Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223080037
P. P. Lezhnin, I. V. Nazarov, M. V. Bermeshev
Abstract
An optically active norbornene-type monomer was prepared from β-pinene (a monoterpene compound) and cis-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride. The metathesis polymerization of this monomer in the presence of the first-generation Grubbs catalyst was studied, and a soluble high-molecular-mass metathesis polymer exhibiting film-forming properties was synthesized in 90% yield. The monomer and polymer structures were confirmed by 1Н and 13С NMR spectroscopy. The metathesis polymers obtained were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and polarimetry.
{"title":"Synthesis and Metathesis Polymerization of Nadimide Derived from β-(–)-Pinene","authors":"P. P. Lezhnin, I. V. Nazarov, M. V. Bermeshev","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223080037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223080037","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>An optically active norbornene-type monomer was prepared from β-pinene (a monoterpene compound) and <i>cis</i>-5-norbornene-<i>exo</i>-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride. The metathesis polymerization of this monomer in the presence of the first-generation Grubbs catalyst was studied, and a soluble high-molecular-mass metathesis polymer exhibiting film-forming properties was synthesized in 90% yield. The monomer and polymer structures were confirmed by <sup>1</sup>Н and <sup>13</sup>С NMR spectroscopy. The metathesis polymers obtained were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and polarimetry.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223080049
N. I. Kurbanova, G. G. Mamedova, T. M. Guliyeva, E. G. Iskenderova
Abstract
Composite materials based on blends of low- and high-density polyethylene, containing finely dispersed zinc oxide, were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The strength and strain characteristics of the composite and its resistance to thermal oxidative degradation are improved on introducing finely dispersed zinc oxide. This is apparently associated with the formation of interphase bonds between zinc-containing nanoparticles and polymer compound components. The nanocomposites based on blends of low- and high-density polyethylene, containing finely dispersed zinc oxide, can be processed by pressing, pressure casting, and extrusion, which expands their application fields.
摘要 通过 X 射线衍射分析、差热分析和扫描电子显微镜研究了基于低密度和高密度聚乙烯共混物的复合材料，其中含有细分散的氧化锌。引入细分散氧化锌后，复合材料的强度和应变特性及其抗热氧化降解的能力都得到了改善。这显然与含锌纳米粒子和聚合物化合物成分之间形成的相间键有关。基于低密度和高密度聚乙烯混合物的纳米复合材料含有精细分散的氧化锌，可以通过压制、压铸和挤出等方法进行加工，从而扩大了其应用领域。
{"title":"Properties of Metal-Containing Composites Based on Blends of Low- and High-Density Polyethylene","authors":"N. I. Kurbanova, G. G. Mamedova, T. M. Guliyeva, E. G. Iskenderova","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223080049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223080049","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Composite materials based on blends of low- and high-density polyethylene, containing finely dispersed zinc oxide, were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The strength and strain characteristics of the composite and its resistance to thermal oxidative degradation are improved on introducing finely dispersed zinc oxide. This is apparently associated with the formation of interphase bonds between zinc-containing nanoparticles and polymer compound components. The nanocomposites based on blends of low- and high-density polyethylene, containing finely dispersed zinc oxide, can be processed by pressing, pressure casting, and extrusion, which expands their application fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223080086
N. V. Egorova, R. R. Nasyrova, B. Yu. Mishinkin, Yu. S. Zimin, E. V. Kuz’mina, V. S. Kolosnitsyn
Abstract
Studies aimed at the development of cheap, safe, and effective carbon materials based on domestic resources for negative electrodes of lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries are topical and have high practical significance. The paper summarizes the results of studying how the temperature of the heat treatment of petroleum coke in a nitrogen flow influences its physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Petroleum coke was kept for 5 h in a nitrogen flow at fixed temperatures of 450, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C. Heat treatment of petroleum coke leads to a significant decrease in the specific resistivity (from 4.8 × 107 to 1 × 10–2 Ω cm), to an increase in the specific surface area, and to a decrease in the pycnometric density (the temperature of 1200°C is an exception). Petroleum coke that has not been heat-treated or has been heat-treated at 450 °С exhibits no electrochemical activity. The carbon electrodes made of petroleum coke heat-treated at 600°C in a nitrogen atmosphere exhibit the maximal anodic capacity for lithium (340–350 mA h/g). However, carbon electrodes based on petroleum coke heat-treated at 600°С exhibit short cyclic duration and high irreversible capacity (58–60%). An increase in the petroleum coke heat treatment temperature to 1200°С leads to a decrease in the irreversible capacity to 40% and in the reversible anodic capacity to 220 mA h/g and to an increase in the cycling duration of the carbon electrodes. The petroleum coke heat-treated un a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000°C is the most promising material for negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries from the viewpoint of the set of physicochemical and electrochemical properties.
