Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery最新文献

Background: Ebola virus (EBOV) is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Filoviradae that was first described in 1976 in the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has intermittently affected substantial human populations in West Africa and presents itself as a global health menace due to the high mortality rate of patients, high transmission rate, difficult patient management, and the emergence of complicated autoimmune disease-like conditions post-infection.

Objective: EBOV or other EBOV-like species as a biochemical weapon pose a significant risk; hence, the need to develop both prophylactic and therapeutic medications to combat the virus is unquestionable.

Methods: In this review work, we have compiled the literature pertaining to transmission, pathogenesis, immune response, and diagnosis of EBOV infection. We included detailed structural details of EBOV along with all the available therapeutics against EBOV disease. We have also highlighted current developments and recent advances in therapeutic approaches against Ebola virus disease (EVD).

Discussion: The development of preventive vaccines against the virus is proving to be a successful effort as of now; however, problems concerning logistics, product stability, multi- dosing, and patient tracking are prominent in West Africa. Monoclonal antibodies that target EBOV proteins have also been developed and approved in the clinic; however, no small drug molecules that target these viral proteins have cleared clinical trials. An understanding of clinically approved vaccines and their shortcomings also serves an important purpose for researchers in vaccine design in choosing the right vector, antigen, and particular physicochemical properties that are critical for the vaccine's success against the virus across the world.

Conclusion: Our work brings together a comprehensive review of all available prophylactic and therapeutic medications developed and under development against the EBOV, which will serve as a guide for researchers in pursuing the most promising drug discovery strategies against the EBOV and also explore novel mechanisms of fighting against EBOV infection.

Background: The most significant sexually transmissible fungal disease, semen candidiasis, is caused by Candida albicans and impacts male reproductive potential. Actinomycetes are a group of microorganisms that could be isolated from various habitats and used for the biosynthesis of various nanoparticles with biomedical applications.

Objective: Testing antifungal activity of biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles versus isolated C. albicans from semen as well as its anticancer activity versus the Caco-2 cell line.

Methods: Screening 17 isolated actinomycetes for the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticle biosynthesis. Characterization of biosynthesized nanoparticles, testing its anti-Candida albicans, and antitumor activity.

Results: Streptomyces griseus was the isolate that identified silver nanoparticles using UV, FTIR, XRD and TEM. Biosynthesized nanoparticles have promising anti-Candida albicans with MIC (125 ± 0.8) µg/ml and accelerate apoptotic rate versus Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 7.30 ± 0.54 µg/ml) with minimal toxicity (CC50 = 142.74 ± 4.71 µg/ml) versus Vero cells.

Conclusion: Certain actinomycetes could be used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles with successive antifungal and anticancer activity to be verified by in vivo studies.

Background: An autoimmune inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), predominantly affects the synovium joint lining, augmenting disability, early mortality, and socioeconomic difficulty. Therefore, current updates on pharmacological therapies are crucial for developing drugs to treat the disease at each stage.

Objective: This review attempts to compile a thorough analysis of current developments in our knowledge of RA pathogenesis and disease-modifying drugs, with the aim of providing insights for next-generation RA therapeutics.

Results: According to the literature, the most successful drugs for treatment techniques described so far in this include (cs) DMARDs (sub-class of DMARDs), tsDMARDS (targeted synthetic DMARDS), and bDMARDs (biological DMARDs). However, current pharmacologic therapy (consisting of biological, conventional, and creative views of small molecule anti-rheumatic drugs that treat the disease or DMARD) remains the cornerstone of rheumatoid arthritis treatment with which significant progress toward disease remission has been accomplished.

Conclusion: The pathobiology of RA involves cytokine messengers such as B and T-cells, and an intricate interplay of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for activating and developing effector cells, in turn, accountable for local disease and systemic symptoms. Despite the fact that the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known, new treatments have been created as a result of better approaches towards the biology of the disease. As they target molecules directly implicated in the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis, these drugs may be more effective, targeted, and less harmful in the short and long term than standard therapies.

Background: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is an important medicinal plant of Asia, Europe and Iran. The therapeutic potential of Dracocephalum kotschyi has been mentioned in traditional as well as in modern medicine, mainly due to its therapeutic effectiveness against different types of human disorders and associated secondary complications. Calycopterin is a flavonoid class phytochemical commonly called 5,4-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8- tetramethoxyflavone, which has been isolated from Dracocephalum kotschyi. It is widely used for the treatment of human disorders and associated secondary complications.

