Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1007/s00289-024-05470-z
Nilam Adsul, Su-Tae Kang
The aim of this paper is to review the developments in the use of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in cementitious materials. This review covers the classification, properties, and methods for testing SAP, along with its impact on concrete properties, and other noteworthy developments in SAP usage. Various methods can be used to test the water absorption by SAP. Among them, the tea bag method is considered a simple and time-saving test, while centrifuge and suction filtration methods are regarded as accurate because they remove inter-particle liquid. The water absorption by SAP is affected by factors such as SAP composition, method of preparation, physical characteristics, and properties of the fluid. Higher fluid temperature (e.g., 60 °C) leads to greater absorption and release distance, while higher pH levels (pH 13) result in lesser absorption. The optimal dosage of SAP varies between studies, generally ranging from 0.1% to 1.5%. Higher SAP content (0.3–8%) reduces workability and decreases slump. Results related to strength vary; some studies have reported increased strength due to SAP’s maintenance of higher internal relative humidity, while others have observed decreased strength due to increased porosity caused by SAP. The inclusion of SAP typically leads to a strength recovery of about 10% over time due to the continuous hydration process. Curing methods also influence strength, with sealed curing showing greater strength. Additionally, an increase in SAP dosage (0.1–0.6%) reduces shrinkage. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges encountered while using and testing SAP, as well as the explanations provided by researchers.
本文旨在回顾水泥基材料中使用超吸水性聚合物(SAP)的发展情况。综述内容包括 SAP 的分类、特性、测试方法及其对混凝土特性的影响,以及 SAP 应用中其他值得注意的发展。有多种方法可用于测试 SAP 的吸水性。其中,茶包法被认为是一种简单省时的测试方法,而离心法和抽吸过滤法则被认为是精确的方法,因为它们可以去除颗粒间的液体。SAP 的吸水性受 SAP 成分、制备方法、物理特性和流体性质等因素的影响。流体温度越高(如 60 °C),吸水率越大,释放距离越远,而 pH 值越高(pH 值为 13),吸水率越小。SAP 的最佳用量因研究而异,一般在 0.1% 到 1.5% 之间。较高的 SAP 含量(0.3%-8%)会降低施工性和坍落度。与强度有关的结果各不相同;一些研究报告称,由于 SAP 可保持较高的内部相对湿度,因此强度有所提高,而另一些研究则观察到,由于 SAP 导致孔隙率增加,因此强度有所降低。由于 SAP 的持续水化过程,随着时间的推移,其强度通常会恢复约 10%。固化方法也会影响强度,密封固化的强度更高。此外,增加 SAP 的用量(0.1-0.6%)可减少收缩。此外,本文还讨论了在使用和测试 SAP 时遇到的挑战,以及研究人员提供的解释。
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Noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) are crucial for catalytic processes, but their recycling and aggregation present challenges. Immobilizing NMNPs on substrates often reduces their catalytic activity due to hindered diffusion and decreased surface area. This study presents a novel approach using silver (N-Isopropylacrylamide Co methyl acrylic acid) (Ag@PNM) nanoparticles, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering transmission (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy. A catalytic membrane with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) network of hybrid microgels was fabricated. The microgels are filtered into a microporous membrane and expanded to secure the Ag NPs, enhancing catalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol reduction through improved mass transfer and exposure of the nanoparticles. The membrane shows high stability and performance, with a turnover frequency of 77.5 h−1 and an apparent rate constant (kapp) of 0.15 s−1. Additionally, the PES/Ag@PNM membrane demonstrated effective reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The straightforward synthesis and stability of this approach make it a promising and cost-effective solution for industrial applications.
{"title":"Modifying polymeric membrane with expansible microgels containing silver nanoparticles: regulating the catalytic activity by forced convection in three-dimensional network","authors":"Yawen Li, Guoyang Ma, Shaohong Xu, Saad Ahmed, Usman Farooq, Muhammad Usman, Zunaira Talib","doi":"10.1007/s00289-024-05467-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05467-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) are crucial for catalytic processes, but their recycling and aggregation present challenges. Immobilizing NMNPs on substrates often reduces their catalytic activity due to hindered diffusion and decreased surface area. This study presents a novel approach using silver (N-Isopropylacrylamide Co methyl acrylic acid) (Ag@PNM) nanoparticles, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering transmission (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy. A catalytic membrane with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) network of hybrid microgels was fabricated. The microgels are filtered into a microporous membrane and expanded to secure the Ag NPs, enhancing catalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol reduction through improved mass transfer and exposure of the nanoparticles. The membrane shows high stability and performance, with a turnover frequency of 77.5 h<sup>−1</sup> and an apparent rate constant (<i>k</i><sub><i>app</i></sub>) of 0.15 s<sup>−1</sup>. Additionally, the PES/Ag@PNM membrane demonstrated effective reduction of <i>4-nitrophenol</i>. The straightforward synthesis and stability of this approach make it a promising and cost-effective solution for industrial applications.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) addition at different weight ratios to thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) reinforced with three different fiber types, namely carbon fiber (CF), glass fiber (GF) and basalt fiber (BF), on the mechanical, tribological and thermal properties of the composites was investigated. Adhesive wear test for tribological analysis, tensile and three-point bending tests for mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses for thermal investigation and scanning electron microscopy analysis for morphological evaluation were applied. The results showed that the addition of hBN to fiber-reinforced TPEE composites, regardless of the fiber type, and the increasing weight ratio of hBN improved the wear, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. However, when comparing the synergistic effect of hBN when used simultaneously with fiber reinforcement on the basis of fiber type, CF was found to outperform GF and BF fiber types and hybrid reinforced composites containing 10 wt% hBN and CF to exhibit superior tribological, mechanical and thermal properties. It is also concluded that BF performs at a comparable level to GF and therefore can be used instead of GF in some applications.