Pub Date : 2022-10-17eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.917201
Fikru B Bedada, Gezahegn Gorfu, Shaolei Teng, Marguerite E Neita
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel zoonotic positive-sense RNA virus (ssRNA+) belonging to the genus beta coronaviruses (CoVs) in the Coronaviridae family. It is the causative agent for the outbreak of the disease, COVID-19. It is the third CoV causing pneumonia around the world in the past 2 decades. To date, it has caused significant deaths worldwide. Notably, the emergence of new genetic variants conferring efficient transmission and immune evasion remained a challenge, despite the reduction in the number of death cases, owing to effective vaccination regimen (boosting) and safety protocols. Thus, information harnessed from SARS-CoV-2 genomic organization is indispensable for seeking laboratory diagnosis and treatment options. Here in, we review previously circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 designated variant of concern (VOC) including the Alpha (United Kingdom), Beta (South Africa), Gamma (Brazil), Delta (India), and recently circulating VOC, Omicron (South Africa) and its divergent subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5) with BA.5 currently becoming dominant and prolonging the COVID pandemic. In addition, we address the role of computational models for mutagenesis analysis which can predict important residues that contribute to transmissibility, virulence, immune evasion, and molecular detections of SARS-CoV-2. Concomitantly, the importance of harnessing the immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 and host interaction for therapeutic purpose; and use of an in slilico based biocomputational approaches to achieve this purpose via predicting novel therapeutic agents targeting PRR such as toll like receptor, design of universal vaccine and chimeric antibodies tailored to the emergent variant have been highlighted.
{"title":"Insight into genomic organization of pathogenic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2: Implication for emergence of new variants, laboratory diagnosis and treatment options.","authors":"Fikru B Bedada, Gezahegn Gorfu, Shaolei Teng, Marguerite E Neita","doi":"10.3389/fmmed.2022.917201","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmmed.2022.917201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2 is a novel zoonotic positive-sense RNA virus (ssRNA+) belonging to the genus beta coronaviruses (CoVs) in the Coronaviridae family. It is the causative agent for the outbreak of the disease, COVID-19. It is the third CoV causing pneumonia around the world in the past 2 decades. To date, it has caused significant deaths worldwide. Notably, the emergence of new genetic variants conferring efficient transmission and immune evasion remained a challenge, despite the reduction in the number of death cases, owing to effective vaccination regimen (boosting) and safety protocols. Thus, information harnessed from SARS-CoV-2 genomic organization is indispensable for seeking laboratory diagnosis and treatment options. Here in, we review previously circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 designated variant of concern (VOC) including the Alpha (United Kingdom), Beta (South Africa), Gamma (Brazil), Delta (India), and recently circulating VOC, Omicron (South Africa) and its divergent subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5) with BA.5 currently becoming dominant and prolonging the COVID pandemic. In addition, we address the role of computational models for mutagenesis analysis which can predict important residues that contribute to transmissibility, virulence, immune evasion, and molecular detections of SARS-CoV-2. Concomitantly, the importance of harnessing the immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 and host interaction for therapeutic purpose; and use of an in slilico based biocomputational approaches to achieve this purpose <i>via</i> predicting novel therapeutic agents targeting PRR such as toll like receptor, design of universal vaccine and chimeric antibodies tailored to the emergent variant have been highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"8 6 1","pages":"917201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11328875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91200814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000525733.25811.07
J. Steinauer, J. Turk, Tali Pomerantz, K. Koenemann, K. Simonson, U. Landy
{"title":"Abortion Training in U.S. Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Programs","authors":"J. Steinauer, J. Turk, Tali Pomerantz, K. Koenemann, K. Simonson, U. Landy","doi":"10.1097/01.AOG.0000525733.25811.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000525733.25811.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/01.AOG.0000525733.25811.07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61678364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R van den Elzen, J Guillén, V Ruiz-del-Valle, L M Allende, E Lowy, J Zamora, A Arnaiz-Villena
South American siskin radiation was studied by both mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt cyt b) DNA sequencing and homologous phenotypic characters; the latter were coded separately according to sex. Mixed phenetic and molecular (total evidence) dendrograms were constructed and the corresponding analyses suggest that speciation started in the South American siskin group with a north to south separation (Carduelis notata/C. barbata) along the Andean spine. A second split may have taken place around the Peruvian Andean mountains, corresponding to the present distribution pattern of C. olivacea. The most recent speciation events seem to have occurred in three sister species pairs: (i) C. xanthogastra/C. atrata, (ii) C. magellanica/C. yarrellii, (iii) C. cucullata/C. crassirostris. Accumulation of consistent characters in both morphological and molecular data at the basal nodes of the dendrograms indicate that speciation events occurred within a short period of time. Our data also suggest that speciation probably occurred by sexual selection through female mating choice in this radiation. Additionally, studies of variable amino acid residues in the mt cyt b molecule show that the three variable amino acids found are placed in the mitochondrial transmembrane region, which is also part of the hypervariable region in mammals. Each of the three amino acid changes occur in each of the three postulated evolutionary groups.
