A comparison of thermodynamics properties of two-dimensional linear rigid rotator is presented in the absence, and presence of an impressed weak electric field at low and high temperatures. It is shown that specific heat and entropy fall off rapidly at low temperatures. At ultra low temperatures, the entire normal entropy is lost and we have complete ordering by the impressed field. In the classical limit it is shown that there is a temperature dependent polarizability
{"title":"Statistical mechanics model for orientational motion of two-dimensional rigid rotator","authors":"J. Malo","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V6I2.55177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V6I2.55177","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison of thermodynamics properties of two-dimensional linear rigid rotator is presented in the absence, and presence of an impressed weak electric field at low and high temperatures. It is shown that specific heat and entropy fall off rapidly at low temperatures. At ultra low temperatures, the entire normal entropy is lost and we have complete ordering by the impressed field. In the classical limit it is shown that there is a temperature dependent polarizability","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89478043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Cheruiyot, C. Ndiema, M. C. Chemelil, R. Wambua
A study was conducted at Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya to establish the potential of plastic digester to produce biogas under natural and greenhouse microenvironment. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effects of greenhouse and ground insulation on the rate and quality of biogas generation. A greenhouse measuring 6m long, 4m wide and 2m high was constructed. Inside the greenhouse and the outside environment, three replications of thirty (30)-litre plastic biogas digester filled to two third capacity with slurry were used. The digesters were partially exposed to the environment and when fully buried in the ground. Biogas yields averaged 90.3 and 63.0 litres per kilogramme (l/kg) of volatile solids added for partially buried digesters under greenhouse and natural conditions, respectively. The corresponding digester temperatures averaged 27.5 and 22.2 o C. The respective biogas yields averaged 312.8 and 226 litres per kilogramme volatile solid added, while the temperatures averaged 27.9 and 24.1 o C for fully buried digesters. The average methane content in the biogas was 61.5% and 56.4% under greenhouse and natural conditions, respectively. At the 0.05 significance level, greenhouse effect was found to enhance both the quantity and quality of biogas generation from dairy cattle dung. The effects of ground insulation had a far much effect on the quantity of biogas generation as compared to the effects of greenhouse conditions. Therefore ground insulation of plastic biogas digester under greenhouse conditions significantly enhances biogas generation. Keywords: Anaerobic conditions, greenhouse, natural conditions, ground insulation, greenhouse effect
{"title":"Effects of ground insulation and greenhouse microenvironment on the rate and quality of biogas production","authors":"P. Cheruiyot, C. Ndiema, M. C. Chemelil, R. Wambua","doi":"10.4314/BJT.V18I2.52254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BJT.V18I2.52254","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted at Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya to establish the potential of plastic digester to produce biogas under natural and greenhouse microenvironment. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effects of greenhouse and ground insulation on the rate and quality of biogas generation. A greenhouse measuring 6m long, 4m wide and 2m high was constructed. Inside the greenhouse and the outside environment, three replications of thirty (30)-litre plastic biogas digester filled to two third capacity with slurry were used. The digesters were partially exposed to the environment and when fully buried in the ground. Biogas yields averaged 90.3 and 63.0 litres per kilogramme (l/kg) of volatile solids added for partially buried digesters under greenhouse and natural conditions, respectively. The corresponding digester temperatures averaged 27.5 and 22.2 o C. The respective biogas yields averaged 312.8 and 226 litres per kilogramme volatile solid added, while the temperatures averaged 27.9 and 24.1 o C for fully buried digesters. The average methane content in the biogas was 61.5% and 56.4% under greenhouse and natural conditions, respectively. At the 0.05 significance level, greenhouse effect was found to enhance both the quantity and quality of biogas generation from dairy cattle dung. The effects of ground insulation had a far much effect on the quantity of biogas generation as compared to the effects of greenhouse conditions. Therefore ground insulation of plastic biogas digester under greenhouse conditions significantly enhances biogas generation. Keywords: Anaerobic conditions, greenhouse, natural conditions, ground insulation, greenhouse effect","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81695057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The thick lateritic cover of tropical zones are often considered as old soils which have undergone several evolutionary cycles throughout time. Nevertheless, they contain some resistant minerals like gold, zircon and tourmaline which remain after surficial processes.These residual minerals, used as tracers of the genesis and evolution of laterites, have enabled us to identify the differents layers of the profile. They are also useful in demonstrating the presence or absence of filiation with the substratum. In an auriferous region of the soudano-sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, gold and zircon have been accumulated on non-mineralized granites, by physical transport. The chemical transfer of iron has cimented and protect this allochtonous material, forming an iron crust. In the ultrabasic region of the humid tropical zone of Cameroon, chemical transfers made up mainly of aluminium from acid country rocks, have favoured the individualization of manganesiferous phases bearing cobalt and nickel. Physical transport also occur and is revealed by the presence of residual tourmaline grains, mainly in the upper part of the profiles, thus reworked and semiautochtonous.
