Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_5
P. Altbach
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Aiding Students, Buying Students: Financial Aid in America BY RUPERT WILKINSON VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005; 346 PP. Reviewed by Paul Marthers College and university financial assistance in the United States has existed, in one form or another, since the founding of the first institutions of higher learning. At its core, financial help to students, whether it has been in the form of scholarships, loans, and work, has been about access. How and to whom that access has been provided has a complex and multilayered history bound up in notions of merit, obligation, and social justice, involving collisions between mission and market. Yet even in enrollment management circles, that history is elusive and fuzzy, especially the era before entities such as the College Scholarship Service and practices such as need-blind admission. Rupert Wilkinson's Aiding Students, Buying Students: Financial Aid in America fills a knowledge gap, explaining, summarizing, and examining the peculiarly American institution that has come to be known as financial aid. Wilkinson, an emeritus professor of American studies and history at England's University of Sussex, has crafted a book that will interest students of higher education policy, students seeking to understand the history of American colleges and universities, and anyone focused more generally on the history of u.s. institutions. Wilkinson's book should be required reading for admission and financial aid officers, college presidents, lawmakers, and boards of trustees. It is the result of fourteen years of research, including discussions with 475 officials at 133 colleges. Just the illuminating footnotes, extensive bibliography, and detailed glossary of terms could form the basis of a course in American financial aid. For those who choose merely to skim the book or use it simply as a reference, the final chapter, "Reforming the System," is a wordfor-word must read. Here Wilkinson proposes policies and reiterates the complex issues shaping how college officials grapple with questions of access and bottom line pressures. Wilkinson's book is one I read with personal interest, because I am a product of post-World War II spending on higher education, a beneficiary of what was perhaps the apex of the need-based era of financial aid-I entered college in the late 19705. Without financial aid from the Vermont Student Assistance Corporation, the federal government, and the colleges I attended, I would not have completed a bachelor's degree and I would not now be a dean of admissions at an elite private college. Like others in and out of higher education, I have had little more than a vague suspicion that the financial aid policies since the 19505 have not always been standard operating procedure at America's colleges and universities. Aiding Students, Buying Students dispels the numerous myths that inhabit the territory in higher education occupied by financial aid. Chief among those myths is the belief that merit scholarsh
资助学生，购买学生:美国的经济援助，鲁珀特·威尔金森范德比尔特大学出版社，2005;美国的学院和大学的财政援助，以这样或那样的形式存在，自从第一批高等教育机构成立以来。其核心是，对学生的经济帮助，无论是以奖学金、贷款还是工作的形式，都是关于获得机会的。如何以及向谁提供这种机会有着复杂而多层次的历史，与功绩、义务和社会正义的概念紧密联系在一起，涉及使命和市场之间的冲突。然而，即使在招生管理圈，这段历史也是难以捉摸和模糊的，尤其是在大学奖学金服务(College Scholarship Service)等机构和盲目录取(need-blind admission)等做法出现之前的那个时代。鲁珀特·威尔金森的《资助学生，购买学生:美国的经济援助》填补了知识空白，解释、总结和审视了美国特有的经济援助制度。威尔金森是英国苏塞克斯大学(University of Sussex)美国研究和历史荣誉退休教授，他精心创作的这本书将引起关注高等教育政策的学生、想要了解美国高校历史的学生，以及任何更关注美国院校历史的人的兴趣。威尔金森的书应该是招生和财政援助官员、大学校长、立法者和董事会的必读书目。这是14年研究的结果，包括与133所大学的475名官员讨论。只要有启发性的脚注、广泛的参考书目和详细的术语表，就可以构成美国经济援助课程的基础。对于那些只选择略读或仅仅将其作为参考的人来说，最后一章“改革体制”是一本必须逐字阅读的书。在这里，威尔金森提出了政策建议，并重申了影响大学官员如何应对入学问题和底线压力的复杂问题。威尔金森的书是一本我怀着个人兴趣阅读的书，因为我是二战后高等教育支出的产物，可能是基于需求的经济援助时代的顶峰时期的受益者——我在20世纪70年代末进入大学。如果没有佛蒙特州学生援助公司、联邦政府和我上过的大学的经济援助，我就不会完成学士学位，也不会成为一所精英私立大学的招生主任。像其他高等教育内外的人一样，我只是模糊地怀疑，自20世纪50年代以来，经济援助政策并不总是美国高校的标准操作程序。资助学生，购买学生打破了经济资助在高等教育领域所占据的众多神话。在这些误解中，最主要的是认为优秀奖学金只是最近才重新出现，以排挤无处不在的基于需求的经济援助。根据这种信念，大学在向有价值的学生分配资金时，历史上只是出于无私的目的。根据威尔金森的说法，这种观点是对事实的浪漫化扭曲。他的书令人信服地证明，在为贫困者提供奖学金和为优等生提供奖学金之间存在着长期存在的历史紧张关系。举个例子，在最早的奖学金发放过程中，耶鲁大学的官员们就是否提供礼物资助、贷款、工作资助，还是两者兼而有之进行了辩论。威尔金森指出，奖学金援助的概念从未远离美国人关于价值、自力更生和依赖的观念。例如，在斯坦福大学，最初的免学费政策遭到了受益者赫伯特·胡佛(Herbert Hoover)的批评，称其降低了学生的“责任感”。回顾美国第一所大学哈佛大学，威尔金森发现，基于需求的奖学金资助背后的一个主要目的是让牧师的孩子上得起大学，他们主要是中产阶级。…
