Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100222
Lok Hang Chan , Shu Kee Lam , Deli Chen , Caixian Tang , Qinglin Chen , Hang-Wei Hu
Nitrogen (N) deficiency constrains crop growth, which could potentially be mitigated by the plant-microbe interaction. However, the interaction between wheat and bacterial N metabolism in response to N deficiency remains poorly understood. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the rhizosphere bacterial N metabolism gene profile in the wheat rhizosphere with (+N) and without (-N) N application. Two wheat cultivars, Mace and Gladius, with contrasting reported N use efficiencies (NUE), were grown in an agriculture soil previously cropped with wheat. Metagenomic analysis, was used to examine the N metabolism gene profile of rhizobacteria under different N treatments. The result highlighted a significant difference in the rhizosphere bacterial N metabolism gene composition between Mace and Gladius. Differential abundance analysis revealed a significantly higher gene abundance involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) (nrfA, nrfD, and nrfH), in Mace under N deficiency. In contrast, no significant changes were found in Gladius. Correlation analysis highlighted a significant negative correlation between the abundance of nrfA and nrfH genes and plant total N content. We found that under N deficiency, Mace demonstrated a higher capacity for DNRA, consistent with its reported NUE. Our findings provide important information that the rhizosphere bacterial DNRA pathway response to N deficiency is different between wheat cultivars.
{"title":"Differential modulation of rhizosphere dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by wheat cultivars under nitrogen deficiency","authors":"Lok Hang Chan , Shu Kee Lam , Deli Chen , Caixian Tang , Qinglin Chen , Hang-Wei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) deficiency constrains crop growth, which could potentially be mitigated by the plant-microbe interaction. However, the interaction between wheat and bacterial N metabolism in response to N deficiency remains poorly understood. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the rhizosphere bacterial N metabolism gene profile in the wheat rhizosphere with (+<em>N</em>) and without (-N) N application. Two wheat cultivars, Mace and Gladius, with contrasting reported N use efficiencies (NUE), were grown in an agriculture soil previously cropped with wheat. Metagenomic analysis, was used to examine the N metabolism gene profile of rhizobacteria under different N treatments. The result highlighted a significant difference in the rhizosphere bacterial N metabolism gene composition between Mace and Gladius. Differential abundance analysis revealed a significantly higher gene abundance involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) (<em>nrfA, nrfD</em>, and <em>nrfH</em>), in Mace under N deficiency. In contrast, no significant changes were found in Gladius. Correlation analysis highlighted a significant negative correlation between the abundance of <em>nrfA</em> and <em>nrfH</em> genes and plant total N content. We found that under N deficiency, Mace demonstrated a higher capacity for DNRA, consistent with its reported NUE. Our findings provide important information that the rhizosphere bacterial DNRA pathway response to N deficiency is different between wheat cultivars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100221
Arezoo Taghizadeh-Toosi , Svend Vendelbo Nielsen , Katarina Elofsson
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key component of soil organic matter, playing a vital role in soil fertility, health, biodiversity, and food production. Enhancing SOC in agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. Returning crop residues to the soil is a widely recognized approach to increase SOC, although residues can also be combusted for energy or processed via anaerobic digestion for biogas.
This study evaluated the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils across 27 European countries using scenario analysis within a modeling framework. Various crop residue management strategies were considered alongside the impacts of rising temperatures. Simulations were performed with the process-based C-TOOL model, using input data from European databases on crop cultivation, soil properties, and climate.
Results indicate that treated crop residues sequester more SOC than untreated residues due to differences in decomposability. While projected temperature increases may reduce SOC accumulation, the use of treated residues still provides a positive effect across all countries. These findings highlight the dual potential of residue management for energy production and SOC enhancement in European agroecosystems.
Future studies should adopt a broader systems perspective, integrating techno-economic and energy-yield analyses, while assessing SOC sequestration benefits and greenhouse gas implications of different energy conversion pathways through full life cycle analysis. Considering local pedo-climatic, socioeconomic, and policy conditions, and leveraging national-scale data, will be critical for developing sustainable, effective, and policy-relevant SOC management strategies.
