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Decoding the genetic landscape of autism: A comprehensive review. 解码自闭症的基因图谱:全面回顾。
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i3.98468
Mohammed Al-Beltagi, Nermin Kamal Saeed, Adel Salah Bediwy, Eman A Bediwy, Reem Elbeltagi

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms and genetic underpinnings. Recent advancements in genetic and epigenetic research have provided insights into the intricate mechanisms contributing to ASD, influencing both diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Aim: To explore the genetic architecture of ASD, elucidate mechanistic insights into genetic mutations, and examine gene-environment interactions.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted, integrating findings from studies on genetic variations, epigenetic mechanisms (such as DNA methylation and histone modifications), and emerging technologies [including Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 and single-cell RNA sequencing]. Relevant articles were identified through systematic searches of databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: Genetic studies have identified numerous risk genes and mutations associated with ASD, yet many cases remain unexplained by known factors, suggesting undiscovered genetic components. Mechanistic insights into how these genetic mutations impact neural development and brain connectivity are still evolving. Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, also play significant roles in ASD pathogenesis. Emerging technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 and advanced bioinformatics are advancing our understanding by enabling precise genetic editing and analysis of complex genomic data.

Conclusion: Continued research into the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of ASD is crucial for developing personalized and effective treatments. Collaborative efforts integrating multidisciplinary expertise and international collaborations are essential to address the complexity of ASD and translate genetic discoveries into clinical practice. Addressing unresolved questions and ethical considerations surrounding genetic research will pave the way for improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapies, ultimately enhancing outcomes for individuals affected by ASD.

背景:自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种复杂的神经发育疾病,其特点是症状和遗传基础各不相同。遗传学和表观遗传学研究的最新进展使人们深入了解了导致自闭症的复杂机制,并对诊断和治疗策略产生了影响。目的:探索自闭症的遗传结构,阐明基因突变的机理,并研究基因与环境的相互作用:方法:对遗传变异、表观遗传机制(如 DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰)和新兴技术[包括聚类正则间隔短链色重复序列 (CRISPR)-Cas9 和单细胞 RNA 测序]的研究结果进行了全面的系统综述。通过对 PubMed 和 Google Scholar 等数据库进行系统检索,确定了相关文章:遗传学研究发现了许多与 ASD 相关的风险基因和突变,但许多病例仍无法用已知因素解释,这表明还有未被发现的遗传因素。关于这些基因突变如何影响神经发育和大脑连接的机制研究仍在不断发展。表观遗传修饰,尤其是 DNA 甲基化和非编码 RNA,在 ASD 发病机制中也起着重要作用。CRISPR-Cas9等新兴技术和先进的生物信息学通过实现精确的基因编辑和分析复杂的基因组数据,正在推进我们的认识:结论:继续研究 ASD 的遗传和表观遗传基础对于开发个性化的有效治疗方法至关重要。要解决 ASD 的复杂性并将基因发现转化为临床实践,就必须整合多学科专业知识并开展国际合作。解决围绕基因研究的未决问题和伦理考虑将为改进诊断工具和靶向治疗铺平道路,最终提高 ASD 患者的治疗效果。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnostic significance of complete blood cell count and hemogram-derived markers for neonatal sepsis at Southwest Public Hospitals, Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚西南部公立医院新生儿败血症全血细胞计数和血液图衍生标记物的诊断意义
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.92392
D. Regassa, Rahel Shumi Nagaash, Bisirat Fikadu Habtu, Woyesa Beyene Haile
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is defined as an infection-related condition characterized by signs and symptoms of bacteremia within the first month of life. It is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among newborns. While several studies have been conducted in other parts of world to assess the usefulness of complete blood count parameters and hemogram-derived markers as early screening tools for neonatal sepsis, the associations between sepsis and its complications with these blood parameters are still being investigated in our setting and are not yet part of routine practice. AIM To evaluate the diagnostic significance of complete blood cell count hemogram-derived novel markers for neonatal sepsis among neonates attending public hospitals in the southwest region of Oromia, Ethiopia, through a case control study. METHODS A case control study was conducted from October 2021 to October 2023 Sociodemographic, clinical history, and laboratory test results data were collected using structured questionnaires. The collected data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 version and