{"title":"Influence of the Temperature of the Heat Treatment in a Nitrogen Atmosphere on the Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Petroleum Coke","authors":"N. V. Egorova, R. R. Nasyrova, B. Yu. Mishinkin, Yu. S. Zimin, E. V. Kuz’mina, V. S. Kolosnitsyn","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223080086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223080086","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Studies aimed at the development of cheap, safe, and effective carbon materials based on domestic resources for negative electrodes of lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries are topical and have high practical significance. The paper summarizes the results of studying how the temperature of the heat treatment of petroleum coke in a nitrogen flow influences its physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Petroleum coke was kept for 5 h in a nitrogen flow at fixed temperatures of 450, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C. Heat treatment of petroleum coke leads to a significant decrease in the specific resistivity (from 4.8 × 10<sup>7</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>–2</sup> Ω cm), to an increase in the specific surface area, and to a decrease in the pycnometric density (the temperature of 1200°C is an exception). Petroleum coke that has not been heat-treated or has been heat-treated at 450 °С exhibits no electrochemical activity. The carbon electrodes made of petroleum coke heat-treated at 600°C in a nitrogen atmosphere exhibit the maximal anodic capacity for lithium (340–350 mA h/g). However, carbon electrodes based on petroleum coke heat-treated at 600°С exhibit short cyclic duration and high irreversible capacity (58–60%). An increase in the petroleum coke heat treatment temperature to 1200°С leads to a decrease in the irreversible capacity to 40% and in the reversible anodic capacity to 220 mA h/g and to an increase in the cycling duration of the carbon electrodes. The petroleum coke heat-treated un a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000°C is the most promising material for negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries from the viewpoint of the set of physicochemical and electrochemical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1134/s1070427224010026
Omar M. Waheeb
Abstract
Gasoline produced by hydrotreating light and heavy naphtha and reforming hydrotreated heavy naphtha, hydrogen required for both processes produced by the reforming unit as a byproduct, compression, and recycling of hydrogen required for reforming reactions provided by recycle gas compressor (centrifugal multi-stages compressor), due to the design criteria of this compressor the anti-surge system pass 18000 kg/h, of hydrogen from discharge to suction of compressor with 3” control valve, at the low flow situation during the startup of the unit to avoid the lake of gas flow and avoid overpressure in the discharge of the compressor. Anti-surge system in this compressor contains no inter-stage cooler, the suction temperature of the compressor is designed at 43℃, and the discharge of the compressor is 79℃ when the anti-surge system is involved in the process, the suction temperature of the compressor becomes 70℃, and the discharge becomes 108℃ due to the heat accumulation of recycle gas out of the anti-surge system. In an aim to solve this problem, the outlet of the anti-surge system of the compressor connected with the process heat exchanger, to cool down the hydrogen inlet to suction of the compressor to approximately 46℃ and back to the design limits, the disadvantage of this solution is the absorption of the light end associated with recycle gas posing in the process heat exchanger, which reduces the total molecular weight of recycle gas through the anti-surge system from 13.336 to 10.51 kg/kg mol at start of the run, and from 16.155 to 12.15 kg/kg mol at the end of the run.