{"title":"Potential of crop residues management for soil organic carbon sequestration in European countries until 2050: a simplified modelling approach","authors":"Arezoo Taghizadeh-Toosi , Svend Vendelbo Nielsen , Katarina Elofsson","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key component of soil organic matter, playing a vital role in soil fertility, health, biodiversity, and food production. Enhancing SOC in agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. Returning crop residues to the soil is a widely recognized approach to increase SOC, although residues can also be combusted for energy or processed via anaerobic digestion for biogas.</div><div>This study evaluated the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils across 27 European countries using scenario analysis within a modeling framework. Various crop residue management strategies were considered alongside the impacts of rising temperatures. Simulations were performed with the process-based C-TOOL model, using input data from European databases on crop cultivation, soil properties, and climate.</div><div>Results indicate that treated crop residues sequester more SOC than untreated residues due to differences in decomposability. While projected temperature increases may reduce SOC accumulation, the use of treated residues still provides a positive effect across all countries. These findings highlight the dual potential of residue management for energy production and SOC enhancement in European agroecosystems.</div><div>Future studies should adopt a broader systems perspective, integrating techno-economic and energy-yield analyses, while assessing SOC sequestration benefits and greenhouse gas implications of different energy conversion pathways through full life cycle analysis. Considering local pedo-climatic, socioeconomic, and policy conditions, and leveraging national-scale data, will be critical for developing sustainable, effective, and policy-relevant SOC management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100217
Paloma Cunha Saraiva , Wanderson de Sousa Mendes , Clistenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento , Pâmalla Grazielly Carvalho de Morais , Kaíque Mesquita Cardoso , Carol Chaves Nascimento , José Alexandre Melo Demattê , Cácio Luiz Boechat
Traditional laboratory analyses for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils are costly, time-consuming, and require chemical reagents. Visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy offers a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective complementary tool that can reduce the number of traditional laboratory analyses and consequently the use of chemical reagents, mainly when supported by robust spectral libraries. This study aimed to (i) assess the potential of vis-NIR spectroscopy to quantify natural concentrations of Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, and V in tropical soils, (ii) evaluate spectral pre-processing procedures combined with the Cubist model, and (iii) identify the most relevant spectral bands for estimating these elements. A total of 242 soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were analysed for Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb and V using ICP-OES. Spectral reflectance (350–2500 nm) was acquired and pre-processed with Savitzky-Golay (SG), standard normal variate (SNV), detrend (DET) and continuum removal (CR). Estimations were modelled using the Cubist algorithm. Pre-processing spectra improved estimations compared to raw spectra. The Cubist model combined with Savitzky-Golay enhanced estimations for Ba, Cu, and Mo. Detrend was most effective for Cr, Ni, and V and continuum removal improved Fe and Pb. Reasonable performance was achieved for Ba (R2adj=0.55; RPIQ=1.40), Cr (R2adj=0.65; RPIQ=1.91), and Ni (R2adj =0.70; RPIQ=1.60). Vis-NIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning shows potential for estimating certain PTEs in highly variable tropical soils. While predictions for Ba, Cr, and Ni were promising, other elements require larger datasets or alternative modelling approaches.
{"title":"Estimating potentially toxic elements in Brazilian tropical soils with vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning","authors":"Paloma Cunha Saraiva , Wanderson de Sousa Mendes , Clistenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento , Pâmalla Grazielly Carvalho de Morais , Kaíque Mesquita Cardoso , Carol Chaves Nascimento , José Alexandre Melo Demattê , Cácio Luiz Boechat","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional laboratory analyses for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils are costly, time-consuming, and require chemical reagents. Visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy offers a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective complementary tool that can reduce the number of traditional laboratory analyses and consequently the use of chemical reagents, mainly when supported by robust spectral libraries. This study aimed to (i) assess the potential of vis-NIR spectroscopy to quantify natural concentrations of Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, and V in tropical soils, (ii) evaluate spectral pre-processing procedures combined with the Cubist model, and (iii) identify the most relevant spectral bands for estimating these elements. A total of 242 soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were analysed for Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb and V using ICP-OES. Spectral reflectance (350–2500 nm) was acquired and pre-processed with Savitzky-Golay (SG), standard normal variate (SNV), detrend (DET) and continuum removal (CR). Estimations were modelled using the Cubist algorithm. Pre-processing spectra improved estimations compared to raw spectra. The Cubist model combined with Savitzky-Golay enhanced estimations for Ba, Cu, and Mo. Detrend was most effective for Cr, Ni, and V and continuum removal improved Fe and Pb. Reasonable performance was achieved for Ba (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub>=0.55; RPIQ=1.40), Cr (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub>=0.65; RPIQ=1.91), and Ni (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> =0.70; RPIQ=1.60). Vis-NIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning shows potential for estimating certain PTEs in highly variable tropical soils. While predictions for Ba, Cr, and Ni were promising, other elements require larger datasets or alternative modelling approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100215
