The Indian journal of occupational therapy最新文献

Quality of Occupational Therapy Research in India - A Descriptive Review. 印度职业疗法研究的质量--描述性评论。

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_59_22

Sureshkumar Kamalakannan, Lakshmanan Sethuraman, Manigandan Chockalingam, Selvaraj Samuelkamaleshkumar, Shobana Devi Moorthy, Murali Krishnan Srinivasan, Jothikumar Ramakrishnan, Thirumugam Muthuvel, Karthik Mani

Background: Occupational therapy (OT) enhances functional independence in the daily activities of people with disabilities and subsequently their quality of life. Research in OT generates evidence to provide safe and effective services to the disabled. However, OT research in India has been shown to have various methodological limitations. These methodological limitations are expected to impact the quality of OT research as well as the evidence derived from this research to inform decision-making in rehabilitation. The majority of the OT research is disseminated and promoted through the All India Occupational Therapists' Association's (AIOTA) annual national conference (ANC). Analyzing the abstracts, selected for the presentation at the ANC could help understand and strategically improve the quality of OT research in India.

Objectives: To explore and describe the quality of OT research in India.

Study design: Descriptive analysis.

Methods: Descriptive, nonsystematic review and analysis of the key methodological aspects of the conference abstracts submitted for the AIOTA ANC published in the Indian Journal of OT (IJOT) from 2017 to 2021 was carried out. Information related to the methodological aspects of the research abstracts was extracted using a data extraction form and the data were synthesized and reported descriptively.

Results: About 218 abstracts had been selected for either poster or oral presentations in the AIOTA ANC. All the abstracts were included for the review. A total of 8055 participants were recruited for the studies conducted from 2017 to 2021. About 5757 (72%) of the participants were recruited for cross-sectional studies. Nearly 72 (33%) of the abstracts presented were related to cross-sectional studies, 52 (24%) were case studies and 66 (30%) were experimental studies. However, research designs implying highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews were only 4 (2%) and randomized controlled trials were only 9 (4%) with 297 participants. Notably, 203 (98%) of the all the studies evaluating effectiveness of interventions or aiming to investigate associations reported positive results with statistically significant improvements and associations.

Conclusion: The review provides invaluable information related to the quality of OT research in India. It implies the need to improve the scientific rigor of the evidence generated in relation to OT research in India. This review also implies the need for a radical change and strengthening of OT research within OT education and professional practice in India. National and global OT associations need to prioritize good quality OT research by enhancing the research skills and competencies of OTs in India. This could help promote evidence-based OT science and develop the OT profession in the world's second-most populous country. In addition, i

背景：职业疗法（OT）可提高残疾人在日常活动中的功能独立性，进而提高他们的生活质量。职业疗法研究为向残疾人提供安全有效的服务提供了证据。然而，印度的职业疗法研究在方法上存在各种局限。这些方法上的局限性预计会影响定向行走研究的质量，以及从这些研究中得出的、可为康复决策提供依据的证据。大多数职业疗法研究都是通过全印度职业治疗师协会（AIOTA）的全国年会（ANC）传播和推广的。对选中在全印职业治疗师协会年会上发表的摘要进行分析，有助于了解印度职业治疗研究的质量，并从战略角度提高研究质量：研究设计：描述性分析：研究设计：描述性分析：对2017年至2021年发表在《印度OT期刊》（IJOT）上的提交给AIOTA ANC的会议摘要的主要方法论方面进行描述性、非系统性回顾和分析。使用数据提取表提取了研究摘要方法学方面的相关信息，并对数据进行了综合和描述性报告：约有 218 篇摘要被选中在 AIOTA ANC 上进行海报或口头展示。所有摘要均被纳入审查范围。从 2017 年到 2021 年进行的研究共招募了 8055 名参与者。其中约 5757 人（72%）是横断面研究的参与者。在提交的摘要中，近72篇（33%）与横断面研究有关，52篇（24%）为病例研究，66篇（30%）为实验研究。然而，系统综述等证据水平最高的研究设计仅有 4 项（2%），随机对照试验仅有 9 项（4%），参与人数为 297 人。值得注意的是，在所有评估干预措施有效性或旨在调查相关性的研究中，有 203 项（98%）报告了积极的结果，在统计学上有显著的改善和相关性：本综述提供了有关印度加班研究质量的宝贵信息。这意味着有必要提高印度加班研究证据的科学严谨性。本综述还表明，有必要彻底改变和加强印度职业训练和远程培训教育及专业实践中的职业训练和远程培训研究。国家和全球定向行走协会需要通过提高印度定向行走师的研究技能和能力，优先开展高质量的定向行走研究。这将有助于促进以证据为基础的定向治疗科学，并在这个世界上人口第二多的国家发展定向治疗专业。此外，它还有望鼓励那些一直努力在印度建立定向行走研究标准的定向行走研究人员。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding daily routine and schedule of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A qualitative study 了解注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的日常生活和日程安排:一项定性研究