{"title":"L'OR, LE ZIRCON ET LA TOURMALINE : TRACEURS DE L'ORIGINE DES MATERIAUX DES PROFILS LATERITIQUES D'AFRIQUE","authors":"M. Ouangrawa, Fr Yongue","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44667","url":null,"abstract":"The thick lateritic cover of tropical zones are often considered as old soils which have undergone several evolutionary cycles throughout time. Nevertheless, they contain some resistant minerals like gold, zircon and tourmaline which remain after surficial processes.These residual minerals, used as tracers of the genesis and evolution of laterites, have enabled us to identify the differents layers of the profile. They are also useful in demonstrating the presence or absence of filiation with the substratum. In an auriferous region of the soudano-sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, gold and zircon have been accumulated on non-mineralized granites, by physical transport. The chemical transfer of iron has cimented and protect this allochtonous material, forming an iron crust. In the ultrabasic region of the humid tropical zone of Cameroon, chemical transfers made up mainly of aluminium from acid country rocks, have favoured the individualization of manganesiferous phases bearing cobalt and nickel. Physical transport also occur and is revealed by the presence of residual tourmaline grains, mainly in the upper part of the profiles, thus reworked and semiautochtonous.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81553311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fermentation and cowpea steaming can be used to improve the protein quality and quantity of fermented maize dough. In the production of maize-cowpea blends, it is important that the quality characteristics are evaluated to determine their functionality in the products. A 5x4x2x2 factorial experiment with cowpea level, fermentation time, cowpea steaming time and fermentation method as the variable was performed. The cowpeas were dehulled, steamed, dried at 65EC for 24 hours and milled into flours. Maize was soaked in water (18 hours), drained and milled into flour. The maize-cowpea blends were made into a 50% moisture dough, fermented for the specified periods, dried at 65EC and milled into flour. Samples were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity, water absorption and sugars. The pH and titratable acidity of the samples were affected by fermentation time, steaming time, and the levels of cowpeas in the blend. Cowpeas was the main source of glucose/galactose. Fermentation caused a reduction in stacchyose and glucose/galactose. The mixing of cowpea flour with fermented maize dough prior to drying (single component fermentation) gave similar effects on sugar concentrations as detected in the co-fermented samples (multi-component fermentation). Fermentation and steamed cowpea fortification can be used to produce high protein fermented cereal foods with reduced anti-nutritional factors.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF FERMENTATION AND COWPEA STEAMING ON SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE-COWPEA BLENDS","authors":"S. Sefa-Dedeh, Y. Kluvitse, E. Afoakwa","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44674","url":null,"abstract":"Fermentation and cowpea steaming can be used to improve the protein quality and quantity of fermented maize dough. In the production of maize-cowpea blends, it is important that the quality characteristics are evaluated to determine their functionality in the products. A 5x4x2x2 factorial experiment with cowpea level, fermentation time, cowpea steaming time and fermentation method as the variable was performed. The cowpeas were dehulled, steamed, dried at 65EC for 24 hours and milled into flours. Maize was soaked in water (18 hours), drained and milled into flour. The maize-cowpea blends were made into a 50% moisture dough, fermented for the specified periods, dried at 65EC and milled into flour. Samples were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity, water absorption and sugars. The pH and titratable acidity of the samples were affected by fermentation time, steaming time, and the levels of cowpeas in the blend. Cowpeas was the main source of glucose/galactose. Fermentation caused a reduction in stacchyose and glucose/galactose. The mixing of cowpea flour with fermented maize dough prior to drying (single component fermentation) gave similar effects on sugar concentrations as detected in the co-fermented samples (multi-component fermentation). Fermentation and steamed cowpea fortification can be used to produce high protein fermented cereal foods with reduced anti-nutritional factors.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83173790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study of a 3 Km stretch of a perennial rainforest stream in southern Nigeria describes the macrobenthic faunal characteristics of pools (dam site stations) and runs. A total of 84 invertebrate taxa made up of 2,535 individuals were recorded. The overall faunal abundance was not significantly different at the study stretch. The abundance of the major taxonomic groups was however significantly different (P < 0.05) at the study stations. Hemiptera and Diptera were the most abundant invertebrate groups recorded. The high number of benthic invertebrates observed is a reflection of the physical and chemical stability of the study stream.