M.K. Carkner , J. Thiessen Martens , M. Arcand , K. Bobiwash , M.R.C. Cordeiro , M. King , Y. Lawley , K.H. Ominski , J. Goodwin , M.G. Bakker , M. Bourgault , V. Garcia , H.D.R. Carvalho , X. Gao , M.H. Entz
Agricultural production in Canada’s Black Soil Zone is highly productive but dependent on simplified monoculture systems that contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil degradation. The “Leveraging Ecosystems to transform Agriculture on the Prairies” (LEAP) Project addresses these challenges through an interdisciplinary, co-design approach focused on enhancing diversity, integration, and perenniality in cropping systems. LEAP integrates biophysical research with farmer and Indigenous community perspectives to evaluate both ecological and social dimensions of agricultural transformation. The project is organized around five interconnected Pillars: (1) farmer leadership, emphasizing co-learning and mental health in sustainable decision-making; (2) First Nations self-determined farming systems, elevating Indigenous knowledge and governance; (3) landscape analyses of farmer-led annual, peri‑perennial and perennial practices; (4) experimental field studies testing novel integrations of cover crops, intercropping, pollinator habitats, and livestock; and (5) scenario modelling using the Holos platform to assess system-level GHG outcomes and trade-offs. Together, these Pillars aim to identify strategies that support climate resilience, soil health, biodiversity, and farmer well-being while addressing economic and policy realities. This multi-metric, co-design approach also includes program and policy development which is essential to impacting long-term resiliency in the Canadian Black Soil Zone and the greater agricultural landscape.
{"title":"Toward net-zero farming systems using diversity, integration, and perenniality in the Black Soil Zone of the Canadian prairies: A co-design approach","authors":"M.K. Carkner , J. Thiessen Martens , M. Arcand , K. Bobiwash , M.R.C. Cordeiro , M. King , Y. Lawley , K.H. Ominski , J. Goodwin , M.G. Bakker , M. Bourgault , V. Garcia , H.D.R. Carvalho , X. Gao , M.H. Entz","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural production in Canada’s Black Soil Zone is highly productive but dependent on simplified monoculture systems that contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil degradation. The “Leveraging Ecosystems to transform Agriculture on the Prairies” (LEAP) Project addresses these challenges through an interdisciplinary, co-design approach focused on enhancing diversity, integration, and perenniality in cropping systems. LEAP integrates biophysical research with farmer and Indigenous community perspectives to evaluate both ecological and social dimensions of agricultural transformation. The project is organized around five interconnected Pillars: (1) farmer leadership, emphasizing co-learning and mental health in sustainable decision-making; (2) First Nations self-determined farming systems, elevating Indigenous knowledge and governance; (3) landscape analyses of farmer-led annual, peri‑perennial and perennial practices; (4) experimental field studies testing novel integrations of cover crops, intercropping, pollinator habitats, and livestock; and (5) scenario modelling using the Holos platform to assess system-level GHG outcomes and trade-offs. Together, these Pillars aim to identify strategies that support climate resilience, soil health, biodiversity, and farmer well-being while addressing economic and policy realities. This multi-metric, co-design approach also includes program and policy development which is essential to impacting long-term resiliency in the Canadian Black Soil Zone and the greater agricultural landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100218
Charchit Bansal , Gurbir Singh , Kelly A. Nelson , Gurpreet Kaur
Terraces are widely used to mitigate soil erosion on sloping terrains, but their construction involves extensive soil disturbance that may affect soil condition and health. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties before and after the construction of broad-based terraces. Geo-tagged soil samples were collected from three topographic positions (shoulder, backslope, and footslope) at four depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm). Post-construction, both sand and clay content increased by 31.7 g kg-1, soil temperature increased by 1.7 °C, permanganate oxidizable carbon increased 12 %, total nitrogen increased 0.06 g kg-1, and bulk density (BD) at 30–60 cm increased 7–13 % compared to pre-terrace construction soil samples. In contrast, BD decreased by 8–23 % in the 0–30 cm layer for post-terrace construction soil samples. Terrace construction did not significantly affect volumetric water content or electrical conductivity at the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). However, it negatively impacted wet aggregate stability (15–19 %) and total carbon (0.54 g kg-1) compared to pre-construction values along with 60.3 g kg-1 decrease in silt content. Additionally, notable reductions in post-terrace construction soil samples for surface soil layers were observed for soil enzyme activity, including acid phosphatase (26 %), β-glucosidase (45 %), β-glucosaminidase (47 %), and arylsulfatase (50 %). These findings indicate that terrace construction substantially alters soil condition across the profile due to soil mixing and redistribution. Long-term monitoring is necessary to determine whether these changes persist or if soils can recover with improved management systems.