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_26_21

Divesha Shikerkar, Pooja Vajaratkar

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by diminished sustained attention, hyperactive and impulsive behavior and is known to have an impact on the daily routine and self-regulation of children. There is a dearth of evidence for understanding the routine of the children with ADHD and their parents, which is necessary for organizing and scheduling the routine for the better management of daily occupations. Objectives: This study aimed to understand the daily routine and schedule of children with ADHD in Goa. Study Design: A qualitative, descriptive study design was conducted. Methods: This pilot study was conducted in resource rooms and schools in Goa, India. The recruitment of 10 parents of children with ADHD was done by the convenient sampling method and parents were administered a semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview was undertaken to understand the children's daily routine. Results: Ten parents (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age 45.4 ± 7.97 years) of children with ADHD (mean ± SD age 9.5 ± 1.85 years) participated in this study. The study understood and described in depth the extent of the organized schedule and routine present, child's home and school routine and schedule, how the routine of the child affects the child and the family in terms of their socialization and how important is a routine for the family. Conclusion: The study inferred that the parents of children with ADHD have difficulty in managing the daily routine of their child at home as well as in school, including the self-care routine, meal-time, bed-time routine, and study schedule. The study helped understand the importance of an organized routine with a well-defined structure in the daily life to carry out timely meaningful occupations.

背景:注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的特征是持续注意力减少，多动和冲动行为，已知对儿童的日常生活和自我调节有影响。了解ADHD儿童及其父母的日常活动的证据不足，这对于组织和安排日常活动以更好地管理日常工作是必要的。目的:本研究旨在了解果阿邦ADHD儿童的日常生活和日程安排。研究设计:采用定性、描述性研究设计。方法:本初步研究在印度果阿邦的资源教室和学校进行。采用方便抽样法，对10名ADHD患儿家长进行半结构化问卷调查，并对家长进行深入访谈，了解患儿的日常生活。结果:10例ADHD患儿家长(平均±标准差[SD]年龄45.4±7.97岁)(平均±SD年龄9.5±1.85岁)参与本研究。该研究深入了解并描述了有组织的日程安排和日常生活的程度，孩子的家庭和学校的日程安排，孩子的日常生活如何影响孩子和家庭的社会化，以及日常生活对家庭的重要性。结论:本研究推断ADHD儿童的父母在管理孩子在家里和学校的日常生活方面存在困难，包括自我照顾、吃饭时间、睡觉时间和学习计划。这项研究有助于理解在日常生活中有组织的例行公事和明确的结构对于及时开展有意义的职业的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Occupational therapy interventions survey study part I: Practices and types of interventions used in daily practice by indian versus global occupational therapists 职业治疗干预调查研究第一部分:印度与全球职业治疗师在日常实践中使用的干预措施和类型