{"title":"Hydrobiological studies on Ibiekuma river at Ekpoma, Southern Nigeria, after impoundment: The faunal characteristics","authors":"C. A. Edokpayi, E. C. Osimen","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I1.44647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I1.44647","url":null,"abstract":"A study of a 3 Km stretch of a perennial rainforest stream in southern Nigeria describes the macrobenthic faunal characteristics of pools (dam site stations) and runs. A total of 84 invertebrate taxa made up of 2,535 individuals were recorded. The overall faunal abundance was not significantly different at the study stretch. The abundance of the major taxonomic groups was however significantly different (P < 0.05) at the study stations. Hemiptera and Diptera were the most abundant invertebrate groups recorded. The high number of benthic invertebrates observed is a reflection of the physical and chemical stability of the study stream.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81025162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the use of a transition metal complex, tris (2,2-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) as a photosensitizer to convert cyclopentane into other compounds in an aqueous medium and at room temperature and pressure has been investigated. Peroxydisulphate ion has been used as a radical source. The irradiation of the solutions have been carried out at 436- nm wavelength using a high pressure mercury lamp for the light source. Cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone have been obtained as organic products. The products were detected and characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. They were formed at concentration levels of 10- 4M. The quantum yields of total product formation were about 0.2 at a light intensity of 5 x 1016 quanta/s. Dans cette etude, l’utilisation d’un complexe du metal de transition, le tris (bipyridine-2,2) ruthenium (II), comme photosensibilisateur pour transformer le cyclopentane en d’autres composes dans un milieu aqueux et a temperature et pression ambiantes a ete examine. Nous avons utilise l’ion peroxydisulfate comme souce radicale. L’irradiation des solutions s’est effectuee a 436 nm de longueur d’onde avec utilisation d’une lampe de mercure a forte pression pour la source lumineuse. Nous avons obtenu du cyclopentanol et de la cyclopentanone comme produits organiques. Pour la detection et la caracterisation des produits, nous avons eu recours aux methodes de chromatographie de gaz et de spectrometrie de masse. Les produits etaient formes a des niveaux de concentration de 10-4 M. Les rapports quantiques de la formation totale des produits etaient d’environ 0,2 pour une intensite lumineuse de 5 x 1016 quanta/s. Dans cette etude, l’utilisation d’un complexe du metal de transition, le tris (bipyridine-2,2) ruthenium (II), comme photosensibilisateur pour transformer le cyclopentane en d’autres composes dans un milieu aqueux et a temperature et pression ambiantes a ete examine. Nous avons utilise l’ion peroxydisulfate comme souce radicale. L’irradiation des solutions s’est effectuee a 436 nm de longueur d’onde avec utilisation d’une lampe de mercure a forte pression pour la source lumineuse. Nous avons obtenu du cyclopentanol et de la cyclopentanone comme produits organiques. Pour la detection et la caracterisation des produits, nous avons eu recours aux methodes de chromatographie de gaz et de spectrometrie de masse. Les produits etaient formes a des niveaux de concentration de 10-4 M. Les rapports quantiques de la formation totale des produits etaient d’environ 0,2 pour une intensite lumineuse de 5 x 1016 quanta/s.