梯田在坡地上被广泛用于缓解土壤侵蚀，但梯田的建设涉及广泛的土壤扰动，可能影响土壤状况和健康。本研究的目的是评价建设基础广泛的梯田前后土壤性质的变化。在4个深度（0-15、15-30、30-45和45-60 cm）的3个地形位置（肩、后坡和脚坡）采集地理标记土壤样本。施工后，与梯田施工前相比，砂和粘土含量增加了31.7 g kg-1，土壤温度增加了1.7℃，高锰酸盐可氧化碳增加了12%，总氮增加了0.06 g kg-1, 30-60 cm容重（BD）增加了7 - 13%。相比之下，阶地后施工土样在0 ~ 30 cm层的BD降低了8 ~ 23%。梯田建设对土壤表层（0 ~ 15 cm）的体积含水量和电导率没有显著影响。然而，与施工前相比，它对湿骨料稳定性（15 - 19%）和总碳（0.54 g kg-1）产生了负面影响，同时粉砂含量减少了60.3 g kg-1。此外，在梯田建设后的表层土壤样品中，土壤酶活性显著降低，包括酸性磷酸酶（26%）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（45%）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（47%）和芳基硫酸酯酶（50%）。这些结果表明，阶地建设由于土壤的混合和再分配，实质上改变了整个剖面的土壤状况。需要进行长期监测，以确定这些变化是否会持续存在，或者土壤是否可以通过改进管理系统来恢复。
{"title":"Soil health responses to terrace construction - part I","authors":"Charchit Bansal , Gurbir Singh , Kelly A. Nelson , Gurpreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terraces are widely used to mitigate soil erosion on sloping terrains, but their construction involves extensive soil disturbance that may affect soil condition and health. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties before and after the construction of broad-based terraces. Geo-tagged soil samples were collected from three topographic positions (shoulder, backslope, and footslope) at four depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm). Post-construction, both sand and clay content increased by 31.7 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, soil temperature increased by 1.7 °C, permanganate oxidizable carbon increased 12 %, total nitrogen increased 0.06 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, and bulk density (BD) at 30–60 cm increased 7–13 % compared to pre-terrace construction soil samples. In contrast, BD decreased by 8–23 % in the 0–30 cm layer for post-terrace construction soil samples. Terrace construction did not significantly affect volumetric water content or electrical conductivity at the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). However, it negatively impacted wet aggregate stability (15–19 %) and total carbon (0.54 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) compared to pre-construction values along with 60.3 g kg<sup>-1</sup> decrease in silt content. Additionally, notable reductions in post-terrace construction soil samples for surface soil layers were observed for soil enzyme activity, including acid phosphatase (26 %), β-glucosidase (45 %), β-glucosaminidase (47 %), and arylsulfatase (50 %). These findings indicate that terrace construction substantially alters soil condition across the profile due to soil mixing and redistribution. Long-term monitoring is necessary to determine whether these changes persist or if soils can recover with improved management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inappropriate agronomic management practices and poor soil health contribute to low yields in the rice-wheat (R-W) systems of Nepal. Findings from other South Asian countries reveal that appropriate management practices have the potential to improve soil health, increase soil sequestration, and enhance rice and wheat yields in the R-W systems. Hence, a field experiment was conducted at the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) in Western Terai, Nepal, from 2018 to 2020 to assess the effects of various tillage methods (conventional, reduced, and zero) and residue management levels (removal and retention) on crop growth and yields, soil health, and soil carbon sequestration. A strip-split plot design with three replications was employed. Three seed rates in wheat (80, 120, and 160 kg ha⁻¹) were evaluated to identify the optimal seed rates under different tillage and residue management practices. Data on growth, yield, and yield attributes, and soil properties and soil carbon sequestration were collected and analyzed using R statistical Software. Zero tillage (ZT) and residue retention (RR) significantly reduced bulk density and increased soil carbon levels. Tillage didn’t affect the number of days to flowering and maturity, but they were delayed with lower seed rates. Wheat root mass decreased with depth, with ZT enhancing root development in the upper soil layers. Seed rate influenced root distribution, with lower rates promoting shallow roots and higher rates favoring deeper roots. RR under conventional tillage did not significantly affect growth, yield, phenology, and root distribution in either crop. ZT improved wheat growth, reduced sterility, and increased yield and yield components. In rice, however, tillage or residue management didn’t significantly influence yield and yield components. The sustainable yield index for wheat was significantly higher under ZT and with a higher seed rate. ZT wheat, followed by ZT direct-seeded rice, significantly enhanced profitability, while residue management practices had no notable effect. Results suggest the potential advantage of ZT combined with RR in terms of crop and system yields, soil carbon sequestration, and soil health. Implementing ZT, retaining residues, and using a seed rate of 120–160 kg ha⁻¹ in wheat can improve the yields of individual crops in the R-W systems while maintaining soil health and carbon sequestration in Nepal’s Western Terai, with such potentials in other parts of Nepal and other South Asian countries where these systems are practiced on a wide scale.
