Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893189
Case–control study: An epidemiologic approach in which previously existing cases of a condition (e.g., a type of cancer) are compared with a control group of people who have similar characteristics (e.g., gender, age, and alcohol use history) but have not developed the condition under investigation; the two groups are compared to determine which factor (e.g., ALD allele) may account for the increased disease incidence in the case group.
{"title":"Glossary","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893189","url":null,"abstract":"Case–control study: An epidemiologic approach in which previously existing cases of a condition (e.g., a type of cancer) are compared with a control group of people who have similar characteristics (e.g., gender, age, and alcohol use history) but have not developed the condition under investigation; the two groups are compared to determine which factor (e.g., ALD allele) may account for the increased disease incidence in the case group.","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"44 1","pages":"32 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90814739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94355-8_7
R. Mann, R. Smart, Richard Govoni
{"title":"The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease","authors":"R. Mann, R. Smart, Richard Govoni","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-94355-8_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94355-8_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"82 1","pages":"209 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74581476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.5840/teachphil201033454
canadien de chiruS'gie
Bagby, G.J. Alcohol’s Role in HIV Transmission and Disease Progression Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 203–218 Barve, S. Focus on the Liver: Alcohol Use, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Disease in HIVInfected Patients Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 229–236 Boyle, M.G. An EHealth Solution for People With Alcohol Problems Vol. 33, No. 4, Pages 327–337 Braithwaite, R.S. Integrating HIV/AIDS and Alcohol Research Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 167–178 Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Adherence to and Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy and Survival Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 280–287 Bryant, K.J. Integrating HIV/AIDS and Alcohol Research Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 167–178 Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Adherence to and Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy and Survival Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 280–287
{"title":"Volume 33 Index","authors":"canadien de chiruS'gie","doi":"10.5840/teachphil201033454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/teachphil201033454","url":null,"abstract":"Bagby, G.J. Alcohol’s Role in HIV Transmission and Disease Progression Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 203–218 Barve, S. Focus on the Liver: Alcohol Use, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Disease in HIVInfected Patients Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 229–236 Boyle, M.G. An EHealth Solution for People With Alcohol Problems Vol. 33, No. 4, Pages 327–337 Braithwaite, R.S. Integrating HIV/AIDS and Alcohol Research Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 167–178 Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Adherence to and Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy and Survival Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 280–287 Bryant, K.J. Integrating HIV/AIDS and Alcohol Research Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 167–178 Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Adherence to and Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy and Survival Vol. 33, No. 3, Pages 280–287","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"6 1","pages":"395 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79371041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1086
S. Moore, L. Montane-Jaime, L. Carr, C. Ehlers
{"title":"Variations in Alcohol-Metabolizing Enzymes in People of East Indian and African Descent from Trinidad and Tobago","authors":"S. Moore, L. Montane-Jaime, L. Carr, C. Ehlers","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.1086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"65 1","pages":"28 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74074210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9780857931481.00032
γAminobutyric acid (GABA): A neurotransmitter that in the brain acts to reduce the activity of the signal receiving neuron. Action potential: A rapid change in cell membrane potential (the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane) followed by a return to the resting potential. An action potential is the basis of the signalcarrying ability of nerve cells. Adrenal glands: Small structures located on top of the kidneys that produce numerous hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, which are important factors in the stress response). Affinity: A measure of how easily and tightly a substance binds to a receptor. Agonist: An agent that mimics the actions or effects of another agent (e.g., a drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter). Alcohol deprivation effect: Animal model of relapse in which animals are first chronically exposed to alcohol, followed by a period during which alcohol is withheld; if alcohol is then reintroduced, the animals consume more alcohol than before the enforced abstinence period. Allele: One of two or more variants of a gene or other DNA sequences. Alternative splicing: The RNAsplicing variation mechanism in which the exons of the primary gene transcript, the premessenger RNA (mRNA), are separated and recon nected so as to produce alternative ribonucleotide arrangements. Alternative splicing uses genetic expression to facilitate the synthesis of a greater variety of proteins. Amygdala: Almondshaped groups of nerve cells (i.e., neurons) located deep in the brain that are involved in the processing and memory of emotional reactions. Anisotropic: Not having properties that are all in the same direction; showing differences in a property or effect in different directions. Antagonist: An agent that blocks or reverses the actions or effects of another agent (e.g., a drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter). Anxiogenic: Anxiety inducing. Anxiolytic: Anxiety reducing. Astrocytes: Characteristic starshaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord that, among other functions, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, and play a principal role in repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord. Axon: The long, thin fiber protruding from a nerve cell that carries integrated nerve signals in the form of electrical signals to other nerve cells. Basal ganglia: A group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Mammalian basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning. Cation: Atom or molecule carrying a positive electrical charge. Caudate nucleus: A nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. It is involved with control of voluntary movement, and is an important part of the brain’s learning and memory system. Cerebellum: A region of the brain involved in the coordina tion of movement. Cerebrospinal fluid: Fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Choliner
