This report describes the control measures instituted and further investigations undertaken after the isolation of toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae from a throat swab taken routinely from a nine-year-old boy, recently returned from Pakistan, who had been admitted to hospital in Leeds with hepatitis A infection. Four of his siblings were subsequently shown to have identical Corynebacterium diphtheriae on throat swabbing, except that in one child the organism did not produce toxin. All the children were asymptomatic carriers.
{"title":"A report of the investigation and control measures instituted after the isolation of toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis from a child in Leeds.","authors":"P Hatton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes the control measures instituted and further investigations undertaken after the isolation of toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae from a throat swab taken routinely from a nine-year-old boy, recently returned from Pakistan, who had been admitted to hospital in Leeds with hepatitis A infection. Four of his siblings were subsequently shown to have identical Corynebacterium diphtheriae on throat swabbing, except that in one child the organism did not produce toxin. All the children were asymptomatic carriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"316-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13664021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042494
C. Smith, D. Nutbeam
{"title":"Anonymous testing for HIV. What does the public think?","authors":"C. Smith, D. Nutbeam","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"384-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61160827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042485
Williams Fl, Lloyd Ol
: A study of the geographical distribution of cerebrovascular disease in Scottish communities during three quinquennia between 1959 and 1983 showed a marked tendency for high SMRs to be present in the west of Scotland and low SMRs in the east. Cerebrovascular disease was significantly correlated with coronary heart disease, with bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, and to a lesser extent with other heart disease, with other circulatory disease and with indices of overcrowding. It was not associated with either urbanization or industrialization.
{"title":"Cerebrovascular disease in Scotland during 1959 to 1983: its geographical distribution and associations.","authors":"Williams Fl, Lloyd Ol","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042485","url":null,"abstract":": A study of the geographical distribution of cerebrovascular disease in Scottish communities during three quinquennia between 1959 and 1983 showed a marked tendency for high SMRs to be present in the west of Scotland and low SMRs in the east. Cerebrovascular disease was significantly correlated with coronary heart disease, with bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, and to a lesser extent with other heart disease, with other circulatory disease and with indices of overcrowding. It was not associated with either urbanization or industrialization.","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"306-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61160118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H F Sanderson, A Storey, D Morris, R A McNay, M P Robson, J Loeb
Evaluation of the use of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) has revealed a number of technical problems in coding of diagnoses and operative procedures, as well as unresolved issues in the clinical acceptability of existing groupings. An investigation of the statistical homogeneity of DRGs, in terms of duration of patient stay, is described. Consideration of data relating to some 990,000 episodes of in-patient care in three English Regions discloses wide variations in statistical homogeneity, both between DRGs and in relation to individual clinical specialties. The greatest homogeneity is found in ENT surgery and gynaecology; and the least in general medicine and orthopaedic surgery. The need for improved data collection and coding procedures is discussed, together with the advisability of sensitivity in the interpretation of DRGs, as well as the need for a co-ordinated approach to their refinement for application in any wider introduction in the NHS.
{"title":"Evaluation of diagnosis-related groups in the National Health Service.","authors":"H F Sanderson, A Storey, D Morris, R A McNay, M P Robson, J Loeb","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluation of the use of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) has revealed a number of technical problems in coding of diagnoses and operative procedures, as well as unresolved issues in the clinical acceptability of existing groupings. An investigation of the statistical homogeneity of DRGs, in terms of duration of patient stay, is described. Consideration of data relating to some 990,000 episodes of in-patient care in three English Regions discloses wide variations in statistical homogeneity, both between DRGs and in relation to individual clinical specialties. The greatest homogeneity is found in ENT surgery and gynaecology; and the least in general medicine and orthopaedic surgery. The need for improved data collection and coding procedures is discussed, together with the advisability of sensitivity in the interpretation of DRGs, as well as the need for a co-ordinated approach to their refinement for application in any wider introduction in the NHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"269-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13664019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A regional register of preschool children with cerebral palsy, severe vision loss and sensorineural deafness has been complied. Case definition, the threshold for including or excluding a case and a standard method for describing a case have been predefined. In order to achieve complete ascertainment, multiple sources of information were used and account was taken of population movement, and loss of cases through death. The optimal age of case ascertainment poses a particular problem and counting of definite cases was delayed until age three years with a further review at age five years. The register can be used to estimate prevalence of impairment, as a basis for aetiological and interventive studies and for service planning. It fills an important gap in the information currently available on childhood morbidity.