exported to SPSS-25 for analysis. Chi-square, independent sample t -test, and receiver operator characteristics curve of curve were used for analysis. A P -value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS In this study, significant increases were observed in the following values in the case group compared to the control group: In white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils, monocyte, mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophils to lymphocyte ratio, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), red blood cell width to platelet count ratio (RPR), red blood width coefficient variation, MPV to RPR, and platelet to lymphocyte ratio. Regarding MLR, a cut-off value of ≥ 0.26 was found, with a sensitivity of 68%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 93.2%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 74.8%. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.828 (P < 0.001). For WBC, a cut-off value of ≥ 11.42 was identified, with a sensitivity of 55%, a specificity of 89%, a PPV of 83.3%, and a NPV of 66.4%. The AUC was 0.81 (P < 0.001). Neutrophils had a sensitivity of 67%, a specificity of 81%, a PPV of 77.9%, and a NPV of 71.1%. The AUC was 0.801, with a cut-off value of ≥ 6.76 (P = 0.001). These results indicate that they were excellent predictors of neonatal sepsis diagnosis. CONCLUSION The findings of our study suggest that certain hematological parameters and hemogram-derived markers may have a potential role in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
背景 新生儿败血症被定义为一种与感染有关的疾病,其特征是在出生后的第一个月内出现菌血症的症状和体征。它是新生儿死亡和发病的主要原因。虽然世界其他地区已开展多项研究,评估全血细胞计数参数和血液图衍生标记物作为新生儿败血症早期筛查工具的有用性,但在我国,败血症及其并发症与这些血液参数之间的关联仍在调查中,尚未成为常规做法的一部分。目的 通过病例对照研究,评估在埃塞俄比亚奥罗莫西南部地区公立医院就诊的新生儿全血细胞计数血液图衍生新标记物对新生儿败血症的诊断意义。方法 在 2021 年 10 月至 2023 年 10 月期间开展病例对照研究,采用结构化问卷收集社会人口学、临床病史和实验室检测结果数据。收集到的数据被输入 Epi-data 3.1 版本,并导出到 SPSS-25 进行分析。分析采用了卡方检验、独立样本 t 检验和接受者操作特征曲线。P 值小于 0.05 视为具有统计学意义。结果 在本研究中,与对照组相比,病例组的下列数值明显增加:白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、平均血小板体积(MPV)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(MLR)、红细胞宽度与血小板计数比值(RPR)、红细胞宽度变异系数、MPV 与 RPR 比值以及血小板与淋巴细胞比值。就 MLR 而言,截断值≥ 0.26 的灵敏度为 68%,特异性为 95%,阳性预测值 (PPV) 为 93.2%,阴性预测值 (NPV) 为 74.8%。曲线下面积(AUC)为 0.828(P < 0.001)。白细胞的临界值为≥11.42,灵敏度为 55%,特异性为 89%,PPV 为 83.3%,NPV 为 66.4%。AUC为0.81(P<0.001)。中性粒细胞的敏感性为 67%,特异性为 81%,PPV 为 77.9%,NPV 为 71.1%。AUC为0.801,临界值≥6.76(P = 0.001)。这些结果表明,它们是新生儿败血症诊断的极佳预测指标。结论 我们的研究结果表明,某些血液学参数和血液图衍生标记物可能在新生儿败血症的诊断中发挥潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal timing for plastic surgical procedures for common congenital anomalies: A review 常见先天性畸形整形手术的最佳时机:综述
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.90583
A. Goel, Arun Goel
Apart from listening to the cry of a healthy newborn, it is the declaration by the attending paediatrician in the labour room that the child is normal which brings utmost joy to parents. The global incidence of children born with congenital anomalies has been reported to be 3%-6% with more than 90% of these occurring in low- and middle-income group countries. The exact percentages/total numbers of children requiring surgical treatment cannot be estimated for several reasons. These children are operated under several surgical disciplines, viz, paediatric-, plastic reconstructive, neuro-, cardiothoracic-, orthopaedic surgery etc . These conditions may be life-threatening, e.g. , trachea-oesophageal fistula, critical pulmonary stenosis, etc . and require immediate surgical intervention. Some, e.g. , hydrocephalus, may need intervention as soon as the patient is fit for surgery. Some, e.g. , patent ductus arteriosus need ‘wait and watch’ policy up to a certain age in the hope of spontaneous recovery. Another extremely important category is that of patients where the operative intervention is done based on their age. Almost all the congenital anomalies coming under care of a plastic surgeon are operated as elective surgery (many as multiple stages of correction) at appropriate ages. There are advantages and disadvantages of intervention at different ages. In this article, we present a review of optimal timings, along with reasoning, for surgery of many of the common congenital anomalies which are treated by plastic surgeons. Obstetricians, paediatricians and general practitioners/family physicians, who most often are the first ones to come across such children, must know to guide the parents appropriately and convincingly impress upon the them as to why their child should not be operated immediately and also the consequences of too soon or too late.