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789087901035_005
P. Altbach
An array of institutions, agencies, corporations, and other businesses are calling themselves universities these days. It is time to call a halt to this trend, which is debasing the nomenclature of knowledge and scholarship. Just as important, these institutions are in many cases providing "degrees" to people who have not studied in a university and who have not earned the academic titles. I refer here to a wide variety of organizations, including: * University of Phoenix-This is now America's largest private "university" and is accredited to offer academic degrees; * Jones International University-Also accredited, it is the first U.S.-based Internet-only "university"; * Cardean University-Part of U-Next, a company with links to Stanford, Columbia and other major universities, it "packages" courses for Internet delivery and offers degrees in several professional fields; and * Motorola University-Owned by a major corporation, this "university" offers training to employees as well as outsiders. These examples are all in the for-proflt sector, as are most of the new pseudouniversities, but the issue of for-profit versus nonprofit status is not the critical factor here.These new pscudouniversities are not universities. They may offer valuable training in fields that appeal to eager customers. They may provide this training in "classes" taught by teachers in a "site based" traditional format, offer instruction through the Internet or other new distance arrangements, or perhaps use a combination of modes of delivery. They may employ well-qualified instructors, although seldom on a full-time basis. But they do not fit the definition of a university and should not bear this title. The time has come to scrutinize the role of this new phenomenon in the universe of postsccondary education. The issue here is not the value or usefulness of the new providers of training but rather protecting one of society's most valuable institutions-the university. What is a University? Denning a university is not an easy task, especially in this era of differentiation in higher education, with new and diverse institutions emerging everywhere. However, we can probably agree on a set of common functions and values. Universities, from their medieval beginnings, have seen themselves as independent places of teaching and analysis, encompassing most of the disciplines known at the time. Universities are normally expected to offer undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees in a variety of disciplines and fields, and have been imbued with a sense of responsibility for the public good, be it preserving books in libraries, sponsoring art museums, or service to local communities. For almost two centuries, research, especially basic research, has been a key function of a university. Often times professors-with long-term or permanent appointments-have been at the heart of the university, exercising control over the curriculum, the admission of students, and the awarding of degree
如今，许多机构、机构、公司和其他企业都称自己为大学。现在是时候停止这种趋势了，它正在贬低知识和学术的命名。同样重要的是，这些机构在很多情况下为那些没有在大学学习过、没有获得学术头衔的人提供“学位”。我指的是各种各样的组织，包括:*凤凰城大学——这是现在美国最大的私立“大学”，并被认可提供学位;*琼斯国际大学——也是经过认证的，它是美国第一所只使用互联网的“大学”;*卡迪安大学(Cardean university)——隶属于U-Next公司，该公司与斯坦福大学(Stanford)、哥伦比亚大学(Columbia)和其他主要大学都有联系，它为互联网传输“打包”了课程，并提供多个专业领域的学位;摩托罗拉大学——由一家大公司所有，这所“大学”既为员工提供培训，也为外部人员提供培训。这些例子都是在营利部门，就像大多数新的伪大学一样，但营利性与非营利性的问题并不是这里的关键因素。这些新的伪大学并不是大学。他们可能会在吸引急切客户的领域提供有价值的培训。他们可以在教师以“基于现场”的传统形式讲授的“课堂”中提供这种培训，也可以通过互联网或其他新的远程安排提供指导，或者可能使用多种交付模式的组合。他们可能会雇用非常合格的教师，尽管很少是全职的。但它们不符合大学的定义，不应该被称为大学。是时候仔细审视这一新现象在高等教育领域的作用了。这里的问题不是新的培训提供者的价值或有用性，而是保护社会最有价值的机构之一——大学。什么是大学?选择一所大学并不是一件容易的事，尤其是在这个高等教育分化的时代，各种各样的新机构层出不穷。然而，我们可能会在一组共同的功能和值上达成一致。从中世纪开始，大学就把自己视为独立的教学和分析场所，涵盖了当时已知的大多数学科。大学通常被期望提供各种学科和领域的本科、研究生和专业学位，并被灌输了对公共利益的责任感，无论是在图书馆保存书籍，赞助艺术博物馆，还是为当地社区服务。近两个世纪以来，研究，尤其是基础研究，一直是大学的一项关键职能。通常情况下，长期或永久任命的教授一直是大学的核心，对课程设置、学生录取和学位授予行使控制。当代大学本身也是多种多样的。麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)不称自己为一所大学，但它确实是一所名副其实的大学。尽管名字叫波士顿学院，但它是一所大学，因为它提供许多领域的研究生和专业学位。洛克菲勒大学是一所专门从事生物医学领域研究生培训和研究的小型机构，它自称是一所大学，但尽管它的质量和声誉很高，但它可能过于专业化了。大学可以是公立的，大部分资金来自政府，也可以是私人控制的，对自己的预算负责。有的由宗教组织管理;在一些国家，大学是由家庭管理的;还有少数以营利为目的的大学，比如在菲律宾。在过去的几十年里，一种全新的高等教育机构模式出现了。…