{"title":"ACTIVATION OF CYCLOPENTANE IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM AND AT ROOM TEMPERATURE USING TRIS-BIPYRIDINE RUTHENIUM COMPLEX AS A PHOTOSENSITIZER.","authors":"Nj Njapba, W. Waltz","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44665","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the use of a transition metal complex, tris (2,2-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) as a photosensitizer to convert cyclopentane into other compounds in an aqueous medium and at room temperature and pressure has been investigated. Peroxydisulphate ion has been used as a radical source. The irradiation of the solutions have been carried out at 436- nm wavelength using a high pressure mercury lamp for the light source. Cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone have been obtained as organic products. The products were detected and characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. They were formed at concentration levels of 10- 4M. The quantum yields of total product formation were about 0.2 at a light intensity of 5 x 1016 quanta/s. Dans cette etude, l’utilisation d’un complexe du metal de transition, le tris (bipyridine-2,2) ruthenium (II), comme photosensibilisateur pour transformer le cyclopentane en d’autres composes dans un milieu aqueux et a temperature et pression ambiantes a ete examine. Nous avons utilise l’ion peroxydisulfate comme souce radicale. L’irradiation des solutions s’est effectuee a 436 nm de longueur d’onde avec utilisation d’une lampe de mercure a forte pression pour la source lumineuse. Nous avons obtenu du cyclopentanol et de la cyclopentanone comme produits organiques. Pour la detection et la caracterisation des produits, nous avons eu recours aux methodes de chromatographie de gaz et de spectrometrie de masse. Les produits etaient formes a des niveaux de concentration de 10-4 M. Les rapports quantiques de la formation totale des produits etaient d’environ 0,2 pour une intensite lumineuse de 5 x 1016 quanta/s. Dans cette etude, l’utilisation d’un complexe du metal de transition, le tris (bipyridine-2,2) ruthenium (II), comme photosensibilisateur pour transformer le cyclopentane en d’autres composes dans un milieu aqueux et a temperature et pression ambiantes a ete examine. Nous avons utilise l’ion peroxydisulfate comme souce radicale. L’irradiation des solutions s’est effectuee a 436 nm de longueur d’onde avec utilisation d’une lampe de mercure a forte pression pour la source lumineuse. Nous avons obtenu du cyclopentanol et de la cyclopentanone comme produits organiques. Pour la detection et la caracterisation des produits, nous avons eu recours aux methodes de chromatographie de gaz et de spectrometrie de masse. Les produits etaient formes a des niveaux de concentration de 10-4 M. Les rapports quantiques de la formation totale des produits etaient d’environ 0,2 pour une intensite lumineuse de 5 x 1016 quanta/s.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88285801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adsorption properties of six samples of carbons of which two are obtained from AYOUS (Triplochiton Scleroxylon), two from AKOM (Terminalia Superba) and two obtained commercially were studied from their adsorption isotherms of acetic acid at 30° and 45°C. This study has resulted in the determination of the two types of adsorption isotherms : the Freundlich and Langmuir type I adsorption isotherms. The maximum capacities of adsorption vary between 0,98 x 10-4mol/g and 18,3 x 10-4 mol/g. The heat adsorption obtained have values < 40 kJ/mol indicating a physical and exothermic type adsorption.