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_64_22

Pooja Mehta, P. Solanki, Charmie Dave

Background: Global health care is moving toward function, quality of life, and occupation. Occupational therapy (OT) has been the only profession using “occupation” as core intervention since inception. With advancements in intervention techniques, occupational therapists (OTs) need to ensure the continued use of “occupation” as core intervention type. Previous surveys were conducted to analyze the use of specific intervention types: occupation-based interventions (OBIs), creative activities, acute-hospital-based rehabilitation, and different interventions used in pediatric OT practice. However, information on OT practices and types of interventions used by Indian OTs versus global OTs is unavailable. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze differences, if any, in the OT practices and types of interventions frequently used in daily practice by Indian versus global OTs. Study Design: This was an online, survey-based, cross-sectional study. Methods: The Google Forms questionnaire link was sent to OTs on E-mail with electronic written informed consent from May 2020 to March 2021 using convenient sampling. The questionnaire included participant's demographics, 17 clinical practice areas, and 9 intervention types and factors influencing OT practice. Total 201 (84 Indian OTs and 117 global OTs) fulfilled the selection criteria: OTs with at least bachelor's degree and minimum 3 years of work experience. Results: Indian OT workforce showed significantly more male OTs than global OTs (31 [36.9%] vs. 11 [9.4%]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.0236–0.2964]; P = 0.0001) and OTs with master's degree (56 [66.7%] vs. 41 [35.04%]; 95% CI: [0.1852–0.4480]; P = 0.0001). Global OTs have more OTs with additional qualifications in non-OT fields (58 [49.57%] vs. 27 [32.10%]; 95% CI: [−0.3088–−0.0406]; P = 0.013) and more OTDs (13 [11.11%] vs. 1 [1.23%]; 95% CI: [−0.1641–−0.0335]; P = 0.006) than Indian OTs. Indian OTs practiced significantly more in the private sector: clinic and hospital (52 [61.90%] vs. 40 [35.80%]; 95% CI: [0.1273–0.3947]; P = 0.0001), whereas global OTs practiced significantly more in the government sector (46 [39.31%] vs. 19 [22.61%]; 95% CI: [−0.2930–−0.0410); P = 0.0124). Among the organizational roles, Indian OTs work significantly more as consultants (50 [50.95%] vs. 35 [29.91%]; 95% CI: [0.0751–0.3457]; P = 0.0001) while global OTs work significantly more as managers (36 [30.76%] vs. 12 [14.28%]; 95% CI: [−0.2770–−0.0526]; P = 0.0069). Among patient population treated, Indian OTs majorly (54.76%) treat children (up to 15 years) but significantly more in “all age groups” (35 [41.67%] vs. 18 [15.38%]; 95% CI: [0.1388–0.3870]; P = 0.0001) while global OTs treat significantly more adults (21–65 years) (61 [52.13%] vs. 25 [29.76%]; 95% CI: [−0.3569– −0.0905]; P = 0.0015) and geriatric (>65 years) (50 [42.73%] vs. 17 [20.23%]; 95% CI: [−0.3492–0.1008]; P = 0.0008). Indian OTs practice significantly more in developmental disability

结论:该研究提供了目前印度与全球ott的偏好和治疗干预实践的立场，从而有助于重新定位OT实践，关注核心OT领域，并为监测实践趋势提供基线。

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引用次数: 0

Attitudes of Indian undergraduate occupational therapy students toward mental health and psychiatry: A cross-sectional survey 印度职业治疗专业本科生对心理健康和精神病学的态度:一项横断面调查

