Ophthalmology science最新文献

{"title":"Demographic and Ocular Factors Associated with Suprachoroidal Space Thickness in Healthy Eyes","authors":"Sean Chang BS ,&nbsp;Alexandra Hong BS ,&nbsp;Yevgeniy Sazhnyev MD ,&nbsp;Kevin Choy BS ,&nbsp;Blythe Durbin-Johnson PhD ,&nbsp;Raymond Ko BS ,&nbsp;Neha Sarabu BS ,&nbsp;Sina Farsiu PhD ,&nbsp;Parisa Emami-Naeini MD, MPH ,&nbsp;Ala Moshiri MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Kareem Moussa MD ,&nbsp;Glenn Yiu MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The suprachoroidal space (SCS) is an emerging route for drug delivery and gene therapy. Here, we analyze demographic and ocular factors associated with SCS visibility and thickness on enhanced-depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) in a large cohort of healthy human eyes to better understand variations in macular SCS measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective, cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects</h3><div>Six hundred twenty-four healthy eyes of 624 patients with no retinal pathologies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed EDI-OCT images of eyes with no retinal pathologies from patients seen at the University of California, Davis between September 1, 2014 and December 31, 2023. We performed image segmentation and measured SCS visibility and thickness along the 6-mm segment around the fovea, as well as retinal and choroidal thicknesses. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the association of SCS visibility and thickness with demographic and ocular factors including age, sex, race, refractive error, and retinal and choroidal thicknesses.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Association of SCS visibility and thickness with demographic and ocular factors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In healthy subjects (mean age 64.7, range 14–98 years), the choroidal–scleral junction was visible on EDI-OCT in 462 of 624 eyes (74%), among which a hyporeflective SCS layer could be discerned in 214 eyes (46%). The SCS layer was more likely to be present in older (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and White (<em>P</em> = 0.022) patients. In eyes with a detectable SCS layer, median (interquartile range) subfoveal SCS thickness was 34.8 (23.2–46.4) μm, and 32.8 (23.8–41.9) μm across the central macula. Both subfoveal and macular SCS thickness were higher with older age (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), while subfoveal SCS thickness was also greater in White patients (<em>P</em> = 0.027).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Suprachoroidal space anatomy varies with age and race. Understanding factors associated with SCS measurements could help inform future research focused on SCS-targeted therapies or patient selection in future clinical trials.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 101006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy and Readability of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4 Omni in Answering Ophthalmology Patient Questions","authors":"Nikoo Hamzeh MD, MPH,&nbsp;Alcina K. Lidder MD,&nbsp;Robert S. Feder MD,&nbsp;Emmanuel A. Sarmiento MD,&nbsp;Rukhsana G. Mirza MD,&nbsp;Avrey J. Thau MD,&nbsp;Angelo P. Tanna MD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To assess the quality of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4 Omni (ChatGPT-4o) responses to questions submitted by patients through Epic MyChart.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>One hundred sixty-five patients who submitted ophthalmology-related questions via Epic MyChart.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Questions asked by ophthalmology clinic patients related to the subspecialties of glaucoma, retina, and cornea via the Epic MyChart at a single institution were evaluated. Nonclinical questions were excluded. Each question was submitted to ChatGPT-4o twice, first without limitations and then after priming the large language model (LLM) to respond at a sixth-grade reading level. The ChatGPT-4o output and subsequent conversations were graded by 2 independent ophthalmologist reviewers as “accurate and complete,” “incomplete,” or “unacceptable” with respect to the quality of the output. A third subspecialist reviewer provided adjudication in cases of disagreement. Readability of the ChatGPT-4o output was assessed using the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level and other readability indices.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Quality and readability of answers generated by ChatGPT-4o.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two hundred eighty-five queries asked by 165 patients were analyzed. Overall, 220 (77%) responses were graded as accurate and complete, 49 (17%) as incomplete, and 16 (6%) as unacceptable. The initial 2 reviewers agreed in 87% of the responses generated by ChatGPT-4o. The overall mean Flesch–Kincaid reading grade level was 12.1 ± 2.1. When asked to respond at a sixth-grade reading level, 242 (85%) responses were graded as accurate and complete, 38 (13%) were incomplete, and 5 (2%) were graded as unacceptable.