通过线粒体细胞色素b（mt cyt b）DNA测序和同源表型特征研究了南美黄雀的辐射；后者根据性别分别编码。研究人员构建了混合表型和分子（总证据）树枝图，相应的分析表明，南美鶸类的物种分化始于沿安第斯山脊由北向南的分离（Carduelis notata/C. barbata）。第二次分离可能发生在秘鲁安第斯山脉附近，与 C. olivacea 目前的分布模式相对应。最近的物种分化似乎发生在三个姐妹种对：(i) C. xanthogastra/C. atrata，(ii) C. magellanica/C. yarrellii，(iii) C. cucullata/C. crassirostris。在树枝图的基部节点上，形态学和分子数据中一致特征的积累表明，物种分化事件发生在很短的时间内。我们的数据还表明，在这一辐射中，物种的形成可能是通过雌性交配选择进行性选择的结果。此外，对 mt 细胞 b 分子中可变氨基酸残基的研究表明，发现的三个可变氨基酸位于线粒体跨膜区，这也是哺乳动物超变异区的一部分。这三个氨基酸的变化分别出现在三个假定的进化组中。
{"title":"Both morphological and molecular characters support speciation of South American siskins by sexual selection.","authors":"R van den Elzen, J Guillén, V Ruiz-del-Valle, L M Allende, E Lowy, J Zamora, A Arnaiz-Villena","doi":"10.1007/PL00000841","DOIUrl":"10.1007/PL00000841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>South American siskin radiation was studied by both mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt cyt b) DNA sequencing and homologous phenotypic characters; the latter were coded separately according to sex. Mixed phenetic and molecular (total evidence) dendrograms were constructed and the corresponding analyses suggest that speciation started in the South American siskin group with a north to south separation (Carduelis notata/C. barbata) along the Andean spine. A second split may have taken place around the Peruvian Andean mountains, corresponding to the present distribution pattern of C. olivacea. The most recent speciation events seem to have occurred in three sister species pairs: (i) C. xanthogastra/C. atrata, (ii) C. magellanica/C. yarrellii, (iii) C. cucullata/C. crassirostris. Accumulation of consistent characters in both morphological and molecular data at the basal nodes of the dendrograms indicate that speciation events occurred within a short period of time. Our data also suggest that speciation probably occurred by sexual selection through female mating choice in this radiation. Additionally, studies of variable amino acid residues in the mt cyt b molecule show that the three variable amino acids found are placed in the mitochondrial transmembrane region, which is also part of the hypervariable region in mammals. Each of the three amino acid changes occur in each of the three postulated evolutionary groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"2117-28"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91196187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors Influencing Condom Use Depend upon Whether a Woman Has Had a Sexually Transmitted Disease","authors":"A. Hirozawa","doi":"10.2307/3030199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risks and Disadvantages Are Raised for Teenage Mothers with Older Adult Partners","authors":"D. Hollander","doi":"10.2307/3030200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030200","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"251 1","pages":"285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CONTEXT Since the 1980s, the age at which U.S. teenagers, especially minority youth, begin having sex has decreased. There is limited information on the relationship between early sexual initiation and subsequent risky sexual behaviors. METHODS A sample of 1,287 urban minority adolescents completed three surveys in seventh and eighth grade, and 970 completed a follow-up in 10th grade. Logistic regression was used to test the effects of timing of initiation on 10th-grade sexual behaviors and risks, adjusting for gender, ethnicity and age. RESULTS At baseline, 31% of males and 8% of females reported sexual initiation; by the 10th grade, these figures were 66% and 52%, respectively. Recent intercourse among males increased from 20% at baseline to 39% in eighth grade; 54% reported recent sex and 6% had made a partner pregnant by 10th grade. Among females, recent intercourse tripled from baseline to eighth grade (5% to 15%); 42% reported recent sex and 12% had been pregnant by grade 10. Early initiators had an increased likelihood of having had multiple sex partners, been involved in a pregnancy, forced a partner to have sex, had frequent intercourse and had sex while drunk or high. There were significant gender differences for all outcomes except frequency of intercourse and being drunk or high during sex. CONCLUSIONS Minority adolescents who initiate sexual activity early engage in behaviors that place them at high risk for negative health outcomes. It is important to involve parents and schools in prevention efforts that address sexual initiation in early adolescence and that target youth who continue to place themselves and their partners at risk.