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_19_22

Nidhi Dave, S. Praveen

Background: In India, the number of occupational therapy practitioners currently working in mental health settings is lower than most other specialties. The attitudes of students influence their interest in any field and their desire for working in it. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes of Indian undergraduate occupational therapy students toward mental health and psychiatry, and to explore the differences in attitudes across different years of study, gender, resulting from personal experiences, and educational coursework, and to examine if the attitudes influence future career choices. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional survey. Methods: Permission was obtained from heads of institutions of 14 occupational therapy colleges and the survey link was sent. In order to obtain a representative sample, the link was also shared on social groups. The purpose of the study, voluntary participation, and confidentiality were explained on the landing page. The subsequent sections consisted of the demographic questionnaire, the Attitudes toward Psychiatry-30 (ATP-30) Questionnaire, and the Career Preference Questionnaire. A total of 402 responses were obtained within the stipulated period. Statistical analysis was performed, and the odds ratio using logistic regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient were determined. Results: Gender and contact with persons with mental illness were significant predictors of positive ATP. Females are 5.387 times more likely to have positive ATP (odds ratio [OR] = 5.387, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.101–13.814, P = 0.000). Furthermore, those in contact with persons with mental illness are 2.883 times more likely to have positive ATP (OR = 2.883, 95% CI: 1.076–7.724, P = 0.035). Moderately high positive correlations existed between ATP and career preference in psychiatry. Conclusions: Overall, positive attitudes were found. Significant correlations were seen across the domains of the ATP-30 and career preference in psychiatry. Female students are five times more likely to have positive attitudes than male students. Those in contact with persons with mental illness were almost thrice more likely to have positive attitudes than those without any contact.

背景:在印度，目前在精神卫生机构工作的职业治疗从业人员的数量低于大多数其他专业。学生的态度会影响他们对任何领域的兴趣和从事该领域工作的愿望。目的:本研究旨在探讨印度职业治疗专业本科生对心理健康和精神病学的态度，并探讨不同学习年限、性别、个人经历和教育课程所导致的态度差异，以及这些态度是否影响未来的职业选择。研究设计:这是一项横断面调查。方法:经14所职业治疗院校院长同意，发送调查链接。为了获得一个有代表性的样本，这个链接也被分享到社会群体中。研究的目的、自愿参与和保密在登陆页面上进行了说明。随后的部分包括人口统计问卷、精神病学态度问卷(ATP-30)和职业偏好问卷。在规定期限内共收到402份答复。进行统计学分析，采用logistic回归确定优势比和Pearson相关系数。结果:性别和与精神疾病患者的接触是ATP阳性的显著预测因子。女性ATP阳性的可能性是男性的5.387倍(优势比[OR] = 5.387, 95%可信区间[CI]: 2.101 ~ 13.814, P = 0.000)。此外，与精神疾病患者有接触的人ATP阳性的可能性是其2.883倍(OR = 2.883, 95% CI: 1.076 ~ 7.724, P = 0.035)。ATP与精神科职业偏好呈中高度正相关。结论:总体而言，发现积极的态度。在ATP-30和精神病学职业偏好的各个领域中发现了显著的相关性。女学生的积极态度是男学生的五倍。与精神疾病患者有过接触的人，其积极态度几乎是没有任何接触的人的三倍。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on occupational therapy students' fieldwork in the United States of America 2019冠状病毒病对美国职业治疗专业学生实地工作的影响

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_67_22

Shivani Vij

引用次数: 0

35th WFOT council meeting, world ot day and AIOTA's fellowship program 第35届WFOT理事会会议，世界农业日和AIOTA奖学金计划

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_83_22

A. Srivastava

引用次数: 0

Gender differences in quality of life and subjective happiness in Indian Elderly: A cross-sectional survey 印度老年人生活质量和主观幸福感的性别差异:一项横断面调查

