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Psychoanalytical aspects of stammering. 口吃的精神分析方面。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
J M Porret

The possibility studied of considering simultaneously the role of neuro-physiopathological and psychopathological factors in the genesis of stammering. After recalling the psychoanalytic theory behind this problem and giving a clinical example, the different modes of evolution that stammering can have on the psychic apparatus were examined and the secondary economic function of this symptom, especially in relation to repression is emphasized.

研究同时考虑神经生理病理和精神病理因素在口吃发生中的作用的可能性。在回顾了这个问题背后的精神分析理论,并给出了一个临床例子后,我们检查了口吃对精神器官可能具有的不同进化模式,并强调了这种症状的次要经济功能,特别是与压抑有关的功能。
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引用次数: 0
Educational management of self-injurious behavior. 自残行为的教育管理。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
R LeBlanc

This paper is part of a special section, on 'self-injurious behavior and autism'. Its focus is on the educational management of self-injurious behavior. The author describes, discusses and proposes an empirical methodology that may guide professionals in the description, analysis and monitoring of self-injurious behaviors in autism. A number of detailed case studies (guided by a seven-step intervention model) show that by teaching new competencies that override the needs expressed by challenging behaviors, patients with autism and self-injurious behavior may develop and affirm a better self-regulation of their lives.

这篇论文是关于“自残行为和自闭症”的一个特殊章节的一部分。它的重点是自我伤害行为的教育管理。作者描述、讨论并提出了一种实证方法,可以指导专业人员描述、分析和监测自闭症患者的自残行为。许多详细的案例研究(在七步干预模型的指导下)表明,通过教授超越挑战性行为所表达的需求的新能力,患有自闭症和自残行为的患者可能会发展并肯定他们对生活的更好的自我调节。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical aspects of the study of benzodiazepine receptors in infantile autism. 婴儿自闭症中苯二氮卓类受体研究的理论方面。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
B Garreau, D Herry, M Zilbovicius, Y Samson, P Guerin, G Lelord

This paper is part of a special section on 'psychopharmacotherapy in children' and focuses on benzodiazepine receptors in autism. Infantile autism in an early and pervasive developmental disorder described by Kanner in 1943. Anatomical, pathological and magnetic resonance imaging studies have indicated changes in the cerebellum and hippocampus of autistic subjects. Given the numerical importance and diffuse benzodiazepine receptors, their study by functional brain imaging methods in vivo could be value in cases of infantile autism as a gauge of neuronal potentiality. The main data concerning benzodiazepine complex are presented. The relations between these data and the neurophysiological hypotheses of autism are discussed.

这篇论文是“儿童精神药物治疗”的一部分,重点是自闭症中的苯二氮卓类受体。1943年Kanner描述了早期普遍发育障碍的婴儿自闭症。解剖、病理和磁共振成像研究表明自闭症患者的小脑和海马体发生了变化。考虑到苯二氮卓受体在数值上的重要性和弥漫性,通过功能性脑成像方法在体内的研究可能对婴儿自闭症的病例有价值,可以作为神经元潜能的衡量标准。介绍了苯二氮杂合物的主要数据。讨论了这些数据与孤独症神经生理学假说之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Developmental consequences of early eye contact behaviour. 早期眼神接触行为的发展后果。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
H Keller, U Zach

Through early interactional exchange, infants acquire relevant information about themselves, their caretaking persons, and the relationship between themselves and their caretakers. Mutual eye contact is a highly adaptive behavioural system in this respect. There are, however, infants who avoid maternal eye contact and refuse their caretakers' attention. Gaze aversion of this kind is only reported to occur in the first months of life. It is interpreted as a first manifestation of a specific interaction. The present longitudinal study presents evidence for developmental consequences of early eye contact patterns. Infants who avert their gaze from their parents in the first months of life develop maladaptive relationships in terms of interactional harmony within 2 years, low degrees of psychobiological functioning, behavioural problems, and developmental delays for up to 6 years, and, at 2 years of age, explore new objects by means of manipulation for only short amounts of time. Infants with the expected good eye contact behaviour at that early age appear to have a more favourable development during the preschool years.