{"title":"Early sexual initiation and subsequent sex-related risks among urban minority youth: the reach for health study.","authors":"L. O'donnell, C. O'Donnell, A. Stueve","doi":"10.2307/3030194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030194","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Since the 1980s, the age at which U.S. teenagers, especially minority youth, begin having sex has decreased. There is limited information on the relationship between early sexual initiation and subsequent risky sexual behaviors.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A sample of 1,287 urban minority adolescents completed three surveys in seventh and eighth grade, and 970 completed a follow-up in 10th grade. Logistic regression was used to test the effects of timing of initiation on 10th-grade sexual behaviors and risks, adjusting for gender, ethnicity and age.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000At baseline, 31% of males and 8% of females reported sexual initiation; by the 10th grade, these figures were 66% and 52%, respectively. Recent intercourse among males increased from 20% at baseline to 39% in eighth grade; 54% reported recent sex and 6% had made a partner pregnant by 10th grade. Among females, recent intercourse tripled from baseline to eighth grade (5% to 15%); 42% reported recent sex and 12% had been pregnant by grade 10. Early initiators had an increased likelihood of having had multiple sex partners, been involved in a pregnancy, forced a partner to have sex, had frequent intercourse and had sex while drunk or high. There were significant gender differences for all outcomes except frequency of intercourse and being drunk or high during sex.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Minority adolescents who initiate sexual activity early engage in behaviors that place them at high risk for negative health outcomes. It is important to involve parents and schools in prevention efforts that address sexual initiation in early adolescence and that target youth who continue to place themselves and their partners at risk.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 6 1","pages":"268-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family Planning Perspectives Family dynamics and attachment also play a role: If parents appropriately supervise and monitor their children, and if the adolescents feel connected to their parents, they are less likely to engage in sexual risk-taking. Family values about sexual behavior and contraceptive use, and family sexual behaviors, also have an impact on the adolescents’ behavior. Moreover, peers’ norms and behavior regarding sex and contraceptive use affect an individual’s sexual and contraceptive behavior, as do adolescents’ partners’ support for contraception. Turning to the teenagers themselves, their age and hormone levels, their attachment to school and religious institutions, their engagement in other problem or risk behaviors, their emotional wellbeing, the characteristics of their relationships with romantic partners, any past history of sexual abuse, and their own sexual beliefs, attitudes, skills and motivations all affect their sexual or contraceptive behavior. In addition, Emerging Answers reviewed 73 studies measuring the impact of diverse types of programs. There was particularly strong evidence that four groups of programs are effective at reducing sexual risktaking or pregnancy: •sex and HIV education programs with certain qualities; •some clinic-patient protocols that focus on sexual behavior; •service learning programs that include both intensive voluntary service and ongoing small-group discussions about the service; and •the Children’s Aid Society–Carrera programs (CAS-Carrera programs), which include multiple youth development components, health services and close relationships with the staff. In addition, Emerging Answers found weaker evidence that a few other programs were effective. Douglas Kirby is senior research scientist at ETR Associates, Santa Cruz, CA. The author thanks Karin Coyle, Jill Denner and Sarah Brown for their comments on an early version of this viewpoint. Understanding What Works and What Doesn’t In Reducing Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking
