Postepy psychiatrii neurologii最新文献

Purpose: To illustrate the processes of development within the behavioral theory and the corresponding expansion of the areas in which it is applied, especially the advancement (conceptual developments) of the functional analysis of language inspired by Relational Frame Theory (RFT) research.

Views: Classical and operant conditioning are well-established behavioral learning processes, discovered and described at the beginning of the twentieth century. They provide the tools for analyzing, establishing and modifying the functions of stimuli and responses of the organisms through manipulation of the environment. Although B. F. Skinner provided grounds for the functional analysis of complex behaviors such as language, it was not until the beginning of the twenty-first century that RFT was introduced. From this moment behavior analysts could use behavioral principles to explain how stimulus functions may change without direct learning. The practical application of the growing knowledge about Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding (AARR), a basic generalized operant described within RFT, allows us to analyze, explain and change behaviors that had hitherto been beyond the scope of behavioral therapy. The continued growth and development of behavior theory and practice holds the promise for an expansion of its application to new areas and populations in need. One such development is the functional analysis of verbal behavior e.g., relational frames, ROE (relating-orienting-evoking).

Conclusions: It seems useful to add advancements proposed by RFT to the behavioral toolbox with which we could effectively describe, explain and change behavior with precision, scope and depth.

Purpose: Lurasidon is a relatively new, second-generation antipsychotic drug with an interesting receptor profile. It is considered to be safe and has a low risk of side effects. It is a substance with a multi-receptor mechanism of action: it mainly blocks dopaminergic D2 and serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. According to the Summary of Product Characteristics, the adverse reaction of neutropenia was too rare to enable the estimation of its frequency.

Case description: A case of 39-year-old patient is presented in the article, diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, who developed neutropenia as a result of treatment with lurasidone. After the discontinuation of lurasidone and recommended supplementation, the blood test results gradually improved and finally reached the normal range.

Comment: This case report shows the need for regular monitoring of blood cell parameters in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics, as there is a risk of neutrocytopenia or even agranulocitosis.

Purpose: Treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in Poland begins with first-line therapy; however, the treatment often fails. The aim of this study was to investigate the course of first-line treatment in patients who, despite experiencing an active course of the disease, did not receive more efficacious treatment due to the existing criteria in the drug program.

Methods: The study included 139 patients from 45 treatment centers. Medical data concerning the course of treatment were collected with the use of specific forms.

Results: The most frequently used drugs were β-interferons, and treatment was initiated with these drugs in most cases; however, administration of dimethyl fumarate was also common. The median treatment duration was 30.9 months, with the longest treatment duration observed for β-interferons. The most common reason for therapy switching or termination was treatment failure.

Conclusions: First-line therapy in the studied population was based mainly on β-interferons and dimethyl fumarate. For most medications, the discontinuation of therapy or drug switching were very common and the main reason was total or partial treatment failure. These observations suggest the need for earlier implementation of more effective treatment, based on drugs with high efficacy, in the study population.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the prevalence of celiac among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients is higher than among the normal population.

Methods: The present study was a prospective one investigating ADHD children referred to the Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward at Amir Al-Momenin Hospital of Zabol (Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran) in 2019 after their parents' signing of a consent form. All patients underwent Biocard™ Celiac and serology tests. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21 software.

Results: Of all 76 ADHD children undergoing a serum IgA antibodies concentration test, 58 (76%) were male and 18 (23.7%) were female. The mean age of the children was 6.9 ± 2.4, ranging from 2 years to 12 years. The diagnosis of IgA immunodeficiency was rejected for all children based on total serum IgA antibody results. The overall mean anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) level was 6.8 ± 5.3 U/ml, ranging from 0.2 to 37 U/ml. There was no significant difference regarding TTG levels between boys and girls (5.1 vs. 6.0) U/ml. Based on the anti-TTG level results, no celiac case was found among the ADHD patients.

Conclusions: There is as yet no evidence suggesting a link between celiac disease and ADHD. Thus, routine celiac disease screening when evaluating for ADHD (and is not recommended). However, the possibility of untreated celiac disease predisposing an individual to ADHD-like behaviors should be considered. Hence, physicians are recommended to evaluate a broad range of physical symptoms, in addition to typical neuropsychiatric symptoms, when evaluating ADHD patients.