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_32_21

Sarju Moirangthem, Gita Jyoti Ojha

Background: As aging is associated with lower quality of life (QOL), it is important to determine overall QOL and its related factors among older adults. Studies have shown that gender plays an essential role in the perception of health across cultures. As very few studies has been conducted on gender disparity in the elderly in India. Thus, the study was conducted to assess the differences in QOL and subjective happiness between male and female community-dwelling elderly. Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the differences in QOL and subjective happiness between male and female community-dwelling elderly in India. Study Design: The study design involves a cross-sectional survey. Methods: The data were collected from community-dwelling elderly (>60 years of age) based on convenient sampling. QOL and subjective happiness were tested by World Health Organization QOL (WHOQOL)-BREF and the Subjective Happiness Questionnaire. Informed consent was taken before administering the study-specific questionnaire via mail, telephone, or in person. Only completed questionnaires were used. Data hence collected were analyzed. Results: The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, whereas the differences between gender on QOL and happiness were computed using the t-test and Mann–Whitney test, respectively. Gender and educational qualification correlated with QOL measure WHOQOL (P = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.014, 0.527). Furthermore, a positive correlation (P = 0.01; 95% CI: 0.994, 0.998) was found between WHOQOL-BREF and the Subjective Happiness Questionnaire. For the overall QOL and general health section in WHOQOL-BREF, males scored a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 3.825 ± 0.71 and 3.275 ± 1.15, whereas females scored a mean ± SD of 3.875 ± 0.56 and 3.35 ± 1.21. For the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF except for domain 4 (t = 2.17; 95% CI: 26.13, 28.06), mean ± SD (27.10 ± 4.35), (P = 0.033), and Subjective Happiness questionnaire, the differences in the means of elderly males and females were nonsignificant on Mann–Whitney test. Conclusion: This study shows that gender-related factors influence specific areas of QOL, such as females scoring less in physical and psychological factors, whereas scoring better than males in social relationship and environment areas.

背景:随着年龄的增长，生活质量(QOL)下降，确定老年人的总体生活质量及其相关因素是很重要的。研究表明，性别在不同文化对健康的看法中起着至关重要的作用。由于很少有关于印度老年人性别差异的研究。因此，本研究旨在评估男女社区居住长者在生活质素及主观幸福感上的差异。目的:本研究旨在评估印度社区老年人生活质量及主观幸福感的差异。研究设计:研究设计包括横断面调查。方法:采用方便抽样的方法，对60岁以上的社区居住老年人进行调查。采用世界卫生组织生活质量(WHOQOL)-BREF和主观幸福感问卷对生活质量和主观幸福感进行检测。在通过邮件、电话或亲自填写特定研究问卷前获得知情同意。只使用完成的问卷。对收集到的数据进行分析。结果:数据采用描述性分析，性别对生活质量和幸福感的差异分别采用t检验和Mann-Whitney检验。性别、学历与生活质量测量WHOQOL相关(P = 0.05;95%可信区间[CI]: 0.014, 0.527)。此外，正相关(P = 0.01;WHOQOL-BREF与主观幸福感问卷之间存在95% CI: 0.994, 0.998)。WHOQOL-BREF的总体生活质量和一般健康部分，男性的平均±标准差(SD)为3.825±0.71和3.275±1.15，女性的平均±SD为3.875±0.56和3.35±1.21。对于WHOQOL-BREF除域4外的4个域(t = 2.17;95% CI: 26.13, 28.06)， mean±SD(27.10±4.35)，(P = 0.033)，主观幸福感问卷，经Mann-Whitney检验，老年男女均数差异无统计学意义。结论:本研究显示性别相关因素对生活质量的特定领域有影响，如女性在生理和心理方面得分较低，而在社会关系和环境方面得分高于男性。

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引用次数: 0

Current national and international updates on all India occupational therapists' association: Database of professionals for national health professionals register and 35th world federation of occupational therapists council meeting at Paris 所有印度职业治疗师协会的当前国内和国际最新情况:国家卫生专业人员注册专业人员数据库和在巴黎举行的第35届世界职业治疗师联合会理事会会议

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_65_22

A. Srivastava

引用次数: 1

OTICON'2022 Abstracts

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.4103/0445-7706.353353

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Research Priorities for Occupational Therapy in India: A Descriptive Review. 探索印度职业疗法的研究重点：描述性综述。

The Indian journal of occupational therapy

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_58_22

Sureshkumar Kamalakannan, Lakshmanan Sethuraman, Manigandan Chockalingam, Selvaraj Samuelkamaleshkumar, Shobana Devi Moorthy, MuraliKrishnan Srinivasan, Jothikumar Ramakrishnan, Thirumugam Muthuvel, Karthik Mani

Background: Occupational therapists are considered an important workforce for the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities globally. However, in India, the profession is just beginning to gain recognition within the national and state-level systems for health care. One of the reasons for this could be the paucity of specific research related to the development of occupational therapy (OT) and its benefits to the health systems. Therefore, it is of immense public health importance to explore the priorities and gaps in OT research in India. A vast majority of the OT research in India is promoted and disseminated through the All-India Occupational Therapists Association (AIOTA) and its annual national conference (ANC).