通过早期的互动交流,婴儿获得了关于自己、照顾者以及自己与照顾者之间关系的相关信息。在这方面,眼神交流是一种高度适应性的行为系统。然而,也有婴儿回避母亲的目光接触,拒绝照顾者的注意。据报道,这种凝视厌恶只发生在出生后的头几个月。它被解释为特定相互作用的第一次表现。目前的纵向研究为早期眼神接触模式的发展后果提供了证据。婴儿在出生后的头几个月就将目光从父母身上移开,在两年内就会出现互动和谐方面的不适应关系、低程度的心理生物学功能、行为问题和长达6年的发育迟缓,并且在两岁时,通过操纵手段探索新物体的时间很短。在早期就有良好眼神交流行为的婴儿在学龄前似乎有更有利的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Disintegrative psychosis of childhood. An appraisal and case study. 儿童期分裂性精神病。评估和案例研究。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
S Malhotra, S P Singh

This study reports on five cases seen in a child psychiatry service in Northern India who met the criteria for disintegrative psychoses of childhood. Their clinical features were different from the described for autistic disorders of childhood supporting the validity of this disorder. The issues of diagnostic criteria and classification of disintegrative psychoses as distinct from autistic disorders is highlighted.

本研究报告了在印度北部儿童精神病学服务中发现的5例符合儿童期解体性精神病标准的病例。他们的临床特征不同于对儿童自闭症障碍的描述,支持这种障碍的有效性。问题的诊断标准和分类的分裂性精神病作为不同的自闭症障碍是突出。
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引用次数: 0
Self-injurious behaviour (SIB)--from definition to human rights. 自残行为——从定义到人权。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
A Rothenberger

This article is part of a special section on 'self-injurious behaviour and autism' and is mainly based on a book edited by Luiselli, Matson and Singh (1992) addressing empirical data on self-injurious behaviour and mental retardation from a behavioural perspective. Within the overview of the book some information on autism is also presented and critically discussed. Self-injurious behaviour is a poorly understood phenomenon and problematic in many ways; its definition is not easy; little is known about the causes and neuroscientific models. Demographic data are scarce and functional analysis and interventions (behavioural techniques, medication, education) need to be further developed, under the protection of human rights committees.

这篇文章是“自残行为和自闭症”特别部分的一部分,主要基于Luiselli, Matson和Singh(1992)编辑的一本书,从行为的角度阐述了自残行为和智力迟钝的经验数据。在这本书的概述中,一些关于自闭症的信息也被提出并进行了批判性的讨论。自残行为是一种鲜为人知的现象,在许多方面都存在问题;它的定义并不容易;人们对其原因和神经科学模型知之甚少。人口数据稀少,需要在人权委员会的保护下进一步发展功能分析和干预措施(行为技术、药物、教育)。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioural techniques to reduce self-injurious behaviour in children with autism. 减少自闭症儿童自残行为的行为技巧。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
P Howlin

This paper is part of a special section on 'self-injurious behaviour and autism' and concentrates on behavioural treatment techniques available and useful to reduce self-injurious behaviour in children with autism (e.g. extinction, time-out, differential reinforcement, alternative forms of stimulation, sensory deprivation, physical restraint, crisis management, environmental modifications). It has become increasingly evident that the successful treatment of self-injurious behaviour requires, first, a systematic and detailed (functional) analysis of the variables associated with the behaviour and, second, a hypothesis-testing approach on an individual, naturalistic basis to increase the acquisition of alternative skills and self-control.

这篇论文是“自残行为和自闭症”的一个特别部分的一部分,并集中在行为治疗技术的可用和有用的减少自闭症儿童的自残行为(如消失,暂停,差别强化,替代形式的刺激,感官剥夺,身体约束,危机管理,环境改造)。越来越明显的是,成功治疗自伤行为需要,首先,对与行为相关的变量进行系统和详细的(功能)分析,其次,在个人,自然主义的基础上,采用假设检验方法,以增加获得替代技能和自我控制。
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引用次数: 0
Is there a dissociation between emotional feelings and emotional signs in autism? 自闭症患者的情绪感受和情绪信号之间是否存在分离?
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
C Bormann-Kischkel, H Amorosa, U von Benda