不适当的农艺管理做法和土壤健康状况不佳导致尼泊尔水稻-小麦（R-W）系统产量低。其他南亚国家的研究结果表明，适当的管理做法有可能改善土壤健康，增加土壤固存，并提高R-W系统中的水稻和小麦产量。因此，国家小麦研究计划（NWRP）于2018年至2020年在尼泊尔特莱西部进行了一项田间试验，以评估各种耕作方法（常规、减少和零）和残留物管理水平（去除和保留）对作物生长和产量、土壤健康和土壤碳封存的影响。采用3个重复的条形分割试验设计。对小麦的三种种子率（80、120和160 kg ha - 1）进行了评估，以确定不同耕作和秸秆管理方法下的最佳种子率。利用R统计软件收集生长、产量和产量属性、土壤性质和土壤固碳数据并进行分析。免耕（ZT）和留渣（RR）显著降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤碳含量。耕作对开花和成熟日数没有影响，但使开花和成熟日数延迟，种子率降低。小麦根系质量随深度减小，ZT促进了上层土壤根系的发育。种子率影响根系分布，低种子率有利于浅根，高种子率有利于深根。常规耕作条件下抗草甘膦对两种作物的生长、产量、物候和根系分布均无显著影响。ZT改善了小麦的生长，降低了不育性，提高了产量和产量成分。而在水稻中，耕作和秸秆管理对产量和产量构成没有显著影响。ZT处理下小麦可持续产量指数显著高于ZT处理，种子率显著高于ZT处理。ZT小麦和ZT直播水稻均显著提高了作物的盈利能力，而秸秆管理对其无显著影响。结果表明，在作物和系统产量、土壤固碳和土壤健康方面，ZT与RR联合施用具有潜在优势。实施ZT、保留残留物和在小麦中使用120-160 kg ha - 1的播种率可以提高R-W系统中单个作物的产量，同时在尼泊尔西特莱地区保持土壤健康和碳固存，在尼泊尔其他地区和其他南亚国家也有这种潜力，这些国家广泛实施了这些系统。
{"title":"Tillage and residue management strategies enhance crop yields, soil health, and profitability in the rice-wheat system of Nepal’s Western Terai","authors":"Santosh Marahatta , Mathura Yadav , Shrawan Kumar Sah , Anant Prasad Regmi , Saraswoti Bastola , Jagadish Timsina","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inappropriate agronomic management practices and poor soil health contribute to low yields in the rice-wheat (R-W) systems of Nepal. Findings from other South Asian countries reveal that appropriate management practices have the potential to improve soil health, increase soil sequestration, and enhance rice and wheat yields in the R-W systems. Hence, a field experiment was conducted at the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) in Western Terai, Nepal, from 2018 to 2020 to assess the effects of various tillage methods (conventional, reduced, and zero) and residue management levels (removal and retention) on crop growth and yields, soil health, and soil carbon sequestration. A strip-split plot design with three replications was employed. Three seed rates in wheat (80, 120, and 160 kg ha⁻¹) were evaluated to identify the optimal seed rates under different tillage and residue management practices. Data on growth, yield, and yield attributes, and soil properties and soil carbon sequestration were collected and analyzed using R statistical Software. Zero tillage (ZT) and residue retention (RR) significantly reduced bulk density and increased soil carbon levels. Tillage didn’t affect the number of days to flowering and maturity, but they were delayed with lower seed rates. Wheat root mass decreased with depth, with ZT enhancing root development in the upper soil layers. Seed rate influenced root distribution, with lower rates promoting shallow roots and higher rates favoring deeper roots. RR under conventional tillage did not significantly affect growth, yield, phenology, and root distribution in either crop. ZT improved wheat growth, reduced sterility, and increased yield and yield components. In rice, however, tillage or residue management didn’t significantly influence yield and yield components. The sustainable yield index for wheat was significantly higher under ZT and with a higher seed rate. ZT wheat, followed by ZT direct-seeded rice, significantly enhanced profitability, while residue management practices had no notable effect. Results suggest the potential advantage of ZT combined with RR in terms of crop and system yields, soil carbon sequestration, and soil health. Implementing ZT, retaining residues, and using a seed rate of 120–160 kg ha⁻¹ in wheat can improve the yields of individual crops in the R-W systems while maintaining soil health and carbon sequestration in Nepal’s Western Terai, with such potentials in other parts of Nepal and other South Asian countries where these systems are practiced on a wide scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100211
Sandra J. Evangelista, Nicolas Francos, Amin Sharififar, Wartini Ng, Budiman Minasny, Alex B. McBratney