{"title":"Adsorption isotherme de l’acide acétique par des charbons d’origine végétale","authors":"Jérôme Avom, Jk Mbadcam, Mrl Matip, P. Germain","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44663","url":null,"abstract":"The adsorption properties of six samples of carbons of which two are obtained from AYOUS (Triplochiton Scleroxylon), two from AKOM (Terminalia Superba) and two obtained commercially were studied from their adsorption isotherms of acetic acid at 30° and 45°C. This study has resulted in the determination of the two types of adsorption isotherms : the Freundlich and Langmuir type I adsorption isotherms. The maximum capacities of adsorption vary between 0,98 x 10-4mol/g and 18,3 x 10-4 mol/g. The heat adsorption obtained have values < 40 kJ/mol indicating a physical and exothermic type adsorption.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88531287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kandara is representative of the ecosystem of the forest borderline of South-East Cameroon. It is characterized by a mosaic of small forest units mingled in the savanna. A thick and complex lateritic cover made of indurated and clayey lithic groups which serve as the substratum for the vegetation. The analysis of the laterites in Kandara reveal their petrologic characteristics, their interrelations and geochemical changes. The genesis and evolution of these superficial formations could thus be defined, as well as the forest dynamics and the phytogeography. Kandara est representatif de l’ecosysteme periforestier du Sud-Est du Cameroun, caracterise par une mosaique d’unites forestieres qui s’imbriquent avec des ilots de savane. Une epaisse couverture pedologique lateritique, entite complexe ou s’harmonisent des ensembles lithiques indures et meubles, sert de support a cette vegetation. Le decryptage des formations lateritiques de Kandara revele les caracteristiques petrologiques des ensembles, leurs relations mutuelles et leurs evolutions geochimiques. Il pourrait permettre de definir les etapes de la genese et de l’evolution de ces formations superficielles, de meme que leur influence sur la dynamique forestiere et la distribution phytogeographique.
{"title":"Évolution géochimique des formations latéritiques dans l’écosystème périforestier du sud-est cameroun : le site de kandara.","authors":"G. Ekodeck, V. Beyala, Ni Konfor","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I1.44631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I1.44631","url":null,"abstract":"Kandara is representative of the ecosystem of the forest borderline of South-East Cameroon. It is characterized by a mosaic of small forest units mingled in the savanna. A thick and complex lateritic cover made of indurated and clayey lithic groups which serve as the substratum for the vegetation. The analysis of the laterites in Kandara reveal their petrologic characteristics, their interrelations and geochemical changes. The genesis and evolution of these superficial formations could thus be defined, as well as the forest dynamics and the phytogeography. Kandara est representatif de l’ecosysteme periforestier du Sud-Est du Cameroun, caracterise par une mosaique d’unites forestieres qui s’imbriquent avec des ilots de savane. Une epaisse couverture pedologique lateritique, entite complexe ou s’harmonisent des ensembles lithiques indures et meubles, sert de support a cette vegetation. Le decryptage des formations lateritiques de Kandara revele les caracteristiques petrologiques des ensembles, leurs relations mutuelles et leurs evolutions geochimiques. Il pourrait permettre de definir les etapes de la genese et de l’evolution de ces formations superficielles, de meme que leur influence sur la dynamique forestiere et la distribution phytogeographique.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81873869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bode Saadu area comprises metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks which have been subjected to polyphase deformation and have subsequently been intruded by post-tectonic granitic rocks of probably Pan-African (600 ± 150Ma)age. Five phases of post-sedimentary tectonic deformation have been recognized in the rocks of this area. The first phase was associated with the development of the regional foliation, S1, and tight to isoclinal minor folds. The second phase involved heterogeneous deformation which gave rise to ductile shear zones, extensional and contractional faults. Second phase structures also include minor asymmetrical folds which deform S1 and S0. The third phase produced the dominant major folding on approximately N-S axis including the major Bode Saadu antiform. The fourth phase gave rise to open folds and crenulation of the earlier structures. Late brittle structures include transcurrent faults, both dextral and sinistral, which occasionally occurred in conjugate sets under generally N-S trending, maximum conpressive stress.