Purpose: Subependymoma is a slow-growing benign brain neoplasm, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a grade I tumor, which typically presents in middle-aged male adults.

Case description: A case of Bruns syndrome and an intraventricular subependymoma in a 49-year-old patient who presented with intractable headache and vertigo is discussed in this paper. Imaging revealed a well-delimited cystic and solid mass near the lateral ventricle.

Comment: Complete surgical excision of the tumor resulted in the restoration of normal cerebrospinal fluid pathway and resolution of clinical symptoms with no signs of tumor recurrence in the 4-year follow-up period.

Purpose: There is now evidence that certain psychopathic personality components have their roots in a dysfunctional family of origin. Looking at this phenomenon from the perspective of Jeffrey E. Young's theory, we can surmise that the early negative experiences of people with psychopathic personality traits may have influenced the formation of specific maladaptive schemas. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Young's early maladaptive schemas and psychopathic personality traits in a non-clinical population.

Methods: The study involved 150 individuals aged 18 to 45. Eighty-six percent of the study group were women. The Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale - Revised (PPTS-R) and the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), designed to test the intensity of psychopathic traits in the study group, were used. Young's Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) was applied to measure Young's early maladaptive schemas.

Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between the severity of psychopathy as measured by the TriPM and the following schemas: Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Entitlement/Grandiosity, Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline, and Approval Seeking/Recognition Seeking. For the PPTS-R scale, positive correlations were found for thirteen of the eighteen schemas. The strongest correlations across questionnaires were found for the Entitlement/Grandiosity schema. The domain of early maladaptive schemas most strongly associated with psychopathy was Impaired Limits.

Conclusions: The Entitlement/Grandiosity, Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation schemas are all associated with psychopathic personality traits. The strongest correlations are in the Entitlement/Grandiosity schema. The domain of early maladaptive schemas most strongly associated with psychopathy is the Impaired Limits domain.

Purpose: Overweight and obesity have been common non-communicable diseases in recent years that have far-reaching health effects. This study aimed to study the risk of sleep disturbances based on overweight and obesity using a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Views: Three sources of scientific information, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, were selected as scientific databases and searched for articles published in English until May 2021. Also, a manual search on related articles was done. The resulting data required a meta-analysis based on odds ratios, which were extracted and then pooled. The odds ratio was calculated based on the random-effects method. Publication bias and the degree of heterogeneity were studied. Twenty-one longitudinal studies were selected for this meta-analysis. The odds ratio (OR) in this association between body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 and sleep disturbances was 1.33 and the confidence interval (CI) was between 1.16-1.51. This OR was 1.12 and CI was between 0.98-1.29 in overweight. The OR was 1.24 and CI was between 1.07-1.44 in obesity. The OR was 1.92 and CI was between 0.89-4.15 in men. The OR was 1.47 and CI was between 1.15-1.89 in women. Publication bias and heterogeneity were evident in the meta-analysis.

Conclusions: Obesity increases the risk of sleep disturbances in the long term, and both obesity and sleep disturbances have negative effects on health, so it is necessary to develop appropriate interventions to improve obesity.

Purpose: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with a non-existing or minimal defect in appearance. It affects around 2% of the population, causes distress in daily functioning and reduces the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and the quality of the most viewed videos regarding BDD on YouTube.

Methods: YouTube was searched for the keywords "body dysmorphia" and "dysmorphophobia". The validated DISCERN instrument and the Global Quality Score (GQS) were used to assess video quality. The Video Power Index (VPI) score was used to evaluate the popularity of videos.

Results: Only 3 videos were rated as good quality based on the DISCERN criteria. The mean DISCERN score between the raters was 32.89 ± 9.23, while the mean GCQ score was 2.84 ± 1.03. Even though only 23.7% of the videos were uploaded by a healthcare source, there was a significant difference between DISCERN scores depending on the source of the video: healthcare - 42 mean vs. non-healthcare - 30.07 mean (p = 0.0035). The mean score for the VPI was 2757 (range, 244.57-11,647.12).

Conclusions: Our study showed that the quality of BDD-related videos on YouTube is poor. Physicians or healthcare organizations should publish more medical content on YouTube, increasing the amount of more reliable and better-quality content for patients.