Methods: Medicinal importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin was investigated in the present work through scientific data analysis of different research works. Scientific data on calycopterin published in different research articles were collected from PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Scopus and analyzed in the present work. Further, scientific data was collected from books and book chapters. Analytical data on calycopterin was also collected and analyzed in the present work.

Results: Scientific data analysis of different research work revealed the biological importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin. Calycopterin showed therapeutic effectiveness against different types of cancerous disorders, including human prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, lymphocyte proliferation and hepatoblastoma cancer. Moreover, the biological effectiveness of calycopterin on neuroprotection and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has also been discussed in the present work with their pharmacokinetic parameters. Nevertheless, more scientific investigations must be conducted to explore the healthbeneficial aspects of calycopterin in medicine.

Conclusion: Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin for the treatment of human disorders and complications, including different types of cancerous disorders.

Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2, COVID-19, SARS-Co-2) in Wuhan, China occurred three years ago. However, the healthcare state and legislature for Covid-19 varied greatly worldwide.

Aims: After three years, the social life of most countries worldwide is gradually back to normal. Diagnosis and therapeutics worldwide are formalized now. Improvement of the knowledge about this devastating disease will shed new light on its management and spawn the development of new counter measures. Due to the differences in socioeconomic conditions and policies worldwide, the diagnostic and therapeutic transition should be established.

Methods: The schedules and techniques of vaccines, drugs, or other therapeutic strategies could be formalized in the future. The origin and hidden nature of Covid-19 biology (relationship between viral strain and drug targeting) should be further investigated. Knowledge and opinion breakthroughs may significantly heighten the quality of preventive and therapeutic strategies against Covid-19.

Results: To further stabilize the global situation, the issues of viral spread and induced mortality should be emphasized. Existing animal models, pathophysiological knowledge, and therapeutics for different infected patients played vital roles. The diagnostic widening, variants of COVID, and therapeutic selection worldwide totally solve the complex outcomes and promote the curability for infected patients.

Discussion: Different diagnostic platforms can reach different therapeutic selections, responses, and benefits in the clinic. It will provide advanced diagnostic dimensions, therapeutic paradigms, and drug selection strategies for the purpose of the greatest benefiting and recoveries of Covid-19 patients.

Conclusion: To speed up the global fight against Covid-19, biomedical knowledge, prophylactic vaccines, and therapeutic paradigms should be updated in dynamic states.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection that led to the COVID-19 pandemic has changed human health and the economy globally. SARS CoV-2 is a type of Coronaviruses that has caused pneumonia and its complications with many deaths over the past two years. The use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, accepted as generally safe for patients with autoimmune diseases or malaria, was attempted in many trials for COVID-19 treatment. Nigella sativa (NS) (black caraway, also known as black cumin, nigella or Kalonji) is an annual flowering plant of the Ranunculaceae family, chemically composed of the main constituent natural Thymoquinone (TQ) (30%- 48%) in forms of thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone (Nigellone) is a native to wider regions, including parts of eastern Europe, west Asia, North of Africa and east of Myanmar. In this review, we explored the Randomized Controlled Trial, Controlled Trial, and Systematic review studies that support Nigella sativa Thymoquinone-targeted SARS-CoV-2 targeting. Therefore, A literature search was performed for publications published on the electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, and Google Scholar) for Nigella sativa, black seeds, Kalonji, coronavirus, SARS-CoV -2 and COVID-19. This review aimed to find relevant evidence of Nigella sativa preferences as a natural feasible remedy with no side effects in COVID-19. Studies reported the benefits of NS as beneficial, another appropriate remedy for patients with COVID-19. However, all studies have shown limitations, such as limiting clinical symptom outcomes due to regulations imposed by isolation policies and lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the evidence suggests that the chemical contents of NS are a safe and possible treatment for COVID-19 patients that helps to improve COVID-19 infection in patients with no side effects.

Conclusion: Nigella sativa seeds were one of the well-documented herbal products. Three reviewed randomized controlled trials reported that NS reduced covid-19 risk and could improve immune function. It was also helpful in upper respiratory infections such as asthma and bronchitis, with one RCT showing that honey and NS significantly improved symptoms, viral clearance, and mortality of COVID-19 patients. This review concludes that NS has a positive barrier effect on people at risk of acquiring a COVID-19 infection.