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4 Omni usually provides accurate and complete answers to the questions posed by patients to their glaucoma, retina, and cornea subspecialists. A substantial proportion of the responses were, however, graded as incomplete or unacceptable. Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4 Omni responses required a 12th-grade education level as assessed by Flesch–Kincaid and other readability indices, which may make them difficult for many patients to understand; however, when prompted to do so, the LLM can generate responses at a sixth-grade reading level without a compromise in response quality. Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4 Omni can potentially be used to answer clinical ophthalmology questions posed by patients; however, additional refinement will be required prior to implementation of such an approach.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 101007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Study Profiling Aqueous Humor–Derived Exosomal MicroRNA in Primary Open-Angle and Exfoliation Glaucoma","authors":"Yunyun Zou PhD ,&nbsp;Jaeryung Kim MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Taeun Kim MS ,&nbsp;Soo-Eun Sung PhD ,&nbsp;Jong Chul Han MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Soon Cheol Cha MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Do Young Park MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To profile aqueous humor (AH)–derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) and investigate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and modulators of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in glaucoma pathogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Prospective, comparative, observational pilot study.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects and Controls</h3><div>Aqueous humor was obtained from 21 patients with POAG, 24 patients with XFG, and 14 healthy donors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Exosomes were isolated from pooled AH samples of patients with POAG, XFG, and healthy donors for small RNA sequencing. miR-29a, an ECM-targeting miRNA, was selected for functional validation in transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2)– or dexamethasone (Dex)-induced collagen deposition models using human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs).</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Identification of potential glaucoma- and subtype-specific exosomal miRNA biomarkers and evaluation of selected ECM-targeting miRNAs for their roles in modulating collagen expression in vitro.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 130 and 145 miRNAs were differentially expressed in POAG/Healthy and XFG/Healthy comparisons, respectively, with 96 miRNAs commonly dysregulated. Upregulation of ECM-related miRNAs—miR-21-5p, miR-92b-3p, miR-99a-5p, miR-486-3p, miR-486-5p, and miR-1260a—constituted a glaucoma-specific signature, whereas miR-99b-5p and miR-125a-5p showed subtype-specific upregulation in POAG, and miR-26a-5p and miR-451a in XFG. miR-29a-3p, a known antifibrotic miRNA, was significantly downregulated in POAG, XFG, and in HTMCs treated with TGF-β2 or Dex. Functional assays demonstrated that overexpression of miR-29a-3p attenuated TGF-β2- and Dex-induced collagen deposition in HTMCs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides the first profile of AH-derived exosomal miRNAs in POAG and XFG, identifies potential miRNAs associated with ECM remodeling, and highlights their potential utility as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in glaucoma.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100996"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Vision Impairment and Microperimetry Parameters on Quality of Life in Patients with Center-Involving Diabetic Macular Edema","authors":"Gabriele Piccoli MSc ,&nbsp;Eva K. Fenwick PhD ,&nbsp;Vanda Bucceri OD ,&nbsp;Ecosse L. Lamoureux MSc, PhD ,&nbsp;Elena Tagliabue MSc ,&nbsp;Paolo Nucci MD ,&nbsp;Stela Vujosevic MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the association between retinal sensitivity (RS), fixation stability (FS) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) using a novel computerized adaptive diabetic macular edema (DME)–specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) (RetCAT) and to corroborate the findings using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEIVFQ-25).</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional, prospective, clinical study.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>One hundred patients (mean age 67.55 ± 11.65 years; 58% males) with treatment-naïve CI-DME in one or both eyes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, including BCVA measurement, and microperimetry for RS (measured using threshold values) and FS assessment (measured using bivariate contour ellipse area parameters). Vision-related quality of life was measured using 10 domains of the RetCAT, namely Activity limitation, Mobility, Emotional well-being, Concerns, Symptoms, Social, Convenience, Lighting, Driving, and Economic, and the NEIVFQ-25 questionnaire. Associations between visual parameters and VRQoL outcomes were explored using multiple linear regression models. Dominance analysis estimated the relative contribution for each of the single visual parameters on VRQoL.