Sports medicine international open最新文献

Little is known about how individual and contextual factors affect inter-limb differences in balance performance. Thus, we investigated how these factors influence inter-limb asymmetry in balance. Sixty-four soccer players with diverging levels of training experience (i. e., 2-5 or 6-9 years), 73 swimmers, and 60 age-matched non-athletes performed balance tests with different task specificity (i. e., ecological vs . non-ecological). The magnitude of inter-limb differences was quantified by calculating the limb symmetry index (LSI). Inter-limb performance differences were significantly ( p =0.012) lower in athletes with (i. e., soccer players) than without (i. e., swimmers) the preferential use of one leg for postural control. However, differences between limbs did not significantly differ among players with diverging levels of training experience. Further, the observed inter-limb differences in soccer players emerged during ecological test conditions only. Our results suggest that the predominant use of one limb compared to the other for balance requirements does not necessarily lead to a large magnitude of inter-limb asymmetry in soccer players and is also not significantly influenced by the level of training experience. However, from a practitioners' perspective, ecological as opposed to non-ecological test conditions seem to be more suitable for detecting inter-limb asymmetry in soccer players.

We aimed to investigate the effects of hot-water immersion of the hand and forearm during half-time (HT) on the physiological responses, leg muscle strength, and cycling sprint performance in the cold. Ten recreationally active men performed the experimental trials that consisted of 40 min intermittent cycling, followed by a 15-min HT, and then an intermittent cycling sprint test in a cold (5°C and 50% relative humidity). During HT, the participants underwent two different interventions: seated rest (CON) or hand and forearm heating (HEAT). The intermittent cycling sprint test comprised 10 sets of 5 s of maximal pedaling and 25 s of recovery. In addition, the participants performed maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in knee extension before and after HT. Although the peak power output in the intermittent cycling sprint test did not significantly differ between trials (p>0.05), the rectal temperature (T _re ) following HT in HEAT was significantly higher than in CON (p=0.026). In addition, the MVC force after HT was significantly higher in HEAT than in CON (p<0.001). This suggests hot-water immersion of hand and forearm during HT improves knee extensor muscle strength and attenuates the T _re decrease in a cold environment.

In the management of overweight, the implementation of exercise helps to create a caloric deficit and to lose weight. Several studies have shown poor reporting quality of exercise interventions for other diseases. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the completeness of exercise intervention reporting in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of overweight and to evaluate potential differences between exercise modalities. Two independent reviewers applied two intervention reporting guidelines to 47 RCTs on the management of overweight. The completeness of intervention reporting was evaluated using descriptive statistics. Potential differences in reporting quality between studies using aerobic exercise (AE) vs. studies using combined aerobic and resistance exercise (ARE) were calculated with a χ ² test. Overall, studies completed 61% and 47%, respectively, of the guideline items. The χ ² analysis of exercise modalities showed a significant difference for two items regarding exercise progression (91% AE vs. 38% ARE, p<0.001) and detailed description of exercises (0% AE vs. 50% ARE, p<0.001). Reporting of exercise interventions in the treatment of overweight was found insufficient. The detected differences between exercise modalities imply the need for improved guidelines.

Although the function movement screen (FMS) has been widely used in the general population, no study to date has used the FMS as a preparticipation screen for individuals with breast cancer (BC) engaging in an exercise regimen. Even though individuals with BC are anthropometrically similar to individuals without cancer, the lack of studies assessing the FMS in individuals with BC may potentially hinder exercise prescription. Therefore, we aim to examine the relationships of the FMS score to anthropometric biomarkers in individuals with BC before undergoing an exercise regimen. One-hundred and twelve women with BC underwent a thrice-weekly three-month dose-escalated exercise regimen utilizing multi-joint compound movements and linear progression balanced with resistance training volume to elicit hypertrophy. FMS score and anthropometric markers were assessed pre- and post-intervention. With significance set at p≤0.05, baseline FMS scores correlated significantly with all anthropometric markers, and was similar to previous studies published in non-cancer populations. However, baseline FMS scores were not associated with changes in anthropometric markers, from pre- to post-intervention. While the baseline FMS score was not associated with changes in anthropometric markers, the similar correlation found in our study compared to previous studies suggest that the FMS can be used as a preparticipation in individuals with BC to help guide the exercise regimen. Future studies designed to elicit weight loss in individuals with BC should assess whether the baseline FMS score is predictive of anthropometric changes.

The main purpose of this study was to assess relationships between absolute and relative handgrip strength (HGS) versus other markers of health (body composition) and physical fitness (VO ₂ max, vertical jump) in 220 (112 male) healthy young adults (25±10 years). HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer. Absolute HGS represented the highest grip strength measurement (kg) of the right and left hand combined, while relative HGS represented the absolute HGS divided by body weight (kg/kg). Body composition (lean and fat mass) was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. VO ₂ max was measured using a treadmill peak speed protocol (ml/kg/min), while vertical jump was assessed using a countermovement jump (cm). Absolute HGS (mean=86±22 kg) was positively related with lean mass (r=0.82, p<0.001) and vertical jump (r=0.63, p<0.001), while relative HGS (mean=1.2±0.2 kg/kg) was negatively related with body fat (r=-0.69, p<0.001), but positively correlated with VO ₂ max (r=0.47, p<0.001), and vertical jump (r=0.45, p<0.001). Linear models suggest that lean mass, body fat, and vertical jump predicted 69% of variance for absolute HGS (adjusted R ² =0.71, p<0.001), while lean mass and body fat predicted 49% of variance for relative HGS (adjusted R ² =0.49, p<0.001). Lower relative HGS scores (<1.0 kg/kg) were associated with higher body fat levels and may represent a quick, simple, marker of health.