除了聆听健康新生儿的啼哭声,儿科主治医生在产房宣布孩子正常也会给父母带来无比的喜悦。据报道,全球先天性畸形儿的发病率为 3%-6%,其中 90% 以上发生在中低收入国家。由于多种原因,需要手术治疗的儿童的确切百分比/总数无法估计。这些儿童需要在儿科、整形外科、神经外科、心胸外科、矫形外科等多个外科领域接受手术治疗。这些病症可能危及生命,如气管食道瘘、严重肺动脉狭窄等,需要立即进行手术治疗。有些病症,如脑积水,可能需要在患者适合手术后立即进行干预。有些病人,如动脉导管未闭,则需要 "等待和观察",直到达到一定年龄,希望能自然康复。另一个极为重要的类别是根据患者的年龄进行手术干预。整形外科医生负责的几乎所有先天性畸形都是在适当的年龄进行选择性手术(许多是多阶段矫正)。在不同年龄段进行干预各有利弊。在本文中,我们将对整形外科医生治疗的许多常见先天性畸形的最佳手术时间进行回顾,并说明理由。产科医生、儿科医生和全科医生/家庭医生往往是最先接触到这类患儿的人,他们必须知道如何适当地指导家长,并让他们信服地理解为什么不应该立即为孩子动手术,以及过早或过晚的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life: A ‎‎comprehensive review ‎ 婴儿期小阴唇的早期治疗可挽救成年后的感性生活:全面回顾
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.89224
Mohammed Al-Beltagi, N. Saeed, A. Bediwy, Majed A Shaikh, Reem Elbeltagi
Microphallus/Micropenis is a rare condition with significant physical and psychological implications for affected individuals. This article comprehensively reviews micropenis, its etiology, epidemiology, and various treatment options. We conducted a thorough literature review to collect relevant information on micropenis and microphallus, as well as related disorders. Our primary databases were PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. We searched for articles published in English between 2000 and 2023. Our analysis included 67 review articles, 56 research studies, 11 case reports, one guideline, and one editorial. Our search terms included "microphallus", "micropenis", "congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism", "androgen insensitivity syndrome", "pediatric management of micropenis", "testosterone therapy", and "psychosocial implications of micropenis". We focused on diagnosing micropenis and related conditions, including hormonal assessments, medical and surgical treatment options, psychosocial and psychological well-being, sexual development of adolescents, and sociocultural influences on men's perceptions of penile size. Additionally, we explored parenting and family dynamics in cases of micropenis and disorders of sex development, implications of hormonal treatment in neonates, and studies related to penile augmentation procedures and their effectiveness. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in addressing the physical and psychological well-being of individuals with micropenis. Surgical procedures, such as penile lengthening and girth enhancement, and non-surgical approaches like hormonal therapy are explored. The significance of psychological support, education, and lifestyle modifications is emphasized. Early management and comprehensive care are crucial for individuals with micropenis, from infancy to adolescence and beyond. A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, endocrinologists, and mental health professionals is recommended. Regular assessment of treatment effectiveness and the need for updated guidelines are essential to provide the best possible care. Healthcare professionals should prioritize early diagnosis, and neonatologists should measure stretched penile length in neonates. A collaborative effort is needed among professionals, parents, and affected individuals to create a supportive environment that recognizes worth beyond physical differences. Continuous research and evidence-based updates are crucial for improving care standards.