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>The associations between functional parameters and VRQoL in patients with CI-DME using a RetCAT and NEIVFQ-25 PROMs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with worse vision and RS had lower scores on all RetCAT domains compared with those with better visual parameters, and those with worse FS had lower scores on 5 of the 10 RetCAT domains. Retinal sensitivity had the strongest dominance in explaining variance in half of the RetCAT domains (Activity limitation, Concerns, Emotional, Mobility, and Social). Best-corrected visual acuity was the dominant predictor only in <em>driving.</em> Findings were similar when using the NEIVFQ-25.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Retinal sensitivity has a stronger association with VRQoL than BCVA in patients with CI-DME. These findings support the importance of microperimetry in demonstrating the role of RS in the functional abilities of patients with DME and modern adaptive PROM measures like RetCAT which directly capture the impact of DME on patients’ daily lives in both clinical practice and research.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosures</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 101001"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking AlphaMissense against ClinVar for Diagnostic Interpretation of Missense Variants in Inherited Retinal Diseases","authors":"Mark Lindquist BS ,&nbsp;Samson Darrah OD ,&nbsp;Stefan T. Stafie ,&nbsp;Debarshi Mustafi MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>AlphaMissense is a newer deep learning–based variant predictor that evaluates the structural consequences of missense variants, the most common pathogenic variant type in inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of AlphaMissense in IRDs by assessing its concordance with ClinVar annotations and exploring how other variant-level metrics may refine its predictions.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A cross-sectional benchmarking study using public variant resources, with a single illustrative clinical case.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Missense variants from 107 IRD genes; 1 patient case undergoing long-read sequencing.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Pathogenicity scores from AlphaMissense were extracted from 128 248 variants present in both IRD genes and the Genome Aggregation Database. Among these, 4204 had definitive ClinVar classifications and were used to calculate AlphaMissense specificity, sensitivity, and false discovery rate (FDR). Population-based metrics, including allele frequency, homozygote count, and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score, were analyzed to identify salient features that would be associated with discordance. Long-read sequencing was carried out in a monoallelic <em>ABCA4</em> patient with late-onset macular dystrophy for phased variant analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Concordance between AlphaMissense predictions and ClinVar annotations was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and FDR. Variant-level metrics between discordant variants. Case-based reclassification of hypomorphic variants with long-read sequencing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AlphaMissense achieved a specificity of 94.1% and sensitivity of 79.4% in IRD genes, with specificity reaching 100% in A<em>BCA4, USH2A, RPGR, and PRPH2</em>, which are 4 of the most common IRD genes. The FDR was 9.6%. AlphaMissense underperformed in predicting hypomorphic variants, particularly in <em>ABCA4</em>-associated Stargardt disease. Variant-level metrics were effective in identifying false negatives. In a clinical case, phased variant analysis identified a potential hypomorphic <em>ABCA4</em> variant predicted as benign by AlphaMissense.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>AlphaMissense demonstrates high specificity for pathogenicity prediction in IRD-associated genes; however, its reduced sensitivity, as seen in hypomorphic variants, suggests a need to incorporate population and functional metrics scores, which may improve classification accuracy, especially as long-read sequencing enables phased variant analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosures</h3><div>The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100997"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting Inflammation in Fundus Photographs Using Machine Learning","authors":"S. Saeed Mohammadi MD ,&nbsp;Negin Yavari MD ,&nbsp;Aim-on Saengsirinavin MD ,&nbsp;Jia-Horung Hung MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Woong-Sun Yoo MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Frances Andrea Añover MD ,&nbsp;Azadeh Mobasserian MD ,&nbsp;Ankur Sudhir Gupta MD ,&nbsp;Amir Akhavanrezayat MD ,&nbsp;Ngoc Trong Tuong Than MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Christopher Or MD ,&nbsp;Zheng Xian Thng MD ,&nbsp;Irmak Karaca MD ,&nbsp;Manjot K. Gill MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Quan Dong Nguyen MD, MSc","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.101000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To utilize a machine learning model for employing ultra-widefield fundus photograph (UWFFP) as a surrogate marker for ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFFA) in detecting posterior segment inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>An evaluation of technology.