In order to assess how well hand grip strength can predict spinal muscle size and to determine if scaling improves prediction, Biobank data was acquired consisting of hand grip strength, age, height, body mass and abdominal magnetic resonance images for 150 age-matched male and female participants. The cross-sectional area of the multifidus and erector spinae was measured from the images at the L3/L4 level. Correlation strength and prediction errors were quantified for muscle size predicted from hand grip strength, age, height, and body mass. The effect of scaling muscle area by height and height squared was also determined. All variables correlated significantly with spine muscle size. The strongest correlator was hand grip strength (r=0.61, p<0.05) with a prediction error of 678 mm ² . The strength of the correlations was reduced when muscle areas were scaled. Hand grip strength can predict spine muscle size in male and female participants; however, the confidence intervals on the predicted values are larger than would be expected from measuring muscle size directly using imaging technologies. Scaling by height or height squared does not improve the ability of hand grip strength to predict muscle size.

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) occurs when performance improves after intense contractile stimulation. This study examined the effect of pubertal status on PAPE after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in 48 male soccer players aged 10-18 years. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and lower limb strength. They were classified as pre-pubescent (n=13), pubescent (n=15), and post-pubescent (n=20). The participants performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ) before and after a maximal CPET. The PAPE was estimated by calculating the difference between pre- and post-exercise CMJ height at five minutes of recovery after CPET. The CPET was performed on a treadmill using a ramp protocol to determine the maximal oxygen consumption (VO ₂ max) and MAS. CMJ height was significantly greater after the CPET for all groups. Post-pubescent participants had significantly greater PAPE than both pre-pubescents and pubescents. Pre-pubescents had significantly lower CMJ height, VO ₂ max, and MAS compared to pubescent and post-pubescents. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between MAS and CMJ height. In conclusion, PAPE after maximal CPET was observed in all pubertal cohorts of young soccer players. However, it was greater in post-pubescent children. Finally, MAS was positively correlated with lower limbs strength.

Field hockey, a physically demanding Olympic sport, carries a high risk of lower limb injuries, yet data on injury risk in elite field hockey are limited. Functional knee stability is important for injury prevention and a safe return to sport. This study is the first to investigate functional knee stability in elite field hockey, considering gender and playing class, and establishes reference data for functional knee stability by using a standardized test battery that assesses one- and two-legged stability, jumping tests, speed, and agility. Seventy-two elite field hockey players, 30 males and 42 females (age 19.82±3.74 years) were divided into High Playing Class (HPC) and Moderate Playing Class (MPC). HPC players showed significantly better performance in all functional tests except balance tests ( p <0.01-0.024). Females showed significantly better one- and two-leg stability ( p <0.01) with lower injury rates, indicating the relevance of gender considerations. The study emphasizes the importance of balance and stability in the prevention of lower limb injuries in Olympic field hockey and also highlights the importance of considering pre-existing deficits in functional knee capability when assessing athletes for return to sport. These results can help improve athletic performance, identify individual strengths and weaknesses, prevent injury or re-injury, and facilitate return to sport after injury.

The benefits of exercise have been well described for the treatment of hypertension. Poor reporting quality impairs quality appraisal and replicability. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be an effective alternative to traditional aerobic exercise in patients with hypertension. We evaluated the completeness of reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with HIIT for hypertension and to compare both exercise modes in reporting quality. RCTs of HIIT with a minimum duration of 6 weeks in adults with at least high normal blood pressure (≥130 mmHg/≥85 mmHg) were evaluated using the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT). Nine RCTs conducting HIIT in hypertensive patients (N=718; 51.8 years) were evaluated. A mean of 62.6% of items were sufficiently described, compared with 49.2% in moderate intensity training interventions. Exercise dose was adequately reported in 8 out of 9 studies. Only one study reported information on adverse events. In a small sample of RCTs with HIIT in patients with hypertension we found a better reporting quality than in moderate intensity training interventions. However, reporting completeness is not optimal for a good replicability in clinical practice. The lack of reporting of adverse events in interventions using high intensities is particularly unfavourable.

We introduce a novel approach for predicting running performance, designed to apply across a wide range of race distances (from marathons to ultras), elevation gains, and runner types (front-pack to back of the pack). To achieve this, the entire running logs of 15 runners, encompassing a total of 15,686 runs, were analyzed using two approaches: (1) regression and (2) time series regression (TSR). First, the prediction accuracy of a long short-term memory (LSTM) network was compared using both approaches. The regression approach demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 89.13% in contrast, the TSR approach reached an accuracy of 85.21%. Both methods were evaluated using a test dataset that included the last 15 runs from each running log. Secondly, the performance of the LSTM model was compared against two benchmark models: Riegel formula and UltraSignup formula for a total of 60 races. The Riegel formula achieves an accuracy of 80%, UltraSignup 87.5%, and the LSTM model exhibits 90.4% accuracy. This work holds potential for integration into popular running apps and wearables, offering runners data-driven insights during their race preparations.