Objectives: The objective of this study is to descriptively review the conference abstracts of the AIOTA ANC published in the Indian Journal of OT (IJOT), an official publication of the AIOTA, from 2017 to 2021.

Study design: The study design was a descriptive, nonsystematic review.

Methods: Review of the abstracts selected for the AIOTA ANC published in the IJOT from 2017 to 2021. A data extraction form was developed and used to synthesize data related to the clinical and demographic characteristics of OT research in India.

Results: The search yielded 218 abstracts. State-level trends indicated that close to 85% of the research submissions were from four states and no submissions from the northeastern states until 2020. Nearly 60% of the abstracts were clinical research with OT interventions. About 40% of these research abstracts were related to pediatrics, followed by neurology (17%), musculoskeletal (15%), mental health (10%), and ergonomics and assistive technology (8%). There were 1%-2% of research abstracts submitted related to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and geriatrics. About 85% of the research abstracts were related to impairment (39%), activity limitation (26%), and social participation (22%).

Conclusion: This review highlights the need for diversifying the research in OT in India. This is particularly important in relation to expanding from selected states to pan-India research and development, especially in the northeastern states. Furthermore, the focus of OT research must move beyond impairments and approach disability from the biopsychosocial perspective. It is also very important to diversify the research in OT to areas that are of public health importance such as COVID-19, geriatrics, noncommunicable diseases, and rehabilitation in health systems. Priority setting for research in OT in India is an important implication of this review.

背景：职业治疗师被认为是全球残疾人康复的重要力量。然而，在印度，这一职业刚刚开始在国家和邦一级的医疗保健系统中获得认可。造成这种情况的原因之一可能是与职业疗法（OT）的发展及其对医疗系统的益处有关的具体研究很少。因此，探讨印度职业疗法研究的重点和差距对公共卫生具有重大意义。印度的绝大多数职业疗法研究都是通过全印度职业治疗师协会（AIOTA）及其全国年会（ANC）进行推广和传播的：本研究的目的是描述性地回顾全印度职业治疗师协会的官方刊物《印度职业治疗师期刊》（IJOT）在2017年至2021年期间发表的全印度职业治疗师协会全国年会（ANC）会议摘要：研究设计为描述性、非系统性综述：对 2017 年至 2021 年期间在 IJOT 上发表的 AIOTA ANC 所选摘要进行综述。编制了一份数据提取表，用于综合与印度加班研究的临床和人口统计特征相关的数据：搜索共获得 218 篇摘要。邦一级的趋势表明，近 85% 的研究论文来自四个邦，东北部各邦在 2020 年前没有论文提交。近 60% 的研究摘要是关于加时治疗干预的临床研究。其中约 40% 的研究摘要与儿科有关，其次是神经病学（17%）、肌肉骨骼学（15%）、心理健康（10%）以及人体工程学和辅助技术（8%）。提交的研究摘要中有 1%-2%与冠状病毒病-2019（COVID-19）和老年医学有关。约85%的研究摘要与损伤（39%）、活动限制（26%）和社会参与（22%）有关：本综述强调了印度定向行走研究多样化的必要性。这对于从选定的邦扩展到全印度的研究和发展尤为重要，特别是在东北部各邦。此外，定向行走研究的重点必须超越障碍，从生物-心理-社会的角度研究残疾问题。同样重要的是，要使定向行走研究多样化，研究具有公共卫生重要性的领域，如 COVID-19、老年医学、非传染性疾病和卫生系统中的康复。确定印度定向行走研究的优先次序是本综述的一个重要意义。

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引用次数: 0