小阴茎/阴茎畸形是一种罕见的疾病,对患者的生理和心理都有重大影响。本文全面回顾了小阴茎症及其病因学、流行病学和各种治疗方案。我们进行了全面的文献综述,以收集有关小阴茎和小阴囊以及相关疾病的信息。我们的主要数据库是 PubMed、Medline 和 Google Scholar。我们搜索了 2000 年至 2023 年间发表的英文文章。我们的分析包括 67 篇综述文章、56 项研究、11 份病例报告、1 份指南和 1 篇社论。我们的检索词包括 "小阴茎"、"小阴茎症"、"先天性性腺功能减退症"、"雄激素不敏感综合征"、"小阴茎症的儿科治疗"、"睾酮治疗 "和 "小阴茎症的社会心理影响"。我们的重点是诊断小阴茎症和相关疾病,包括激素评估、药物和手术治疗方案、社会心理和心理健康、青少年的性发育以及社会文化对男性阴茎大小看法的影响。此外,我们还探讨了小阴茎和性发育障碍病例中的养育和家庭动态、激素治疗对新生儿的影响,以及与阴茎增粗术及其有效性相关的研究。文章强调了早期诊断和干预对解决小阴茎症患者身心健康的重要性。文章探讨了阴茎延长术和阴茎周径增粗术等手术方法以及荷尔蒙疗法等非手术方法。强调了心理支持、教育和生活方式调整的重要性。从婴儿期到青春期及以后,早期管理和全面护理对小阴茎症患者至关重要。建议采用多学科方法,包括泌尿科医生、内分泌科医生和心理健康专家。定期评估治疗效果和更新指南对于提供最佳治疗至关重要。医护人员应优先考虑早期诊断,新生儿科医生应测量新生儿阴茎的伸展长度。专业人员、家长和受影响的个人需要共同努力,创造一个支持性的环境,承认超越生理差异的价值。持续的研究和循证更新对于提高护理标准至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases: Pros and cons 小儿胃肠道疾病中的粪便钙蛋白:利与弊
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.93341
Mohammed Al-Beltagi, N. Saeed, A. Bediwy, Reem Elbeltagi
BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is a valuable biomarker for assessing intestinal inflammation in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases. However, its role, pros, and cons in various conditions must be comprehensively elucidated. AIM To explore the role of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases, including its advantages and limitations. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and other scientific research engines until February 24, 2024. The review included 88 research articles, 56 review articles, six meta-analyses, two systematic reviews, two consensus papers, and two letters to the editors. RESULTS Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker for detecting intestinal inflammation and monitoring disease activity in pediatric conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, coronavirus disease 2019-induced gastrointestinal disorders, gastroenteritis, and cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal pathology. However, its lack of specificity and susceptibility to various confounding factors pose challenges in interpretation. Despite these limitations, fecal calprotectin offers significant advantages in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing pediatric gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSION Fecal calprotectin holds promise as a valuable tool in pediatric gastroenterology, offering insights into disease activity, treatment response, and prognosis. Standardized protocols and guidelines are needed to optimize its clinical utility and mitigate interpretation challenges. Further research is warranted to address the identified limitations and enhance our understanding of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.