Soil security is fundamental to addressing global existential challenges, as it encompasses the sustainable management of soils for future generations. The soil security assessment framework consists of five dimensions, which reflect the roles of soil in supporting ecosystems and human livelihoods: soil functions, soil services, and resilience to environmental threats. Of these, two biophysical dimensions, Capacity and Condition, are central. Capacity refers to the inherent ability of soil to perform its functions, while Condition represents the current state of the soil, often associated with soil health. However, assessing these dimensions can be challenging, as many of the key soil properties that indicate soil capacity and condition are costly and labour-intensive to measure. Recent advancements in soil sensing technologies, particularly spectroscopy, offer a promising solution. Spectroscopy enables rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective estimation of a wide range of soil properties, providing an efficient alternative to traditional laboratory analysis. This technology facilitates both temporal and spatial monitoring of soil health, offering significant advantages in large-scale soil assessments. This study identifies key soil roles that can be measured using spectroscopy, often in combination with pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Through an extensive literature review, we compared the performance of four analytical techniques: visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Our findings indicate that MIR offers the broadest range of soil properties that can be accurately predicted. Moreover, several soil indicators remain under investigation across different spectroscopic methods, highlighting the potential for further refinement and application of these technologies in soil monitoring.
{"title":"Advancing Soil Security with Soil Spectroscopy: The efficient estimation of indicators","authors":"Sandra J. Evangelista, Nicolas Francos, Amin Sharififar, Wartini Ng, Budiman Minasny, Alex B. McBratney","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil security is fundamental to addressing global existential challenges, as it encompasses the sustainable management of soils for future generations. The soil security assessment framework consists of five dimensions, which reflect the roles of soil in supporting ecosystems and human livelihoods: soil functions, soil services, and resilience to environmental threats. Of these, two biophysical dimensions, Capacity and Condition, are central. Capacity refers to the inherent ability of soil to perform its functions, while Condition represents the current state of the soil, often associated with soil health. However, assessing these dimensions can be challenging, as many of the key soil properties that indicate soil capacity and condition are costly and labour-intensive to measure. Recent advancements in soil sensing technologies, particularly spectroscopy, offer a promising solution. Spectroscopy enables rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective estimation of a wide range of soil properties, providing an efficient alternative to traditional laboratory analysis. This technology facilitates both temporal and spatial monitoring of soil health, offering significant advantages in large-scale soil assessments. This study identifies key soil roles that can be measured using spectroscopy, often in combination with pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Through an extensive literature review, we compared the performance of four analytical techniques: visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Our findings indicate that MIR offers the broadest range of soil properties that can be accurately predicted. Moreover, several soil indicators remain under investigation across different spectroscopic methods, highlighting the potential for further refinement and application of these technologies in soil monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100213
Alvin John B. Felipe
Land degradation is a major issue that is in line with the current major problems that the world is facing today – climate change and food security. As a developing country, the Philippines heavily relies on its natural resources for food production, which are constantly being threatened by natural and anthropogenic processes that lead to agro-environmental and economic problems. Soil erosion has long been identified as one of the most serious drivers of natural resources degradation. However, an emphasis must be given to soil erosion to reveal its severity, not only as a physical process that induces direct damage, but also its possible contribution in exacerbating other problems due to its derivative effects. This