{"title":"Vitamins in the maintenance of optimum immune functions and in the prevention of phagocyte-mediated tissue damage and carcinogenesis.","authors":"R Anderson, V L van Antwerpen","doi":"10.1159/000424736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424736","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently there is little evidence that vitamins of any type are able to greatly modify the progression of established malignancy with the exception of promyelocytic leukaemia. In contrast, there is considerable laboratory evidence from chemical, cell culture and animal studies that antioxidant vitamins and related micronutrients are able to slow, or possibly prevent the carcinogenic process. There is a good theoretical basis for these findings. Current theories for the mechanism of tumourigenesis suggest that reactive species and prooxidants promote and encourage the process whilst antioxidants are inhibitory and protective. Retinoids and folate with limited or no antioxidant activity may protect DNA in other ways. In man there is support for this role from the extraordinarily high concentrations of ascorbate and possibly alpha-tocopherol at sites where oxidant stress is likely to be most intense, with loss of such antioxidant protection in some conditions which predispose to malignancy. There is also impressive epidemiological agreement, particularly from observational studies, where the lowest fruit and vegetable intake has been consistently associated with increased risk of cancer, especially of the lung and gastrointestinal tract, but much less evidence that such low intakes can encourage the development of cancers which are under hormonal control. Where individual micronutrients have been considered, beta-carotene appears to have the strongest protective effect followed by vitamin C and vitamin E. Whilst the experimental studies have suggested a role for retinoids, this has not been confirmed by the observational studies. Unfortunately, with the exception of oral leukoplakia, studies investigating reversal of premalignant conditions have been disappointing, and two intervention studies aimed at prevention in large populations have produced conflicting results. All this begs the question as to what dietary advice or intervention, if any, should be provided prior to the publication of the many randomized intervention studies that are presently investigating the role of micronutrients in cancer prevention. Gey [73] has produced recommendations for minimum blood concentrations and intakes of antioxidant micronutrients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
{"title":"Micronutrients, antioxidants and risk of cancer.","authors":"C J Schorah","doi":"10.1159/000424738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently there is little evidence that vitamins of any type are able to greatly modify the progression of established malignancy with the exception of promyelocytic leukaemia. In contrast, there is considerable laboratory evidence from chemical, cell culture and animal studies that antioxidant vitamins and related micronutrients are able to slow, or possibly prevent the carcinogenic process. There is a good theoretical basis for these findings. Current theories for the mechanism of tumourigenesis suggest that reactive species and prooxidants promote and encourage the process whilst antioxidants are inhibitory and protective. Retinoids and folate with limited or no antioxidant activity may protect DNA in other ways. In man there is support for this role from the extraordinarily high concentrations of ascorbate and possibly alpha-tocopherol at sites where oxidant stress is likely to be most intense, with loss of such antioxidant protection in some conditions which predispose to malignancy. There is also impressive epidemiological agreement, particularly from observational studies, where the lowest fruit and vegetable intake has been consistently associated with increased risk of cancer, especially of the lung and gastrointestinal tract, but much less evidence that such low intakes can encourage the development of cancers which are under hormonal control. Where individual micronutrients have been considered, beta-carotene appears to have the strongest protective effect followed by vitamin C and vitamin E. Whilst the experimental studies have suggested a role for retinoids, this has not been confirmed by the observational studies. Unfortunately, with the exception of oral leukoplakia, studies investigating reversal of premalignant conditions have been disappointing, and two intervention studies aimed at prevention in large populations have produced conflicting results. All this begs the question as to what dietary advice or intervention, if any, should be provided prior to the publication of the many randomized intervention studies that are presently investigating the role of micronutrients in cancer prevention. Gey [73] has produced recommendations for minimum blood concentrations and intakes of antioxidant micronutrients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"92-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do we need new concepts for establishing recommended dietary allowances?","authors":"P Walter","doi":"10.1159/000424729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424729","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nitrosamines and vitamins.","authors":"P I Reed","doi":"10.1159/000424733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424733","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"30-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussions in the United States about recommended daily dietary allowances in the future.","authors":"P A Lachance","doi":"10.1159/000424744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424744","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"158-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussions in working groups.","authors":"P Walter","doi":"10.1159/000424745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424745","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"168-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fortification of flour with folic acid is simple, economical and safe. Failure to take appropriate regulatory action will mean that tens of thousands of women in Europe will needlessly continue to have pregnancies with neural tube defects.
{"title":"Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects: the need for public health action.","authors":"N J Wald","doi":"10.1159/000424735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fortification of flour with folic acid is simple, economical and safe. Failure to take appropriate regulatory action will mean that tens of thousands of women in Europe will needlessly continue to have pregnancies with neural tube defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"56-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vitamin intake in Great Britain: association with mortality rates for coronary heart disease.","authors":"M Ashwell, D Buss","doi":"10.1159/000424741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000424741","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 52","pages":"128-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000424741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19751319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J Mauron, D Barclay, A Blondel, C Cavadini, H Dirren
{"title":"Macronutrient intake in rural Zaïre: measurement by an alternative direct weighing method and food analysis.","authors":"J Mauron, D Barclay, A Blondel, C Cavadini, H Dirren","doi":"10.1159/000423776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000423776","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 51","pages":"26-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000423776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18700303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrition policy in Europe: design or improvisation?","authors":"J R Lupien","doi":"10.1159/000423772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000423772","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75591,"journal":{"name":"Bibliotheca nutritio et dieta","volume":" 51","pages":"3-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000423772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18700304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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