{"title":"Understanding what works and what doesn't in reducing adolescent sexual risk-taking.","authors":"Kirby Bd","doi":"10.2307/3030195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030195","url":null,"abstract":"Family Planning Perspectives Family dynamics and attachment also play a role: If parents appropriately supervise and monitor their children, and if the adolescents feel connected to their parents, they are less likely to engage in sexual risk-taking. Family values about sexual behavior and contraceptive use, and family sexual behaviors, also have an impact on the adolescents’ behavior. Moreover, peers’ norms and behavior regarding sex and contraceptive use affect an individual’s sexual and contraceptive behavior, as do adolescents’ partners’ support for contraception. Turning to the teenagers themselves, their age and hormone levels, their attachment to school and religious institutions, their engagement in other problem or risk behaviors, their emotional wellbeing, the characteristics of their relationships with romantic partners, any past history of sexual abuse, and their own sexual beliefs, attitudes, skills and motivations all affect their sexual or contraceptive behavior. In addition, Emerging Answers reviewed 73 studies measuring the impact of diverse types of programs. There was particularly strong evidence that four groups of programs are effective at reducing sexual risktaking or pregnancy: •sex and HIV education programs with certain qualities; •some clinic-patient protocols that focus on sexual behavior; •service learning programs that include both intensive voluntary service and ongoing small-group discussions about the service; and •the Children’s Aid Society–Carrera programs (CAS-Carrera programs), which include multiple youth development components, health services and close relationships with the staff. In addition, Emerging Answers found weaker evidence that a few other programs were effective. Douglas Kirby is senior research scientist at ETR Associates, Santa Cruz, CA. The author thanks Karin Coyle, Jill Denner and Sarah Brown for their comments on an early version of this viewpoint. Understanding What Works and What Doesn’t In Reducing Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"10 1","pages":"276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CONTEXT In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. METHODS Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regression and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. RESULTS The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers complete 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage points between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. CONCLUSIONS Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.
{"title":"The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time.","authors":"S. Hofferth, Lori L. Reid, F. Mott","doi":"10.2307/3030193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030193","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regression and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers complete 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage points between the early 1960s and the early 1990s.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"29 1","pages":"259-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CONTEXT Adolescent pregnancy, birth, abortion and sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates are much higher in the United States than in most other developed countries. METHODS Government statistics or nationally representative survey data were supplemented with data collected by private organizations or for regional or local populations to conduct studies of adolescent births, abortions, sexual activity and contraceptive use in Canada, the United States, Sweden, France and Great Britain. RESULTS Adolescent childbearing is more common in the United States (22% of women reported having had a child before age 20) than in Great Britain (15%), Canada (11%), France (6%) and Sweden (4%); differences are even greater for births to younger teenagers. A lower proportion of teenage pregnancies are resolved through abortion in the United States than in the other countries; however, because of their high pregnancy rate, U.S. teenagers have the highest abortion rate. The age of sexual debut varies little across countries, yet American teenagers are the most likely to have multiple partners. A greater proportion of U.S. women reported no contraceptive use at either first or recent intercourse (25% and 20%, respectively) than reported nonuse in France (11% and 12%, respectively), Great Britain (21% and 4%, respectively) and Sweden (22% and 7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Data on contraceptive use are more important than data on sexual activity in explaining variation in levels of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing among the five developed countries; however, the higher level of multiple sexual partnership among American teenagers may help explain their higher STD rates.