{"title":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Connect Anti Surge System Gas Pipe of Multistage Centrifugal Recycle Gas Compressor with Process Heat Exchanger in Power Former Unit in Daura Refinery","authors":"Omar M. Waheeb","doi":"10.1134/s1070427224010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427224010026","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Gasoline produced by hydrotreating light and heavy naphtha and reforming hydrotreated heavy naphtha, hydrogen required for both processes produced by the reforming unit as a byproduct, compression, and recycling of hydrogen required for reforming reactions provided by recycle gas compressor (centrifugal multi-stages compressor), due to the design criteria of this compressor the anti-surge system pass 18000 kg/h, of hydrogen from discharge to suction of compressor with 3” control valve, at the low flow situation during the startup of the unit to avoid the lake of gas flow and avoid overpressure in the discharge of the compressor. Anti-surge system in this compressor contains no inter-stage cooler, the suction temperature of the compressor is designed at 43℃, and the discharge of the compressor is 79℃ when the anti-surge system is involved in the process, the suction temperature of the compressor becomes 70℃, and the discharge becomes 108℃ due to the heat accumulation of recycle gas out of the anti-surge system. In an aim to solve this problem, the outlet of the anti-surge system of the compressor connected with the process heat exchanger, to cool down the hydrogen inlet to suction of the compressor to approximately 46℃ and back to the design limits, the disadvantage of this solution is the absorption of the light end associated with recycle gas posing in the process heat exchanger, which reduces the total molecular weight of recycle gas through the anti-surge system from 13.336 to 10.51 kg/kg mol at start of the run, and from 16.155 to 12.15 kg/kg mol at the end of the run.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070042
A. V. Krasikov, D. V. Agafonov, M. V. Staritsyn, A. A. Kashirina, M. V. Merkulova
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition of Ni–SiC composite coatings with submicrometer silicon carbide powder from a suspension electrolyte stabilized by vibrational mixing was studied. The structural features of the coating are described. Irrespective of the vibrational mixing conditions, thin coatings are layers with pronounced relief. Examination of the cross sections shows that the basic fragments forming the relief are metal–ceramic fragments consisting of SiC particles and nickel. A detailed study of thin sections shows that a nickel film is present on the surface of each particle, which indicates that the metal is reduced, in particular, on the particle surface. In the structure of thick composite coatings, agglomerations of SiC particles are also revealed. A coating formation mechanism consisting in the adsorption of SiC particle agglomerates and instantaneous nickel deposition on their surface was suggested. The results of analysis of the coating metal matrix by backscattered electron diffraction agree with the suggested mechanism.
摘要 研究了用振动混合稳定的悬浮电解液电化学沉积带有亚微米碳化硅粉末的 Ni-SiC 复合涂层。研究描述了涂层的结构特征。无论振动混合条件如何，薄涂层都是具有明显浮雕的涂层。对横截面的研究表明，形成浮雕的基本碎片是由碳化硅颗粒和镍组成的金属陶瓷碎片。对薄片的详细研究表明，每个颗粒的表面都有一层镍膜，这表明金属被还原了，特别是在颗粒表面。在厚复合涂层的结构中，还发现了碳化硅颗粒的团聚。研究提出了一种涂层形成机制，即 SiC 粒子团聚体的吸附和镍在其表面的瞬时沉积。通过反向散射电子衍射对涂层金属基体进行分析的结果与所提出的机制相吻合。
{"title":"Structural Features of Ni–SiC Composite Electrochemical Coatings with Submicrometer Grain Size, Prepared Using Vibrational Mixing","authors":"A. V. Krasikov, D. V. Agafonov, M. V. Staritsyn, A. A. Kashirina, M. V. Merkulova","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070042","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Electrochemical deposition of Ni–SiC composite coatings with submicrometer silicon carbide powder from a suspension electrolyte stabilized by vibrational mixing was studied. The structural features of the coating are described. Irrespective of the vibrational mixing conditions, thin coatings are layers with pronounced relief. Examination of the cross sections shows that the basic fragments forming the relief are metal–ceramic fragments consisting of SiC particles and nickel. A detailed study of thin sections shows that a nickel film is present on the surface of each particle, which indicates that the metal is reduced, in particular, on the particle surface. In the structure of thick composite coatings, agglomerations of SiC particles are also revealed. A coating formation mechanism consisting in the adsorption of SiC particle agglomerates and instantaneous nickel deposition on their surface was suggested. The results of analysis of the coating metal matrix by backscattered electron diffraction agree with the suggested mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070066
A. I. Skomorokhova, A. O. Glebov
Abstract