背景 粪钙蛋白是评估小儿胃肠道疾病中肠道炎症的一种有价值的生物标记物。然而,必须全面阐明其在各种疾病中的作用、利弊。目的 探讨粪便钙蛋白在小儿胃肠道疾病中的作用,包括其优点和局限性。方法 截至 2024 年 2 月 24 日,在 PubMed、PubMed Central、Google Scholar 和其他科研引擎上进行了全面检索。综述包括 88 篇研究文章、56 篇综述文章、6 篇荟萃分析、2 篇系统综述、2 篇共识论文和 2 封致编辑的信。结果 粪便钙蛋白是一种非侵入性标志物,可用于检测肠道炎症和监测儿科疾病的疾病活动性,如功能性胃肠功能紊乱、炎症性肠病、腹腔疾病、冠状病毒病2019年最新注册送彩金诱发的胃肠功能紊乱、胃肠炎和囊性纤维化相关肠道病变。然而,该指标缺乏特异性且易受各种干扰因素的影响,这给解释工作带来了挑战。尽管存在这些局限性,但粪便热保护蛋白在诊断、监测和管理小儿胃肠道疾病方面仍具有显著优势。结论 粪便热保护蛋白有望成为儿科胃肠病学的重要工具,为疾病活动、治疗反应和预后提供洞察力。需要标准化的方案和指南来优化其临床实用性并减少解释方面的挑战。我们有必要开展进一步的研究,以解决已发现的局限性,并加深我们对粪便钙粘蛋白在儿科胃肠道疾病中的应用的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling childhood asthma: Exploring biomarkers, zinc, and beyond 揭开儿童哮喘的神秘面纱:探索生物标志物、锌及其他成分
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91699
Amit Agrawal
This editorial discusses a case-control study by Ibrahim et al, published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics . Childhood bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease. It was found that an increase in oxidative stress leads to a decrease in antioxidants causing oxidative damage to mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes resulting in the inflammation of the airway, hypersecretion of mucus causing a cascade of clinical manifestations ranging from recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness to shortness of breath. Since oxidative stress mediates the inflammatory response in asthma, the supplementation of anti-oxidants can be one strategy to manage this disease. Zinc is one such antioxidant that has attracted much attention about asthma and airway inflammation. Zinc is a crucial trace element for human metabolism that helps to regulate gene expression, enzyme activity, and protein structure. Apart from zinc, free serum ferritin levels are also elevated in case of inflammation. Several previous studies found that ferritin levels may also help determine the pathology of disease and predict prognosis in addition to tracking disease activity. However, this study's results were different from the findings of the previous studies and the zinc levels did not show a significant difference between asthmatic children and non-asthmatic children but ferritin levels were significantly high in asthmatic children as compared to the controls. Hence, the possible role of the biochemical nutritional assessment including zinc and ferritin as biomarkers for asthma severity should be assessed in the future.
这篇社论讨论了 Ibrahim 等人发表在最近一期《世界临床儿科杂志》上的一项病例对照研究。儿童支气管哮喘是一种慢性炎症性呼吸道疾病。研究发现,氧化应激的增加会导致抗氧化剂的减少,从而对线粒体呼吸链复合物造成氧化损伤,导致气道炎症、粘液分泌过多,引起一连串的临床表现,从反复发作的咳嗽、喘息、呼吸困难到气短。由于氧化应激介导了哮喘的炎症反应,因此补充抗氧化剂是控制这种疾病的一种策略。锌就是这样一种抗氧化剂,它引起了人们对哮喘和气道炎症的广泛关注。锌是人体新陈代谢的重要微量元素,有助于调节基因表达、酶活性和蛋白质结构。除了锌,炎症时血清游离铁蛋白水平也会升高。之前的一些研究发现,铁蛋白水平除了能追踪疾病活动外,还有助于确定疾病的病理和预测预后。然而,这项研究的结果与之前的研究结果不同,哮喘儿童与非哮喘儿童的锌水平没有明显差异,但与对照组相比,哮喘儿童的铁蛋白水平明显偏高。因此,今后应评估包括锌和铁蛋白在内的生化营养评估作为哮喘严重程度生物标志物的可能作用。
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引用次数: 0
Flexible bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration in children: A single-centre experience 儿童异物吸入的柔性支气管镜检查:单中心经验
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91275
A. Sautin, Kirjl Marakhouski, Aleh Pataleta, Kirill Sanfirau
BACKGROUND The technological evolution of bronchoscopy has led to the widespread adoption of flexible techniques and their use for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Currently, there is an active debate regarding the comparative efficacy and safety of rigid vs flexible bronchoscopy in the treatment of foreign body aspiration. AIM To evaluate our experience with tracheobronchial foreign body extraction using flexible bronchoscopy and provide a literature overview. METHODS This was a single-centre retrospective study. Twenty-four patients were enrolled between January 2017 and January 2023. Medical records of patients aged below 18 years who were admitted to authors’ affiliated institution with a suspected diagnosis of foreign body aspiration were collected from hospital’s database to Microsoft Excel 2019. Data were analysed using MedCalc Statistical Software. RESULTS Patient ages varied from 9 months to 11 years. The median age was 23.5 months, 95% confidence interval (CI) 19.49-44.77. We observed age clustering in children with foreign body aspiration at our institution with three age subgroups: (1) 0-25 months; (2) 40-60 months; and (3) 120-140 months. We expectancy of an organic tracheobronchial foreign body was significantly higher in 0-25 months subgroup than that in older ones when subgroups 40-60 and 120-140 months were combined together (odds ratio = 10.0, 95%CI: 1.44-29.26, P = 0.0197). Successful foreign body extraction was performed in all cases. Conversion to a rigid bronchoscope was not required in any of the cases. No major complications (massive bleeding, tracheobronchial tree perforation, or asphyxia) were observed. CONCLUSION Flexible bronchoscopy is an effective and safe method for tracheobronchial foreign body extraction in children.