There is evidence that autistic persons are deficient both in the expression and recognition of emotion. Emotions are viewed here as in part genetically determined, inborn behaviours with great importance for social regulations. Both in phylogenetic and in ontogenetic development there is a transgression from emotion-bound or signal-reflex-like behaviour chains towards an experience-based coupling of emotional signals with events lying outside emotional exchanges. We conjecture that in childhood autism there is a deficit in linking biologically based emotional signals to emotional experiences and/or a deficit in linking these signals to a third element. Mesocortical areas with close connections to the limbic systems appear to be involved.

有证据表明,自闭症患者在情感的表达和识别方面都有缺陷。情感在某种程度上被认为是由基因决定的,天生的行为,对社会规范非常重要。在系统发育和个体发育中,都存在着从情感约束或信号反射类行为链向基于经验的情感信号与情感交流之外的事件耦合的越界。我们推测,在儿童自闭症中,在将基于生物学的情感信号与情感体验联系起来和/或将这些信号与第三个因素联系起来方面存在缺陷。与边缘系统有密切联系的中皮质区似乎也参与其中。
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引用次数: 0
The contribution of drug effects to the understanding of child psychiatric disorders. 药物作用对理解儿童精神障碍的贡献。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
A Rothenberger

The paper is part of a special section on 'psychopharmacotherapy in children'. Drugs not only help to treat symptoms successfully but may also help researchers and clinicians to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying these disturbances. This is exemplified in three child psychiatric disorders that exhibit disturbances in motor activity as a prominent symptom. These are general motor restlessness (ADHD), tic-disorder (sudden circumscribed motor actions) and stuttering (non-fluent speech). There is evidence that clinically useful drugs increase the cortical-subcortical interaction and tuning mechanisms providing the patients with a better self-regulation related to the motor performance.

这篇论文是“儿童精神药物治疗”专题的一部分。药物不仅有助于成功地治疗症状,还可以帮助研究人员和临床医生更好地了解这些紊乱的病理生理学。这在三种儿童精神疾病中得到了例证,它们表现出运动活动障碍是一个突出的症状。这些是一般运动不宁症(ADHD),抽搐症(突然限制运动动作)和口吃(不流利的语言)。有证据表明,临床有用的药物增加了皮层-皮层下的相互作用和调节机制,为患者提供了与运动表现相关的更好的自我调节。
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引用次数: 0
Autistic children and the object permanence task. 自闭症儿童和客体恒存任务。
Pub Date : 1993-01-01
J L Adrien, P Tanguay, C Barthélémy, J Martineaú, A Perrot, L Hameury, D Sauvage

Many mentally retarded autistic children can understand the concept of object permanence, but, in comparison to developmental-age matched normal children, the behavioral strategies they employ in carrying out the Casati-Lezine Object Permanence Test are deficient and lead to failure. These deficiencies appear unrelated to interference of stereotypic or other bizarre behavior in task performance. Similar problem-solving deficiencies can be found in mentally retarded children who are not autistic, suggesting that the deficiencies themselves are less related to the social-communication deficits of autistic children, but more to the general problem-solving difficulties found in children with a lower developmental quotient. Nevertheless, the qualitative analysis of results shows a tendency in autistic children, despite their better developmental level, to use less coordinated and regular sequences to solve the task than normal or mentally retarded children.

许多智障自闭症儿童能够理解客体恒存性的概念,但与发育年龄匹配的正常儿童相比,他们在进行Casati-Lezine客体恒存性测试时所采用的行为策略存在缺陷,导致失败。这些缺陷似乎与任务执行中刻板印象或其他怪异行为的干扰无关。在非自闭症的智障儿童中也可以发现类似的问题解决缺陷,这表明这些缺陷本身与自闭症儿童的社交缺陷关系不大,而更多的是与发育商较低的儿童中普遍存在的问题解决困难有关。然而,对结果的定性分析表明,尽管自闭症儿童的发育水平较高,但与正常儿童或智障儿童相比,他们在解决任务时使用的协调和规则顺序较少。
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Acta paedopsychiatrica
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