{"title":"STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF BODE SAADU AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA","authors":"C. Okonkwo","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44666","url":null,"abstract":"The Bode Saadu area comprises metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks which have been subjected to polyphase deformation and have subsequently been intruded by post-tectonic granitic rocks of probably Pan-African (600 ± 150Ma)age. Five phases of post-sedimentary tectonic deformation have been recognized in the rocks of this area. The first phase was associated with the development of the regional foliation, S1, and tight to isoclinal minor folds. The second phase involved heterogeneous deformation which gave rise to ductile shear zones, extensional and contractional faults. Second phase structures also include minor asymmetrical folds which deform S1 and S0. The third phase produced the dominant major folding on approximately N-S axis including the major Bode Saadu antiform. The fourth phase gave rise to open folds and crenulation of the earlier structures. Late brittle structures include transcurrent faults, both dextral and sinistral, which occasionally occurred in conjugate sets under generally N-S trending, maximum conpressive stress.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75453604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Five arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) isolated from pyrethrum were screened in the greenhouse for efficacy in improving pyrethrum growth and in suppressing a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. The fungi screened were Glomus spp. (isolates LM61, ML34 and ML35), Scutellospora sp. (isolate KS74) and Gigaspora sp. (isolate LM83). A 20g mixed fungal inoculum was incorporated into sterilized sand-soil mixture before transplanting 6-week-old pyrethrum seedlings. The inoculum consisted of the growth medium, spores, external mycelia and infected root segments. The plants were inoculated with 6000 M. hapla second stage juvenile (J-2) 3 months after fungal inoculation. Dry shoot weights, fresh root weights, percent root colonization by the fungi, nematode gall indices, number of eggs and females in the root system and number of J-2 in the soil were determined at the end of the experiment, two months after nematode inoculation. Glomus LM61 and Scutellospora KS74 significantly improved top biomasses of fungus-treated and fungus-nematodetreated plants. Glomus LM61was more effective (33% top biomass increase). Glomus ML34 and ML35 and Gigaspora LM83 improved top biomasses of fungus-nematode-treated plants. Scutellospora KS74 and Glomus ML34 significantly increased fresh root weights of pyrethrum by 45% and 50%, respectively. Glomus LM61, Scutellospora KS74 and Gigaspora LM83 caused 86%, 32% and 37% nematode suppression, respectively. All the fungal isolates significantly reduced the number of females and J-2. The presence of nematodes in fungus-treated plants did not affect root colonization by the fungi except in plants treated with Glomus ML34 and ML35.
{"title":"Response of meloidogyne hapla to mycorrhiza fungi inoculation on pyrethrum","authors":"J. Waceke, S. Waudo, R. Sikora","doi":"10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V2I2.44673","url":null,"abstract":"Five arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) isolated from pyrethrum were screened in the greenhouse for efficacy in improving pyrethrum growth and in suppressing a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. The fungi screened were Glomus spp. (isolates LM61, ML34 and ML35), Scutellospora sp. (isolate KS74) and Gigaspora sp. (isolate LM83). A 20g mixed fungal inoculum was incorporated into sterilized sand-soil mixture before transplanting 6-week-old pyrethrum seedlings. The inoculum consisted of the growth medium, spores, external mycelia and infected root segments. The plants were inoculated with 6000 M. hapla second stage juvenile (J-2) 3 months after fungal inoculation. Dry shoot weights, fresh root weights, percent root colonization by the fungi, nematode gall indices, number of eggs and females in the root system and number of J-2 in the soil were determined at the end of the experiment, two months after nematode inoculation. Glomus LM61 and Scutellospora KS74 significantly improved top biomasses of fungus-treated and fungus-nematodetreated plants. Glomus LM61was more effective (33% top biomass increase). Glomus ML34 and ML35 and Gigaspora LM83 improved top biomasses of fungus-nematode-treated plants. Scutellospora KS74 and Glomus ML34 significantly increased fresh root weights of pyrethrum by 45% and 50%, respectively. Glomus LM61, Scutellospora KS74 and Gigaspora LM83 caused 86%, 32% and 37% nematode suppression, respectively. All the fungal isolates significantly reduced the number of females and J-2. The presence of nematodes in fungus-treated plants did not affect root colonization by the fungi except in plants treated with Glomus ML34 and ML35.","PeriodicalId":7641,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88193980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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