{"title":"A regional register of early childhood impairments: a discussion paper. The Steering Committee of the Oxford Region Child Development Project.","authors":"A Johnson, R King","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A regional register of preschool children with cerebral palsy, severe vision loss and sensorineural deafness has been complied. Case definition, the threshold for including or excluding a case and a standard method for describing a case have been predefined. In order to achieve complete ascertainment, multiple sources of information were used and account was taken of population movement, and loss of cases through death. The optimal age of case ascertainment poses a particular problem and counting of definite cases was delayed until age three years with a further review at age five years. The register can be used to estimate prevalence of impairment, as a basis for aetiological and interventive studies and for service planning. It fills an important gap in the information currently available on childhood morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"352-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13842372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a postal screen to identify people who had attended hospital outpatient departments, it was predicted that attenders would be more likely to respond than non-attenders. An experiment was set up to explore this. The response rates were 76 per cent among attenders compared with 70 per cent for the others--a difference which did not reach significance at the 5 per cent level.
{"title":"Who else responds to postal questionnaires? Are those involved in the subject of the study more likely to do so?","authors":"A Cartwright, J Windsor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a postal screen to identify people who had attended hospital outpatient departments, it was predicted that attenders would be more likely to respond than non-attenders. An experiment was set up to explore this. The response rates were 76 per cent among attenders compared with 70 per cent for the others--a difference which did not reach significance at the 5 per cent level.</p>","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"373-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13777195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women, life and medicine--achieving the balance. An account of 1974 women medical graduates in 1987.","authors":"H F Parkhouse, J Parkhouse","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"320-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13775616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042483
J. Thornton, J. Chamberlain
In an attempt to improve cervical cytology screening uptake in women aged over 40, a mobile screening unit was used to make screening easily available to women at work. This service was organized jointly between the District Health Authority, the Women's National Cancer Control Campaign and the South West Thames Regional Cancer Organization, and was offered to all companies employing at least 25 women. Thirty-nine out of 82 companies accepted the offer. Among those companies which were able to supply a register of their employees aged over 40, 91 per cent of eligible women attended the mobile clinic. The clinic doctors followed District guidelines in not taking smears from women who had been screened and found negative within the previous three years, or who had had a hysterectomy for an unrelated reason. Of the 1038 women who attended the clinic, cervical smears were taken from 568 (55 per cent). Fifteen women were found to have cervical neoplasia, of whom nine had either never been screened before or had last been screened more than five years previously; a further two women (one of whom was found to have early invasive cancer) had previously had an abnormal smear for which the recommended follow-up had not been done. It was not possible to quantify the benefits of other tests (clinical breast examination, blood pressure, urinalysis and gynaecological examination) included in the screening clinic, but they were popular with the women attending. Provided that the health authority is involved in the planning and organization of workplace screening, it can be a valuable adjunct to improving screening coverage, particularly for women aged over 40.
{"title":"Cervical screening in the workplace.","authors":"J. Thornton, J. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042483","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to improve cervical cytology screening uptake in women aged over 40, a mobile screening unit was used to make screening easily available to women at work. This service was organized jointly between the District Health Authority, the Women's National Cancer Control Campaign and the South West Thames Regional Cancer Organization, and was offered to all companies employing at least 25 women. Thirty-nine out of 82 companies accepted the offer. Among those companies which were able to supply a register of their employees aged over 40, 91 per cent of eligible women attended the mobile clinic. The clinic doctors followed District guidelines in not taking smears from women who had been screened and found negative within the previous three years, or who had had a hysterectomy for an unrelated reason. Of the 1038 women who attended the clinic, cervical smears were taken from 568 (55 per cent). Fifteen women were found to have cervical neoplasia, of whom nine had either never been screened before or had last been screened more than five years previously; a further two women (one of whom was found to have early invasive cancer) had previously had an abnormal smear for which the recommended follow-up had not been done. It was not possible to quantify the benefits of other tests (clinical breast examination, blood pressure, urinalysis and gynaecological examination) included in the screening clinic, but they were popular with the women attending. Provided that the health authority is involved in the planning and organization of workplace screening, it can be a valuable adjunct to improving screening coverage, particularly for women aged over 40.","PeriodicalId":75726,"journal":{"name":"Community medicine","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"290-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.PUBMED.A042483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61159978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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