Vulcanization is one of the most important stages in the production of rubber products. Assigning optimum process parameters will allow obtaining high-quality products at the lowest cost. The cost of physical experiments to establish the required parameters can be reduced by theoretical calculation of the vulcanization kinetics. The most significant parameters are the vulcanization duration and temperature changes in various parts of the rubber compound; therefore, the majority of studies are aimed at determining their optimum values. The vulcanization process includes three stages: induction, curing stage, and reversion. The numerical calculation of the first two stages was performed in order to determine the effect of the heat generation in the reaction on the cure course, depending on the product thickness. Plates with a thickness of 2, 5, and 10 mm were considered. A block diagram of the algorithm for calculating the state of cure of a rubber compound is presented. Graphical dependences of the state of cure and temperature for plates of various thicknesses, made of a rubber compound used in the production of truck tires, were obtained for two cases: with and without taking into account the heat generation in the reaction. Data on the vulcanization duration are also given. With an increase in the product thickness, the effect of the heat generation on the vulcanization course increases significantly. Taking into account the heat generated in the reaction leads to a 1.6% change in the vulcanization duration for the 2 mm thick plate, 13% change for the 5 mm thick plate, and 50% change for the 10 mm thick plate. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the thermal effect when calculating the state of cure of rubber compounds, especially for thick items.
{"title":"Effect of Heat Generated in Rubber Compound Vulcanization on the Reaction Kinetics: a Numerical Study","authors":"A. I. Skomorokhova, A. O. Glebov","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070066","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Vulcanization is one of the most important stages in the production of rubber products. Assigning optimum process parameters will allow obtaining high-quality products at the lowest cost. The cost of physical experiments to establish the required parameters can be reduced by theoretical calculation of the vulcanization kinetics. The most significant parameters are the vulcanization duration and temperature changes in various parts of the rubber compound; therefore, the majority of studies are aimed at determining their optimum values. The vulcanization process includes three stages: induction, curing stage, and reversion. The numerical calculation of the first two stages was performed in order to determine the effect of the heat generation in the reaction on the cure course, depending on the product thickness. Plates with a thickness of 2, 5, and 10 mm were considered. A block diagram of the algorithm for calculating the state of cure of a rubber compound is presented. Graphical dependences of the state of cure and temperature for plates of various thicknesses, made of a rubber compound used in the production of truck tires, were obtained for two cases: with and without taking into account the heat generation in the reaction. Data on the vulcanization duration are also given. With an increase in the product thickness, the effect of the heat generation on the vulcanization course increases significantly. Taking into account the heat generated in the reaction leads to a 1.6% change in the vulcanization duration for the 2 mm thick plate, 13% change for the 5 mm thick plate, and 50% change for the 10 mm thick plate. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the thermal effect when calculating the state of cure of rubber compounds, especially for thick items.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070078
E. N. Razov, V. V. Semenov
Abstract
The action of an electron beam on crystals of tetramethylethylenediaminium nitrilotriacetate [HMe2NCH2CH2NMe2H]2+[HN(CH2COOH)(CH2COO)2]–2, ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (NH4)6Mo7O24‧4H2O, and polymeric zinc nitrilotrimethylenephosphonate trihydrate (ZnH4L‧3H2O)n, on a lamellar crystal of 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di(ethylaminium) trifluoroacetate CF3C(O)O‒+H3N(CH2CH2O)2CH2CH2NH3+‒O(O)CCF3, and on films of the monoethanolaminium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [Н3NCH2CH2OH]+2[(OOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COOH)2]2– was studied. A Tescan VEGA II electron microscope was used as an exposure tool. The microrelief was examined at magnifications from 500× to 50000×. The survey was carried out at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and a working distance of 2–8 mm, using secondary (SE) and backscattered (BSE) electron detectors. A copper–nickel alloy and silicate glass were used as the substrate material for the films. The crystals and films were irradiated with an electron beam of various powers, forming an area 20 × 20 μm in size. At low power, the area dimensions are strictly 20 × 20 μm, and the surface remains relatively flat. An increase in the power or in the exposure time while maintaining the power causes an increase in the size by 5 to 34%. The maximum impact causes the formation of defects in the form of cracks, swellings, bubbles, holes, and craters. The elevation of the surface increases with increasing radiation dose.