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Not applicable.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ultra-widefield fundus photographs were extracted and grouped based on the corresponding UWFFA images, which served as the ground truth, into those with signs of inflammation and those without. Vertex AI was used to train a machine learning model to detect the presence of inflammation using the UWFFPs. Furthermore, 2 masked dual fellowship-trained vitreoretinal and uveitis specialists, 1 glaucoma specialist, and 1 comprehensive ophthalmologist independently evaluated 20 additional UWFFPs, comparing their findings with the model's results.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Area under the precision–recall curve, sensitivity, specificity, and comparative accuracy between the machine learning model and expert human graders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 302 UWFFPs, comprising 113 with inflammation and 189 without, were used to train a single-label image classification model. The trained model demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.943, sensitivity of 90.91%, and specificity of 84.21%. It correctly diagnosed the presence of inflammation in 95% of the extra UWFFPs, compared to the masked dual fellowship-trained vitreoretinal and uveitis specialists, glaucoma specialist, and comprehensive ophthalmologist, who achieved accuracies of 85%, 80%, 70%, and 65%, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The index study demonstrated that UWFFPs could be employed as a noninvasive and more accessible imaging modality for detecting posterior segment inflammation using machine learning techniques.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 101000"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perilesional Fundus Autofluorescence Patterns Are Not Static: Longitudinal Transitions in Geographic Atrophy and Association with Disease Progression","authors":"Alessio Antropoli MD ,&nbsp;Francesco Vacirca MD ,&nbsp;Ugo Introini MD ,&nbsp;Francesco Bandello MD ,&nbsp;Maurizio Battaglia Parodi MD ,&nbsp;Maria Vittoria Cicinelli MD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate cross-sectional characteristics and longitudinal changes in perilesional fundus autofluorescence (FAF) patterns in geographic atrophy (GA).</div></div><div><h3>Study Design</h3><div>Retrospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>One hundred forty-three eyes from 99 patients (70 females) with foveal-sparing GA at baseline, of which 106 eyes from 76 patients were eligible for longitudinal analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Best-corrected visual acuity, FAF, and OCT findings were collected at all visits. Baseline FAF patterns were determined using a 5-item classification, with tracking of longitudinal changes. Changes in GA growth rate following pattern transitions were investigated through linear mixed models.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Frequency and timing of perilesional FAF pattern transitions, and their association with GA growth rate.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 106 eyes with follow-up, 23 (22%) showed a change in perilesional FAF pattern after a median of 3 years (interquartile range: 1.74–4.10). Square root GA growth rate was 0.40 mm/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.46; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), with modestly faster rate in “diffuse nontrickling” compared with “none” eyes (+0.06 mm/year; 95% CI: 0.004–0.12; <em>P</em> = 0.036) and slower rate in eyes showing FAF pattern transitions (–0.12 mm/year; 95% CI: –0.19 to –0.05; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Baseline lesion size and other FAF patterns were not significantly associated with progression (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Perilesional FAF pattern transitions occur in a subset of GA eyes and are marked by slower progression, underscoring their potential relevance for disease monitoring and clinical trial design.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100995"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Light Wavelength on Corneal Sensitivity","authors":"Tenayaann Tresko BS,&nbsp;Shu Feng MD,&nbsp;Ethan Buhr PhD,&nbsp;Russell Van Gelder MD, PhD,&nbsp;Brian W. Chou MD, MA","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Evaluate corneal sensitivity as a potential pathway for blue light–induced ocular discomfort.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects</h3><div>Healthy adult volunteers without previous ocular medical history.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Subjects were exposed to a Hue A19 LED bulb calibrated for equivalent photo flux for 450 nm (blue) and 620 nm (red) wavelengths. Corneal sensitivity measurements via a 0.12-mm filament Cochet–Bonet esthesiometer were ascertained after 1 minute of exposure and throughout testing. The order of exposed wavelength was randomized, with a 5-minute rest interval between exposure to each wavelength of light.