review aims to undertake soil erosion from an economic perspective that focuses on the possible cost it can impose on the Philippine economy, from the poorest communities to government-level expenditures. It provides a plain sailing overview that can be used to ratify government-level decisions in support of soil and water conservation programs from concerned institutions, together with the need to employ current scientific and technological advances for a more holistic and reliable promulgation of soil erosion mitigation and rehabilitation measures in different settings. The economic impacts of soil erosion on agriculture, the environment, and disaster risk and rehabilitation are presented to delineate the areas that can be addressed through research and development interventions, policy recommendations, the exchange of vital information through instruction and extension, and effective plans for conservation and restoration.
{"title":"The agricultural, environmental, and rehabilitation impacts of soil erosion in the Philippine economy – A walkaround review","authors":"Alvin John B. Felipe","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land degradation is a major issue that is in line with the current major problems that the world is facing today – climate change and food security. As a developing country, the Philippines heavily relies on its natural resources for food production, which are constantly being threatened by natural and anthropogenic processes that lead to agro-environmental and economic problems. Soil erosion has long been identified as one of the most serious drivers of natural resources degradation. However, an emphasis must be given to soil erosion to reveal its severity, not only as a physical process that induces direct damage, but also its possible contribution in exacerbating other problems due to its derivative effects. This review aims to undertake soil erosion from an economic perspective that focuses on the possible cost it can impose on the Philippine economy, from the poorest communities to government-level expenditures. It provides a plain sailing overview that can be used to ratify government-level decisions in support of soil and water conservation programs from concerned institutions, together with the need to employ current scientific and technological advances for a more holistic and reliable promulgation of soil erosion mitigation and rehabilitation measures in different settings. The economic impacts of soil erosion on agriculture, the environment, and disaster risk and rehabilitation are presented to delineate the areas that can be addressed through research and development interventions, policy recommendations, the exchange of vital information through instruction and extension, and effective plans for conservation and restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100214
Gabriel dos Santos da Cruz , Henrique Antunes de Souza , Ruthanna Isabelle de Oliveira , Zigomar Menezes de Souza , Marcus Vinicius Beserra dos Santos , Ronny Sobreira Barbosa , Pâmalla Graziely Carvalho Morais , Paloma Cunha Saraiva , José Ferreira Lustosa Filho , Hosana Aguiar Freitas de Andrade , Cácio Luiz Boechat
Land-use change in tropical environments significantly affects soil nutrient dynamics, particularly phosphorus (P). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of agricultural conversion and different years of land-use on soil chemical attributes and inorganic phosphorus fractions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Six areas were selected, forming a chronosequence ranging from 1 to 20 years of soybean-based agriculture, including a reference site under degraded pasture. Soil samples (0.0–0.20 m) were analyzed for pH, organic matter, exchangeable bases, and P fractions using a sequential extraction method. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and multivariate analysis (principal component and cluster analysis). Results showed increases in soil pH and base saturation over time, likely due to liming and fertilization practices. The long-term (Y17) agricultural use significantly increased (p < 0.05) the labile P fraction (P-Al) to 365 ± 16 mg kg⁻¹, while moderately labile and non-labile fractions remained stable or increased slightly. These findings suggest that agricultural use alters P availability by promoting the accumulation of residual P and its gradual conversion into less available forms. Although site variability in management history limits broad conclusions, the study provides evidence of P dynamics in tropical systems and reinforces the importance of monitoring P fractions in long-term agricultural soils.