{"title":"Glossary","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9780857931481.00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931481.00032","url":null,"abstract":"γAminobutyric acid (GABA): A neurotransmitter that in the brain acts to reduce the activity of the signal receiving neuron. Action potential: A rapid change in cell membrane potential (the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane) followed by a return to the resting potential. An action potential is the basis of the signalcarrying ability of nerve cells. Adrenal glands: Small structures located on top of the kidneys that produce numerous hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, which are important factors in the stress response). Affinity: A measure of how easily and tightly a substance binds to a receptor. Agonist: An agent that mimics the actions or effects of another agent (e.g., a drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter). Alcohol deprivation effect: Animal model of relapse in which animals are first chronically exposed to alcohol, followed by a period during which alcohol is withheld; if alcohol is then reintroduced, the animals consume more alcohol than before the enforced abstinence period. Allele: One of two or more variants of a gene or other DNA sequences. Alternative splicing: The RNAsplicing variation mechanism in which the exons of the primary gene transcript, the premessenger RNA (mRNA), are separated and recon nected so as to produce alternative ribonucleotide arrangements. Alternative splicing uses genetic expression to facilitate the synthesis of a greater variety of proteins. Amygdala: Almondshaped groups of nerve cells (i.e., neurons) located deep in the brain that are involved in the processing and memory of emotional reactions. Anisotropic: Not having properties that are all in the same direction; showing differences in a property or effect in different directions. Antagonist: An agent that blocks or reverses the actions or effects of another agent (e.g., a drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter). Anxiogenic: Anxiety inducing. Anxiolytic: Anxiety reducing. Astrocytes: Characteristic starshaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord that, among other functions, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, and play a principal role in repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord. Axon: The long, thin fiber protruding from a nerve cell that carries integrated nerve signals in the form of electrical signals to other nerve cells. Basal ganglia: A group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Mammalian basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning. Cation: Atom or molecule carrying a positive electrical charge. Caudate nucleus: A nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. It is involved with control of voluntary movement, and is an important part of the brain’s learning and memory system. Cerebellum: A region of the brain involved in the coordina tion of movement. Cerebrospinal fluid: Fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Choliner","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"345 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80565387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1787/agr_outlook-2017-15-en
The central curriculum recommended by the Curriculum Development Council includes the aim and goals of the school curriculum, five essential learning experiences, the set of learning targets of each Key Learning Area framework, generic skills, values and attitudes suggested in Chapter Three, and subsequent KLA and subject guides to be issued. Other requirements may include learning time allocated to each KLA, and specific needs of KLAs, e.g. core component, essential elements of learning when appropriate. (See school-based curriculum as well)
{"title":"Glossary","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/agr_outlook-2017-15-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2017-15-en","url":null,"abstract":"The central curriculum recommended by the Curriculum Development Council includes the aim and goals of the school curriculum, five essential learning experiences, the set of learning targets of each Key Learning Area framework, generic skills, values and attitudes suggested in Chapter Three, and subsequent KLA and subject guides to be issued. Other requirements may include learning time allocated to each KLA, and specific needs of KLAs, e.g. core component, essential elements of learning when appropriate. (See school-based curriculum as well)","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"51 1","pages":"279 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88871643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781781009727.00027
Cytochromes: Specialized enzymes within mitochondria and other cell structures. Different cytochromes play impor tant roles in metabolizing toxic substances, drugs, and other chemicals, as well as in producing adenosine triphos phate (ATP). Cytokines: A family of molecules, produced primarily by cells of the immune system, that regulate cellular interac tions and other functions. Many cytokines play impor tant roles in initiating and regulating inflammation. Cytoplasm: The substance filling the cell, including the cytosol as well as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other cell structures (organelles) but excluding the nucleus.
{"title":"Glossary","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781781009727.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781009727.00027","url":null,"abstract":"Cytochromes: Specialized enzymes within mitochondria and other cell structures. Different cytochromes play impor tant roles in metabolizing toxic substances, drugs, and other chemicals, as well as in producing adenosine triphos phate (ATP). Cytokines: A family of molecules, produced primarily by cells of the immune system, that regulate cellular interac tions and other functions. Many cytokines play impor tant roles in initiating and regulating inflammation. Cytoplasm: The substance filling the cell, including the cytosol as well as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other cell structures (organelles) but excluding the nucleus.","PeriodicalId":7530,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol Research & Health","volume":"49 1","pages":"256 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82782938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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