{"title":"Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use.","authors":"J. Darroch, Susheela Singh, J. Frost","doi":"10.2307/3030191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030191","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Adolescent pregnancy, birth, abortion and sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates are much higher in the United States than in most other developed countries.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Government statistics or nationally representative survey data were supplemented with data collected by private organizations or for regional or local populations to conduct studies of adolescent births, abortions, sexual activity and contraceptive use in Canada, the United States, Sweden, France and Great Britain.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Adolescent childbearing is more common in the United States (22% of women reported having had a child before age 20) than in Great Britain (15%), Canada (11%), France (6%) and Sweden (4%); differences are even greater for births to younger teenagers. A lower proportion of teenage pregnancies are resolved through abortion in the United States than in the other countries; however, because of their high pregnancy rate, U.S. teenagers have the highest abortion rate. The age of sexual debut varies little across countries, yet American teenagers are the most likely to have multiple partners. A greater proportion of U.S. women reported no contraceptive use at either first or recent intercourse (25% and 20%, respectively) than reported nonuse in France (11% and 12%, respectively), Great Britain (21% and 4%, respectively) and Sweden (22% and 7%, respectively).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Data on contraceptive use are more important than data on sexual activity in explaining variation in levels of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing among the five developed countries; however, the higher level of multiple sexual partnership among American teenagers may help explain their higher STD rates.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"55 47 1","pages":"244-50, 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CONTEXT Differences among developed countries in teenagers' patterns of sexual and reproductive behavior may partly reflect differences in the extent of disadvantage. However, to date, this potential contribution has received little attention. METHODS Researchers in Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States used the most current survey and other data to study adolescent sexual and reproductive behavior. Comparisons were made within and across countries to assess the relationships between these behaviors and factors that may indicate disadvantage. RESULTS Adolescent childbearing is more likely among women with low levels of income and education than among their better-off peers. Levels of childbearing are also strongly related to race, ethnicity and immigrant status, but these differences vary across countries. Early sexual activity has little association with income, but young women who have little education are more likely to initiate intercourse during adolescence than those who are better educated. Contraceptive use at first intercourse differs substantially according to socioeconomic status in some countries but not in others. Within countries, current contraceptive use does not differ greatly according to economic status, but at each economic level, use is higher in Great Britain than in the United States. Regardless of their socioeconomic status, U.S. women are the most likely to give birth as adolescents. In addition, larger proportions of adolescents are disadvantaged in the United States than in other developed countries. CONCLUSIONS Comparatively widespread disadvantage in the United States helps explain why U.S. teenagers have higher birthrates andpregnancy rates than those in other developed countries. Improving U.S. teenagers' sexual and reproductive behavior requires strategies to reduce the numbers of young people growing up in disadvantaged conditions and to help those who are disadvantaged overcome the obstacles they face.
{"title":"Socioeconomic disadvantage and adolescent women's sexual and reproductive behavior: the case of five developed countries.","authors":"Susheela Singh, J. Darroch, J. Frost","doi":"10.2307/3030192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3030192","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Differences among developed countries in teenagers' patterns of sexual and reproductive behavior may partly reflect differences in the extent of disadvantage. However, to date, this potential contribution has received little attention.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Researchers in Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States used the most current survey and other data to study adolescent sexual and reproductive behavior. Comparisons were made within and across countries to assess the relationships between these behaviors and factors that may indicate disadvantage.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Adolescent childbearing is more likely among women with low levels of income and education than among their better-off peers. Levels of childbearing are also strongly related to race, ethnicity and immigrant status, but these differences vary across countries. Early sexual activity has little association with income, but young women who have little education are more likely to initiate intercourse during adolescence than those who are better educated. Contraceptive use at first intercourse differs substantially according to socioeconomic status in some countries but not in others. Within countries, current contraceptive use does not differ greatly according to economic status, but at each economic level, use is higher in Great Britain than in the United States. Regardless of their socioeconomic status, U.S. women are the most likely to give birth as adolescents. In addition, larger proportions of adolescents are disadvantaged in the United States than in other developed countries.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Comparatively widespread disadvantage in the United States helps explain why U.S. teenagers have higher birthrates andpregnancy rates than those in other developed countries. Improving U.S. teenagers' sexual and reproductive behavior requires strategies to reduce the numbers of young people growing up in disadvantaged conditions and to help those who are disadvantaged overcome the obstacles they face.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 6 1","pages":"251-8, 289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3030192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号