{"title":"Action of an Electron Beam on Crystals and Films of Aminium and Ammonium Salts","authors":"E. N. Razov, V. V. Semenov","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070078","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The action of an electron beam on crystals of tetramethylethylenediaminium nitrilotriacetate [HMe<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>H]<sup>2+</sup>[HN(CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)(CH<sub>2</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>–</sup><sub>2</sub>, ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub>O<sub>24</sub>‧4H<sub>2</sub>O, and polymeric zinc nitrilotrimethylenephosphonate trihydrate (ZnH<sub>4</sub>L‧3H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub>, on a lamellar crystal of 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di(ethylaminium) trifluoroacetate CF<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>‒</sup> <sup>+</sup>H<sub>3</sub>N(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+‒</sup>O(O)CCF<sub>3</sub>, and on films of the monoethanolaminium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [Н<sub>3</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH]<sup>+</sup><sub>2</sub>[(OOCCH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>N(CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2–</sup> was studied. A Tescan VEGA II electron microscope was used as an exposure tool. The microrelief was examined at magnifications from 500× to 50000×. The survey was carried out at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and a working distance of 2–8 mm, using secondary (SE) and backscattered (BSE) electron detectors. A copper–nickel alloy and silicate glass were used as the substrate material for the films. The crystals and films were irradiated with an electron beam of various powers, forming an area 20 × 20 μm in size. At low power, the area dimensions are strictly 20 × 20 μm, and the surface remains relatively flat. An increase in the power or in the exposure time while maintaining the power causes an increase in the size by 5 to 34%. The maximum impact causes the formation of defects in the form of cracks, swellings, bubbles, holes, and craters. The elevation of the surface increases with increasing radiation dose.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070017
M. A. Golubeva, A. L. Maximov
Abstract
Published data on hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation of model petroleum compounds in the presence of molybdenum and tungsten phosphides are analyzed. The majority of papers in which these catalysts are compared to traditional sulfide catalysts demonstrate higher activity of the phosphide catalysts. The influence exerted on the activity of phosphide catalysts in these processes by the feed composition (presence of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds), catalyst synthesis conditions and active phase content, reaction conditions, and promoter is described. When performing the synthesis at high temperatures or using large amounts of the active phase deposited onto an Al-containing support, the catalyst activity can decrease owing to the formation of AlPO4. The promotion of molybdenum and tungsten phosphides with nickel or cobalt enhances the catalyst activity. The major cause of phosphide deactivation is the presence of nitrogen-containing compounds in the feed, whereas the presence of sulfur-containing compounds, on the contrary, in most cases leads to an increase in the catalyst activity owing to the formation of the phosphosulfide phase.
{"title":"Molybdenum and Tungsten Phosphides in Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation of Petroleum Compounds","authors":"M. A. Golubeva, A. L. Maximov","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070017","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Published data on hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation of model petroleum compounds in the presence of molybdenum and tungsten phosphides are analyzed. The majority of papers in which these catalysts are compared to traditional sulfide catalysts demonstrate higher activity of the phosphide catalysts. The influence exerted on the activity of phosphide catalysts in these processes by the feed composition (presence of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds), catalyst synthesis conditions and active phase content, reaction conditions, and promoter is described. When performing the synthesis at high temperatures or using large amounts of the active phase deposited onto an Al-containing support, the catalyst activity can decrease owing to the formation of AlPO<sub>4</sub>. The promotion of molybdenum and tungsten phosphides with nickel or cobalt enhances the catalyst activity. The major cause of phosphide deactivation is the presence of nitrogen-containing compounds in the feed, whereas the presence of sulfur-containing compounds, on the contrary, in most cases leads to an increase in the catalyst activity owing to the formation of the phosphosulfide phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070030
M. A. Zotkin, A. I. Wozniak, D. A. Alentiev, I. V. Lunev, A. A. Galiullin, M. V. Bermeshev
Abstract
Dielectric properties of isomeric glassy 5-cyclohexyl-2-norbornene polymers synthesized by the metathesis and vinyl-addition schemes were studied in a wide range of electric field frequencies (0.1–1 × 106 Hz) and temperatures (from –100 to +200°С). These polymers have close values of the dielectric constant (2.28–2.29 at the electric field frequency of 1 MHz and 25°С) and low values of dielectric loss caused by dipole-segmental loss. Analysis of the imaginary part of the dielectric spectrum shows that the vinyl-addition polymer is characterized by a single relaxation process and the metathesis polymer, by three processes associated with cooperative segmental motion of backbones, with changes in the conformation of the cyclohexyl substituent, and with local motion in monomeric units.
