Archives d'anatomie, d'histologie et d'embryologie normales et experimentales最新文献

The vascular networks of the periphery of the nail of the finger are studied on fingers of adults, fetus and newborns, by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The nail is an avascular horny structure, partially covered with the nail fold. It is lying on a nail bed which prolonges forwards with the hyponychium. Each part of the nail apparatus (nail fold, matricial and unmatricial parts of the nail bed, hyponychium) presents a characteristic network which is tributary of dorsal collaterals arising from the digital palmar vessels and from their arcades. These networks are papillar, pseudopapillar, reticular and subdermical. The morphology and density of these networks vary according to their localisation and are superimposed with the histological variations of the different parts of the nail apparatus. Thus the matricial part of the nail bed shows a poor vascularization. It corresponds to the germinative part of the nail and is responsible of the color of the lunula. The unmatricial part of the nail bed and the hyponychium have dense vascular networks with glomi.

Since the cellular theory was formulated in 1839, the University of Strasbourg has held a pioneer place in histology. This new morphological science has had, since its origin, close relations with physiology, and from 1846 to 1871, an original histophysiological school was organized in Strasbourg. The microscope and the study of tissues were considered as a fundamental approach for the progress of biological and medical knowledge. After the German annexation of Alsace, the scientists from this school participated in the renewal of histology in Nancy, Montpellier, and Paris. In 1872, when the new German university was created, an anatomical institute regrouped all aspects of normal morphology: anatomy, histology, and embryology. This was the case until 1918. In 1919, when the Faculty of Medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, a specific chair and institute of histology were created. This was the beginning of a school of histophysiology which was internationally renowned in the rise of experimental endocrinology. Great discoveries followed one after another: folliculin in 1924 and demonstration of the duality of ovarian hormones, the prominent place of the anterior part of the hypophysis and the demonstration of prolactin in 1928, thyreostimulin in 1929, then study of the other stimulins. In 1946 a chair and institute of medical biology were created. In 1948, a service of electron microscopy was opened. D.A. Lereboullet (1804-1865), E. Küss (1815-1871), C.B. Morel (1822-1884), J.A. Villemin (1827-1892), M. Duval (1844-1907), G. Schwalbe (1844-1916), P. Bouin (1870-1962), M. Aron (1892-1974), J. Benoit (1896-1982), R. Courrier (1895-1986) et M. Klein (1905-1975), were among the famous scientists who worked in histology in Strasbourg.

The morphology of the basi-exoccipital synchondrosis has been studied in a series of 150 human skulls. This series consisted of 12 skulls of fetuses, 12 skulls of new-born children, 86 skulls of children and 40 skulls of adult subjects. The synchondrosis was composed of two plates: a principal vertical plate or basi-exoccipital plate, and a accessory horizontal plate or hypoglossal prolongation. The exoccipital bone alone participated in the formation of the walls of the hypoglossal nerve's canal. In the first stages of development, the anterior wall of this canal was cartilaginous, formed by the posterior edge of the hypoglossal prolongation of the synchondrosis. The occipital condyle derived from the basioccipital and the exoccipital bones; the inferior edge of the basi-exoccipital plate separated these two parts. The relative proportions of the anterior basioccipital part compared with the posterior exoccipital part varied from the fifth to the seventh of the total condyle area. The observations could have been arranged in six age groups presenting morphological similarities of development. At first, the hypoglossal processes of the exoccipital bone drew together (VI intra-uterine months to 1 year 6 months), then came into contact (1 year 6 months to 2 years 6 months), and finally fused together (2 years 6 months to 4 years) realizing the bony continuity of the walls of the hypoglossal nerve's canal. The contact and finally the fusion between the basioccipital and exoccipital bones were then realized (4 years to 8 years). The entire fusion of the synchondrosis was completed between the ages of 6 and 8 years. The adult morphology was established at around 8 years of age.

Three anatomists followed one another as Chief Editor of the Archives: Professor A. Forster (Strasbourg) from volume 1 (1922) to volume 29 (1940), Professor G. Winckler (Lausanne) from volume 40 (1957) to volume 53 (1970), and Professor J. G. Koritké (Strasbourg) from volume 54 (1971) to volume 74 (1991-92). From the outset, the Archives received papers from distinguished French and foreign anatomists. The Archives also constitute, since their origin, one of the preferential organs of expression for the Strasbourgian morphological works. All fields of morphology are represented. All zoological groups are concerned, some Invertebrates, but principally Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals amongst which the human species occupies a priviliged place. A total of 938 papers has been published in the Archives. Most papers are in French (833 i.e. 89.0%). Papers in English (89 i.e. 9.5%) are more numerous in the most recent volumes; other papers are in Italian (11 i.e. 1.0%) and in German (5 i.e. 0.5%).