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Cochet–Bonnet measurements of (1) threshold to sensation, (2) discrimination, and (3) threshold to pain. Threshold to sensation was determined by the longest filament length at which the subject noted consistent initial sensation. Discrimination was determined by changing the filament length by 5-mm increments (both retraction and extension) until the subject was able to correctly and consistently distinguish less, greater, or equal sensation compared with the previous application. Threshold to pain was determined at the filament length at which the participant expressed pain or discomfort.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was no difference in threshold to sensation between blue (450 nm) and red (620 nm) light sources (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.99). There was no statistically significant difference in discrimination of stimuli under blue- or red-light exposure (<em>P</em> = 0.30), although blue-light exposure trended to be more sensitive. The threshold to pain under blue light was statistically significantly lower than in red-light conditions, with pain at a longer filament length under blue-light exposure compared with red-light exposure (median 12.5 mm vs. 7.5 mm, respectively; <em>P</em> = 0.03).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Blue- versus red-light exposure decreases subjective corneal pain threshold when measured by the Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer. Altered corneal sensitivity may mediate blue light–induced ocular discomfort. The Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer is a useful tool in the study of blue light–induced discomfort.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100993"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Exposure and Risk of Developing Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy in the Women’s Health Initiative Studies","authors":"Samantha Rees MPH ,&nbsp;Jing Nie PhD ,&nbsp;Yihua Yue PhD, MPH ,&nbsp;Jean Wactawski-Wende PhD ,&nbsp;Sangita Patel MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Chris A. Andrews PhD ,&nbsp;Robert B. Wallace MD ,&nbsp;Emily W. Gower PhD ,&nbsp;Amy E. Millen PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xops.2025.100994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We prospectively examined the association between tobacco exposure (personal/secondhand smoking [SHS]) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) in older women, the group most impacted by FECD.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>We conducted a secondary data analysis utilizing the Women’s Health Initiative’s (WHI’s) Observational Study and Clinical Trials data.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Postmenopausal women aged &gt;65 who participated in WHI, had available Medicare claims data, and did not have FECD within 1 year after WHI enrollment were included (N = 37 824).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Smoking status, pack-years, and average cigarettes per day were assessed at baseline (1993-1998). Secondhand smoking was assessed by location (childhood or adulthood at home and work). Participant characteristics were compared by personal smoking history and SHS status. Crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of FECD by personal smoking exposure and by SHS status.</div></div><div><h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3><div>Incident FECD cases were identified objectively via Medicare claims data through 2019.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Current smokers compared with never smokers were more likely to be younger, have lower body mass indices, and were less likely to be White, married, and users of hormone replacement therapy. Current smokers had an increased risk of FECD compared with never smokers (HR = 1.12, CIs: 0.90–1.38) and former smokers had a slight decreased risk of FECD compared with never smokers (HR = 0.92, CIs: 0.84–1.01). Current smokers who smoked ≥15 cigarettes/day had a 26.0% (HR = 1.26, CIs: 0.94–1.68) greater risk of developing FECD compared with never smokers. However, former smokers who smoked ≥15 cigarettes/day had a 14.0% (HR = 0.86, CIs: 0.76–0.97) reduced risk of developing FECD compared with never smokers. Most women (93.6%) were exposed to SHS sometime in their life. Never smokers exposed to SHS at home during childhood or adulthood had approximately a 22%-25% nonsignificant increased risk of developing FECD compared with never smokers without SHS exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this sample of postmenopausal women, personal smoking and SHS were not significantly associated with increased risk of FECD, but suggestions of an increased risk were observed in current smokers. Our findings may have been impacted by lack of variation in exposures, survival, and sick-quitter biases.</div></div><div><h3>Financial Disclosure(s)</h3><div>Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100994"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-9145(25)00286-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2666-9145(25)00286-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74363,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology science","volume":"5 6","pages":"Article 100988"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}