背景 支气管镜技术的发展导致了柔性支气管镜技术的广泛采用,并将其用于诊断和治疗目的。目前,在异物吸入的治疗中,关于刚性支气管镜与柔性支气管镜的疗效和安全性比较的争论十分激烈。目的 评估我们使用柔性支气管镜取出气管支气管异物的经验,并提供文献综述。方法 这是一项单中心回顾性研究。24 名患者于 2017 年 1 月至 2023 年 1 月期间入组。从医院数据库中收集了作者所属机构收治的疑似诊断为异物吸入的 18 岁以下患者的病历,并将其输入 Microsoft Excel 2019。使用 MedCalc 统计软件对数据进行分析。结果 患者年龄从 9 个月到 11 岁不等。中位年龄为23.5个月,95%置信区间(CI)为19.49-44.77。我们在本院观察到异物吸入患儿的年龄分组,有三个年龄分组:(1) 0-25 个月;(2) 40-60 个月;(3) 120-140 个月。如果将 40-60 个月和 120-140 个月这两个亚组合并在一起,0-25 个月亚组的气管支气管有机异物预期寿命明显高于年龄较大的亚组(几率比=10.0,95%CI:1.44-29.26,P=0.0197)。所有病例均成功取出异物。所有病例均无需转用硬质支气管镜。未发现重大并发症(大量出血、气管支气管树穿孔或窒息)。结论 灵活支气管镜是一种有效、安全的儿童气管支气管异物取出方法。
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引用次数: 0
Potential applications of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric neuroimaging: Feasibility and challenges 7 特斯拉磁共振成像在儿科神经成像中的潜在应用:可行性与挑战
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.90641
A. S. Perera Molligoda Arachchige, L. Politi
The integration of 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (7 T MRI) in adult patients has marked a revolutionary stride in radiology. In this article we explore the feasibility of 7 T MRI in paediatric practice, emphasizing its feasibility, applications, challenges, and safety considerations. The heightened resolution and tissue contrast of 7 T MRI offer unprecedented diagnostic accuracy, particularly in neuroimaging. Applications range from neuro-oncology to neonatal brain imaging, showcasing its efficacy in detecting subtle structural abnormalities and providing enhanced insights into neurological conditions. Despite the promise, challenges such as high cost, discomfort, and safety concerns necessitate careful consideration. Research suggests that, with precautions, 7 T MRI is feasible in paediatrics, yet ongoing studies and safety assessments are imperative.