The venous vascularization of the nucleus lentiformis in man is studied in 30 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The venous vascularization of the nucleus lentiformis is drained towards the deep venous system of the brain by two ways, one ascending, the other descending. The first one is formed by superior lenticular veins which drain into the thalamo-striate vein, principal tributary of the internal cerebral vein. The second one is formed by inferior lenticular veins which depend from the deep middle cerebral vein, another tributary of the internal cerebral vein. The veins of the nucleus lentiformis, especially the veins of the putamen, present many similarities with these one of the cerebral cortex. They form the center of venous units surrounded by an arterial ring formed by the branches of ramification of the central arteries. The principal vein of the unit is surrounded by a capillary-free space. This similarities may be explained by the common origin of the cerebral cortex and of the putamen, both belong to the neocortical system.

Inversion can be very efficient as a reproductive barrier when the same chromosomes are involved in two different rearrangements leading to a double loop during the pachytene stage. The consequence can be a strongly reduced fertility of the double heterozygotes, leading to an irreversible dichotomy.

A cephalometric investigation of the lateral plate of the pterygoïd process was conducted in the sagittal, frontal and axial plane. The aim of this study was to make linears observations on the pterygoïd process. A biostatistical method helped comparing the variations of the lateral pterygoïd plate in relation to the variations of the basi-cranium and the face with special interest given to the mandible, because of its tight muscular connection to the pterygoïd process.

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the Megalobulimus oblongus was demonstrated by using Koelle and Friedenwald's procedure. The AChE positive reaction was revealed in the nervous cell bodies and processes in the different ganglia of the CNS. The largest number of strong positive neuronal subsets reside in pedal and buccal ganglia. Other positive cell bodies are also located in clusters in the left portion of the visceral ganglion, meso and postcerebrum, and pleural ganglia. In some neurons the enzymatic reaction only appeared at trophospongium level. The neuropilian synaptic areas also exhibited AChE reactivity. These data provide further evidence that AChE is present in neuronal bodies of the CNS of this pulmonate snail, and in some areas is probably involved in cholinergic circuits.

Chick embryos between final presomitic and 4 somites stage were studied. The subcephalic fold was handly severed from the embryos and cultivated in liquid medium for 7 days. Because of the embryo age, no heart anlage was observed at the moment of dissection. After 4 hours of culture the cells began to migrate from the explants. After 20 hours a very extended migration ring was observed in all of the cultures; in the explants, one or more newformed tubular or spherical masses of cells throbbed rhythmically. Their size and shape were related to the embryos age: from presomitic embryos, irregular clusters appeared, while starting from two somites embryos tubular, vascular-like structures were formed. The cells of the throbbing areas at submicroscopic observation showed organizing myofibrillar apparatus into the cytoplasm; junctional complexes between the cells and gap junctions in course of organization were present in the vascular-like structures. This suggests that very early, in the lateral mesoderm are the presumptive cardiac cells which can develop "in vitro" as myocardic elements even in absence of the interactions that occur during the development "in vitro"; the observed vascular-like structures may be considered as an attempt to form a sort of cardiac primordium "in vitro", and a further step in the expression of the cardiogenic potentiality, involving cell-cell communications. The serial sections of the embryos enhanced that into the cultivated areas, vessels from yolk sac are always present; this suggests that the vascular structures, i.e. the endothelium may be involved in the determination of the myocardic elements.

Administration (i.m.) of either estradiol-17 beta (0.5 microgram/frog) or progesterone (10 micrograms/frog) on alternate days for 15 days to adult male frogs induced the following changes in the interrenal cells: i) nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, ii) increase in the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase and iii) decrease in sudanophilic lipid droplets. Treatment with testosterone propionate (100 micrograms/frog) dit not elicit marked changes in the above parameters. These results demonstrate that some sex steroids modify the interrenal gland steroidogenic activity in R. cyanophlyctis.