages":"43-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/j045v20n01_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40930263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals primarily with social policy considerations relevant to the development of long-term care policy for the frail elderly in the United States. However, it also includes some commentary on meeting the acute care needs of the frail elderly. It defines chronic care treatment as a mix of "short-term" and "long-term" modes of care. Furthermore, it explores the need for treatment of such long-term illnesses to recognize the importance of alternative modes of caring which include strategies, both medical and nonmedical, delivered within and outside of hospitals and nursing homes. The paper includes an analysis of public and private sector priorities based in data published by the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration. It also includes some discussion of the PACE program in the United States and some other efforts to stimulate more in-home and community-based alternatives to nursing home care. Furthermore, it includes a discussion of the policy goal of "appropriateness" in developing long-term care (as well as general health priorities) and provides a critical discussion of problems with utilizing "cost/benefit analysis." The study concludes that too exclusive a focus on nursing home care for the elderly in the United States is unfortunate-both in terms of the desires of the elderly, their families and friends and in terms of focusing on "appropriateness" as a legitimate policy goal in the development of long-term care policy for the elderly in the United States.
{"title":"Long-term care policy for older Americans: building a continuum of care.","authors":"Howard A Palley","doi":"10.1300/J045v16n03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J045v16n03_02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals primarily with social policy considerations relevant to the development of long-term care policy for the frail elderly in the United States. However, it also includes some commentary on meeting the acute care needs of the frail elderly. It defines chronic care treatment as a mix of \"short-term\" and \"long-term\" modes of care. Furthermore, it explores the need for treatment of such long-term illnesses to recognize the importance of alternative modes of caring which include strategies, both medical and nonmedical, delivered within and outside of hospitals and nursing homes. The paper includes an analysis of public and private sector priorities based in data published by the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration. It also includes some discussion of the PACE program in the United States and some other efforts to stimulate more in-home and community-based alternatives to nursing home care. Furthermore, it includes a discussion of the policy goal of \"appropriateness\" in developing long-term care (as well as general health priorities) and provides a critical discussion of problems with utilizing \"cost/benefit analysis.\" The study concludes that too exclusive a focus on nursing home care for the elderly in the United States is unfortunate-both in terms of the desires of the elderly, their families and friends and in terms of focusing on \"appropriateness\" as a legitimate policy goal in the development of long-term care policy for the elderly in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":73764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of health & social policy","volume":"16 3","pages":"7-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J045v16n03_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22495732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}