{"title":"Dielectric Properties of Metathesis and Vinyl-addition 5-Cyclohexyl-2-norbornene Polymers","authors":"M. A. Zotkin, A. I. Wozniak, D. A. Alentiev, I. V. Lunev, A. A. Galiullin, M. V. Bermeshev","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070030","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Dielectric properties of isomeric glassy 5-cyclohexyl-2-norbornene polymers synthesized by the metathesis and vinyl-addition schemes were studied in a wide range of electric field frequencies (0.1–1 × 10<sup>6</sup> Hz) and temperatures (from –100 to +200°С). These polymers have close values of the dielectric constant (2.28–2.29 at the electric field frequency of 1 MHz and 25°С) and low values of dielectric loss caused by dipole-segmental loss. Analysis of the imaginary part of the dielectric spectrum shows that the vinyl-addition polymer is characterized by a single relaxation process and the metathesis polymer, by three processes associated with cooperative segmental motion of backbones, with changes in the conformation of the cyclohexyl substituent, and with local motion in monomeric units.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1134/s1070427223070054
E. V. Shkol’nikov
Abstract
The corrosion of 10Cr18Ni10Ti and 10Cr17Ni13Mo2Ti austenitic constructional steels in 5% hydrochloric acid containing an inhibitor based on aqueous extracts of aspen (ABE), spruce (SBE), and pine (PBE) bark was studied by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Such solutions are used for washing and chemical cleaning of cooking and heat-exchange equipment. The influence of temperature and composition of inhibitors on the process was examined. New data on the kinetics of the acid corrosion of the steels were obtained and analyzed. At equal concentration of 1 g L–1, the inhibiting effect of water-extractable substances (WESs) of wood bark on the acid corrosion of steels increases in the order PBE < SBE < ABE. The inhibiting effect also increases with an increase in the WES concentration to 3.8 g L–1 and in the temperature from 20 to 50°С, on mixing extracts of different kinds of bark, and to a still greater extent on introducing a synergistic agent, hexamethylenetetramine or potassium iodide, into the extracts.
{"title":"Inhibition of the Acid Corrosion of 10Cr18Ni10Ti and 10Cr18Ni13Mo2Ti Austenitic Steels by Aqueous Extracts of Wood Bark","authors":"E. V. Shkol’nikov","doi":"10.1134/s1070427223070054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427223070054","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The corrosion of 10Cr18Ni10Ti and 10Cr17Ni13Mo2Ti austenitic constructional steels in 5% hydrochloric acid containing an inhibitor based on aqueous extracts of aspen (ABE), spruce (SBE), and pine (PBE) bark was studied by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Such solutions are used for washing and chemical cleaning of cooking and heat-exchange equipment. The influence of temperature and composition of inhibitors on the process was examined. New data on the kinetics of the acid corrosion of the steels were obtained and analyzed. At equal concentration of 1 g L<sup>–1</sup>, the inhibiting effect of water-extractable substances (WESs) of wood bark on the acid corrosion of steels increases in the order PBE < SBE < ABE. The inhibiting effect also increases with an increase in the WES concentration to 3.8 g L<sup>–1</sup> and in the temperature from 20 to 50<b>°</b>С, on mixing extracts of different kinds of bark, and to a still greater extent on introducing a synergistic agent, hexamethylenetetramine or potassium iodide, into the extracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":757,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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