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{"title":"How to Do a Conference.","authors":"R. M. Swanson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt1ddr8z0.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ddr8z0.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72568363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who Should Pass Judgment","authors":"C. C. Bull","doi":"10.2307/40250638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40250638","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72716063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-01-01DOI: 10.4324/9780203813751-17
Robert A. Sevier
{"title":"Creating a Marketing Plan.","authors":"Robert A. Sevier","doi":"10.4324/9780203813751-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813751-17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-01-01DOI: 10.12968/sece.2008.1.1080
Douglas Hartnagel
{"title":"Supporting the Support Staff.","authors":"Douglas Hartnagel","doi":"10.12968/sece.2008.1.1080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12968/sece.2008.1.1080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73699536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781412939607.n720
A. Koenig
United Way has served the needs of individuals and families in Maricopa County since 1925. Together with volunteers, partners, donors and business supporters, United Way is building caring communities where each person has the opportunity to achieve the aspirations we all share: a good education for our kids, a roof over our heads, food on the table and the security that comes with financial independence. Your support makes it possible for United Way to achieve its very important community objectives that affect every person, family and business in the Valley: 1. Ensure children and youth succeed 2. End hunger and homelessness 3. Increase the financial stability of families and individuals Together, thanks to your compassion and generosity, we are improving the lives and entire communities one success story at a time. View stories of impact. It's time for ASU and United Way to make a difference!
{"title":"The United Way.","authors":"A. Koenig","doi":"10.4135/9781412939607.n720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939607.n720","url":null,"abstract":"United Way has served the needs of individuals and families in Maricopa County since 1925. Together with volunteers, partners, donors and business supporters, United Way is building caring communities where each person has the opportunity to achieve the aspirations we all share: a good education for our kids, a roof over our heads, food on the table and the security that comes with financial independence. Your support makes it possible for United Way to achieve its very important community objectives that affect every person, family and business in the Valley: 1. Ensure children and youth succeed 2. End hunger and homelessness 3. Increase the financial stability of families and individuals Together, thanks to your compassion and generosity, we are improving the lives and entire communities one success story at a time. View stories of impact. It's time for ASU and United Way to make a difference!","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85520366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-01-01DOI: 10.4324/9780203399996-13
D. Landman
{"title":"The Will to Communicate.","authors":"D. Landman","doi":"10.4324/9780203399996-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203399996-13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80987627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Past Is But Prologue.","authors":"J. Chu","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhbz.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhbz.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75260,"journal":{"name":"Tribal college and university research journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91323203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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