7 T 磁共振成像(7 T MRI)在成人患者中的应用标志着放射学的革命性进步。在本文中,我们将探讨 7 T 磁共振成像在儿科实践中的可行性,强调其可行性、应用、挑战和安全考虑因素。7 T MRI 的高分辨率和组织对比度提供了前所未有的诊断准确性,尤其是在神经成像方面。其应用范围从神经肿瘤学到新生儿脑成像,展示了它在检测细微结构异常和深入了解神经系统疾病方面的功效。尽管前景广阔,但仍需慎重考虑高成本、不适感和安全问题等挑战。研究表明,在采取预防措施的情况下,7 T 磁共振成像在儿科是可行的,但必须进行持续研究和安全评估。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the impact of concurrent high-fructose and high-saturated fat diets on pediatric metabolic syndrome: A review 评估同时摄入高果糖和高饱和脂肪饮食对儿科代谢综合征的影响:综述
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91478
M. A. Vargas-Vargas, Marcela González-Montoya, Olin Torres‐Isidro, C. I. García-Berumen, Omar Ortiz‐Avila, E. Calderón‐Cortés, Christian Cortés-Rojo
High-saturated fat (HF) or high-fructose (HFr) consumption in children predispose them to metabolic syndrome (MetS). In rodent models of MetS, diets containing individually HF or HFr lead to a variable degree of MetS. Nevertheless, simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr have synergistic effects, worsening MetS outcomes. In children, the effects of HF or HFr intake usually have been addressed individually. Therefore, we have reviewed the outcomes of HF or HFr diets in children, and we compare them with the effects reported in rodents. In humans, HFr intake causes increased lipogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and insulin resistance. On the other hand, HF diets promote low grade-inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance. Despite the deleterious effects of simultaneous HF plus HFr intake on MetS development in rodents, there is little information about the combined effects of HF plus HFr intake in children. The aim of this review is to warn about this issue, as individually addressing the effects produced by HF or HFr may underestimate the severity of the outcomes of Western diet intake in the pediatric population. We consider that this is an alarming issue that needs to be assessed, as the simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr is common on fast food menus.
儿童摄入高饱和脂肪(HF)或高果糖(HFr)容易导致代谢综合征(MetS)。在代谢综合征的啮齿动物模型中,单独含有高饱和脂肪或高果糖的饮食会导致不同程度的代谢综合征。然而,同时摄入 HF 和 HFr 会产生协同效应,导致 MetS 结果恶化。在儿童中,HF 或 HFr 摄入的影响通常是单独研究的。因此,我们回顾了儿童摄入 HF 或 HFr 饮食的结果,并将其与啮齿类动物中报告的影响进行了比较。在人类中,摄入 HFr 会导致脂肪生成增加、高甘油三酯血症、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。另一方面,高脂饮食会促进低度炎症、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。尽管在啮齿类动物中同时摄入高纤维素和高纤维素酶对 MetS 的发展有有害影响,但有关儿童摄入高纤维素和高纤维素酶的综合影响的信息却很少。本综述旨在对这一问题提出警告,因为单独讨论高脂肪或高脂肪率所产生的影响可能会低估西方饮食摄入对儿科人群影响的严重性。我们认为这是一个需要评估的令人担忧的问题,因为同时摄入高脂肪和高脂肪率在快餐菜单中很常见。
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引用次数: 0
Current status of the biliary tract malformation 胆道畸形的现状
Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91268
Krishna Kumar Govindarajan
The choledochal cyst (CC) can be better termed as biliary tract malformation because of the close association of embryology and etiology in the causation of CC. Contrary to Babbitt's postulation of reflux, damage and dilatation, reflux was not demonstrable as the causative factor in all varieties of CC. High pressure in the biliary system, otherwise termed ductal hypertension, is put forth as an alternative to explain the evolution of CC. The forme fruste type, which does not find a place in the standard classification, typifies the ductal hypertension hypothesis. Hence a closer, in-depth review would be able to highlight this apt terminology of biliary tract malformation.
胆总管囊肿(CC)更适合称为胆道畸形,因为胆总管囊肿的病因与胚胎学和病理学密切相关。与巴比特关于反流、损伤和扩张的假设相反,反流并不是所有类型 CC 的致病因素。胆道系统中的高压,也就是所谓的胆管高压,被认为是解释CC演变的另一种方法。在标准分类中找不到位置的Forme fruste型是胆管高压假说的典型代表。因此,更仔细、深入的研究将能突出这一胆道畸形的恰当术语。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
World journal of clinical pediatrics
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