Pesticides monitoring journal最新文献

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues, especially DDT and its metabolites, were determined in 71 individuals of 14 species of predatory birds obtained in Florida between 1969 and 1976. Of the 71 birds, 68 contained p,p'-DDE or another DDT metabolite; 34 contained dieldrin. DDE was found in 93 percent of the 57 adipose tissue samples, all the 9 brain samples, and 89 percent of the 62 uropygial gland samples. Of the 65 birds taken since 1972, 61 contained DDE in at least one of these three tissues. The annual average of sigmaDDT in adipose tissue and uropygial gland over the 6-year span was approximately 5 ppm wet weight. From 1973 to 1976, no significant increase or decrease in pesticide burdens was detected. Some birds had no DDE whereas others contained up to 76 ppm sigmaDDT. None of the data suggest that any of the birds of prey had died of DDT or DDT metabolite poisoning.

Freshwater mullet harvested commercially during various seasons of 1975-76 from the upper Great Lakes were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury. Species analyzed were Catostomus commersoni, C. catostomus, and Moxostoma erythruran. Whole ground fish, mechanically deboned flesh, head, middle, and tail steaks, and various muscles were analyzed for pesticides and PCBs; only edible flesh was analyzed for mercury. Dieldrin ranged from none detected to 0.23 ppm in deboned and whole ground samples, the DDT range was a trace to 0.30 ppm, and PCBs ranged from 0.06 ppm to 0.79 ppm. Levels were also higher in head sections and in high fat-containing medial muscle and belly flap. Mercury levels ranged from 0.03 ppm to 0.28 ppm in the flesh of mullet from Lake Michigan.

Analysis of mirex residues in estaurine animals, sediments, and waters collected from the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1972-74 showed the following ranges of concentrations: seston, 200-3000 ppb; molluscs, 36-500 ppb; fish, 0-259 ppb; sediment, 3-5ppb; and water, 0-0.01 ppb. These data indicate that mirex in aquatic environments is localized in animal tissues and bottom substrate and that only a negligible amount is incorporated in the water.

Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.

Concentrations of DDT in muscle tissue of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from the Des Moines River, Iowa, were compared in relation to length, age, sex, and fat content. Residue concentrations were not correlated with sex. Although residue concentrations were significantly correlated with size-related factors and fat content, they varied widely. Therefore, predictions of DDT concentrations in individual catfish on the basis of length, age, or muscle fat content may be grossly inaccurate.

Pennsylvania streams, community water supplies, and open water reservoirs were analyzed for PCB mixtures, DDT, and DDT metabolites. Streams were sampled in 1974 and again in 1975. Only 4 of 19 stream locations were contaminated. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (2 locations), Aroclor 1254 (3 locations), and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 350, 260, and 620 ng/kg, respectively. Of the 110 community water supplies sampled in 1975 and 1976, only 7 contained residues. Maximum concentrations in community supplies of Aroclor 1242 (4 locations) and sigmaDDT (2 locations) were 460 ng/kg and 75 ng/kg, respectively. The seventh contained 0.7 ng/kg of dieldrin. None of the three open water reservoirs contained detectable residues of the compounds of interest. Essentially no correlation was found between PCB and DDT analogs in streams and those in fish from streams which had been samples at similar locations in a related study in 1976.

Monitoring activities were initiated in 1971 to survey the occurence and levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in bovine milk and manufactured milk products in Illinois. Dieldrin residues were the most prevalent, and were found in 96 percent of the samples. Dieldrin also accounted for the highest average residue concentration (0.09 ppm). Only 0.3% of the samples contained illegal insecticide residues. Levels of DDT and lindane were generally declining, but those for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide tended to remain constant.

Residues of DDT were detected in 76 of 101 samples of rainwater collected during spring and summer at several sites in the Province of New Brunswick in 1967 and 1968, and at one site in the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, in 1968. The dominant residue was p,p'-DDT. Levels of DDT and metabolites combined ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.33 microgram/kg. Levels of DDT and metabolites in the pollen of four species of forest trees in New Brunswick ranged from 0.544 to 1.01 mg/kg; such contaminated pollen possibly contributed to residues in rainwater. Residue data for rainwater from two sites were used to estimate the amount of DDT aerially transported into the Gulf of St. Lawrence during July to October 1968.