{"title":"Changes in soil labile inorganic phosphorus and fertility over time after agricultural land-use in the Cerrado of Northeastern Brazil","authors":"Gabriel dos Santos da Cruz , Henrique Antunes de Souza , Ruthanna Isabelle de Oliveira , Zigomar Menezes de Souza , Marcus Vinicius Beserra dos Santos , Ronny Sobreira Barbosa , Pâmalla Graziely Carvalho Morais , Paloma Cunha Saraiva , José Ferreira Lustosa Filho , Hosana Aguiar Freitas de Andrade , Cácio Luiz Boechat","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land-use change in tropical environments significantly affects soil nutrient dynamics, particularly phosphorus (P). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of agricultural conversion and different years of land-use on soil chemical attributes and inorganic phosphorus fractions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Six areas were selected, forming a chronosequence ranging from 1 to 20 years of soybean-based agriculture, including a reference site under degraded pasture. Soil samples (0.0–0.20 m) were analyzed for pH, organic matter, exchangeable bases, and P fractions using a sequential extraction method. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and multivariate analysis (principal component and cluster analysis). Results showed increases in soil pH and base saturation over time, likely due to liming and fertilization practices. The long-term (Y17) agricultural use significantly increased (p < 0.05) the labile P fraction (P-Al) to 365 ± 16 mg kg⁻¹, while moderately labile and non-labile fractions remained stable or increased slightly. These findings suggest that agricultural use alters P availability by promoting the accumulation of residual P and its gradual conversion into less available forms. Although site variability in management history limits broad conclusions, the study provides evidence of P dynamics in tropical systems and reinforces the importance of monitoring P fractions in long-term agricultural soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100212
Francisca Pantoja , Mauricio Galleguillos , Marco Pfeiffer
Urban expansion poses a global threat to soil and food security, particularly as cities often grow on highly fertile agricultural lands. This study examines the impacts of Santiago de Chile’s urban growth from its founding in 1541 to recent years, focusing on soil functionality and its implications for food security. We estimate the biocapacity of soils by disaggregating the Yield Factor from district to soil series level, applying crop mapping based on their phenology and texture image analysis. We then analyze the impacts of urban expansion on soil security by reconstructing soils impacted by urbanization at various periods. Field results indicate correct mapping accuracy of 69 % and 81 % for wheat and maize, respectively. The urban historical expansion of Santiago primarily covered highly productive soils, with 92 % of the soil series exceeding the world average soil productivity, and 64 % being at least twice as productive. Urbanization has reduced the potential to feed 2.5 million people per year. In comparison, the recent expansion of fruit orchards on the remaining agricultural grain crop land could have fed an additional 1.6 million people if used for staple crops. These findings highlight the effect of applying severe trade-offs in land use decisions, with 94.5 % of the loss of soil productivity occurring between 1930 and 2017. Recent periods implied the greatest loss considering annual rates, with 1985–2002 being almost three times greater than 1930–1985 and 2002–2007 being 2.5 times greater. These findings underscore the urgent need for soil security perspectives in urban planning to safeguard both local and global food systems.
{"title":"Five centuries of urban growth: Impacts on food security and soil functionality","authors":"Francisca Pantoja , Mauricio Galleguillos , Marco Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban expansion poses a global threat to soil and food security, particularly as cities often grow on highly fertile agricultural lands. This study examines the impacts of Santiago de Chile’s urban growth from its founding in 1541 to recent years, focusing on soil functionality and its implications for food security. We estimate the biocapacity of soils by disaggregating the Yield Factor from district to soil series level, applying crop mapping based on their phenology and texture image analysis. We then analyze the impacts of urban expansion on soil security by reconstructing soils impacted by urbanization at various periods. Field results indicate correct mapping accuracy of 69 % and 81 % for wheat and maize, respectively. The urban historical expansion of Santiago primarily covered highly productive soils, with 92 % of the soil series exceeding the world average soil productivity, and 64 % being at least twice as productive. Urbanization has reduced the potential to feed 2.5 million people per year. In comparison, the recent expansion of fruit orchards on the remaining agricultural grain crop land could have fed an additional 1.6 million people if used for staple crops. These findings highlight the effect of applying severe trade-offs in land use decisions, with 94.5 % of the loss of soil productivity occurring between 1930 and 2017. Recent periods implied the greatest loss considering annual rates, with 1985–2002 being almost three times greater than 1930–1985 and 2002–2007 being 2.5 times greater. These findings underscore the urgent need for soil security perspectives in urban planning to safeguard both local and global food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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