Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.13060/00380288.1999.35.12.08
V. Kuchařová
This paper is based on the results of the research project “The Status of Women and Men in the Czech Republic” from 1998. It was inspired by the need to obtain information on the circumstances of enforcement of EU legislation on equal opportunities in the Czech Republic in connection with the Czech Republic’s application for EU membership. The project aimed to investigate the public perception and consciousness of equal opportunities. Therefore, it deals with the main issues of the EU directives and recommendations: equal pay, equal treatment as regards access to employment, promotion and vocational training, legal knowledge concerning employment and so on. Reconciling family and working life is the crucial problem in the Czech Republic, as in other countries. It can be understood as a result of both modernisation and the special national situation that has resulted from the social and economic transition. The paper compares conditions of women’s employment with their professional expectations and satisfaction. It shows the social determination of these, and some stereotypes in understanding men’s and women’s roles. These facts influence women’s position on the labour market in various aspects. Czech Sociological Review, 1999, Vol. 7 (No. 2: 179-194) Employment is not merely a source of income and of personal satisfaction, but also an important field for the formation of social relations between individuals and one of the factors that determines social status [Cermakova 1995: 12, Sanderova 1998: 149]. Work has a somewhat different role in the life of women than of men, even if the basic selfrealisation (to use one’s abilities, to be independent, to share in a joint project, to do something useful) and instrumental (to earn a living or to be financially independent) needs are more or less common to both genders. The basic difference lies in the place that a person’s profession and work holds both in determining the social status of women in comparison with men, and in confrontation with women’s other roles and aspiration, primarily in the family. The need (or necessity) of women to be part of the public work sphere is shown by their continuing high level of employment in the post-communist countries and the rising level of female employment in western countries.1 The actual situation may differ according to its origins and development (e.g. the structure of female employment, the specific level of employment by age and marital status, the percentage of women in part-time employment). In balancing their maternal (partnership) and professional roles, a steadily increasing number of women (mostly young and well-qualified) are placing greater importance on the latter. This can be explained by the rising professional ambitions of in*) Direct all correspondence to: PhDr. Věra Kuchařova, CSc., Research Institute of Labour and Social Affairs, Palackeho naměsti 4, 128 01 Praha 2, fax +420 2 24 97 28 73, e-mail rilsa@ecn.cz 1) In EU countries women made up
本文基于1998年“捷克共和国男女地位”研究项目的结果。由于捷克共和国申请加入欧盟，因此有必要获得关于在捷克共和国执行欧盟关于平等机会的立法的情况的资料。该项目旨在调查公众对平等机会的看法和意识。因此，它涉及欧盟指令和建议的主要问题:同工同酬、在就业机会、晋升和职业培训方面的平等待遇、有关就业的法律知识等等。和其他国家一样，在捷克共和国调和家庭和工作生活是一个关键问题。它既可以理解为现代化的结果，也可以理解为社会经济转型所带来的特殊国情。本文将女性的就业状况与职业期望和满意度进行了比较。它显示了社会对这些的决定，以及对男性和女性角色的一些刻板印象。这些事实在各个方面影响着妇女在劳动力市场上的地位。《捷克社会学评论》，1999年第7卷(第2期:179-194)就业不仅是收入和个人满足感的来源，也是个体之间社会关系形成的重要领域，是决定社会地位的因素之一[Cermakova 1995: 12, Sanderova 1998: 149]。工作在女性和男性的生活中扮演着不同的角色，即使基本的自我实现(运用自己的能力、独立、参与一个联合项目、做一些有用的事情)和工具性(谋生或经济独立)的需求对两性来说或多或少是共同的。基本的区别在于一个人的职业和工作在决定妇女与男子相比的社会地位方面所处的地位，以及在与妇女的其他角色和愿望(主要是在家庭中)相对立方面所处的地位。妇女需要(或必须)成为公共工作领域的一部分，这表现在后共产主义国家中妇女的就业水平持续高企和西方国家中妇女就业水平不断上升实际情况可能因其起源和发展而有所不同(例如，妇女就业的结构、按年龄和婚姻状况划分的具体就业水平、非全时就业妇女的百分比)。在平衡其母性(伙伴关系)和专业角色时，越来越多的妇女(大多是年轻和合格的妇女)更加重视后者。这可以通过以下几个方面来解释:*)所有的信件都寄给:博士。v<e:1> ra Kuchařova, CSc。1)在欧盟国家，1970年妇女占劳动力的30%，1995年占45%。在捷克共和国，1998年中期这一数字为43%。1996年,祖阿曼ěstnanost……1998]。欧盟和捷克共和国之间的比较因为这里的大多数女性都是全职工作而变得更加复杂。捷克社会学评论，第七期，(2/1999)180 .受教育程度越来越高的妇女，这是由于对专业的需求增加和就业市场的不确定性，但也由于缺乏将两者结合起来的支持。消除这两个方面之间的冲突实际上是不可能的，因为它既表现了主观需要，也表现了社会文化和经济决定的条件。由于这个原因，在任何关于女性失业的研究中都不能完全忽视这种冲突。在这篇文章中，我想勾勒出女性就业问题的大致轮廓，主要基于调查男性和女性的地位(MW98) [Kuchařova和Zamykalova 1998]2中收集的数据，并与其他研究和统计调查进行比较。审议妇女就业的选定方面的主要问题如下:就妇女的地位和工作与家庭的结合而言，工作在妇女的生活中起什么作用?男性和女性在专业职位上的方法有什么不同，这有什么影响?在转型过程中，妇女在工作和就业领域获得了还是失去了?职场上对妇女的(有意识的)歧视在多大程度上?就业和教育过去几十年普遍存在的高水平妇女就业一直延续到1990年代。虽然1989年之后略有下降，但近年来一直保持在52%左右。 下降的原因可以归结为，由于产假延长，年轻妇女的就业水平较低，在老年妇女中，退休年龄后继续工作的人数下降，而且总体上失业率较高。家庭主妇的数量也略有增加。但是，总的来说，妇女就业率较高的主要特点仍然存在:妇女的资格水平高，她们对工作感兴趣，雇主愿意雇用女雇员，大多数家庭需要两份(或更多)收入才能生存的事实，妇女工作的社会心理动机(作为获得独立和社会联系以及维持其社会地位的手段)。Cermakova 1995]。这种情况正在慢慢改变。劳动力市场对不断提高资格的要求对妇女来说更加困难，对增加流动性的要求也是如此。为了照顾孩子而中断工作，正成为女性在劳动力市场上面临的更大障碍。妇女的就业机会越来越取决于她们的年龄、家庭状况和教育，以及这些因素之间的关系。另一方面，捷克共和国的妇女已经2)调查Postaveni žen a mužů v CR 1998[1998年捷克共和国男女地位](文中称为MW98)使用1000名受访者的配额样本进行了调查，其中602名女性和398名年龄在20-60岁之间的男性按地区分布。我们决定不按性别划分样本(因为我们想要一个更大的女性样本，以便能够更准确地对她们进行分类)，年轻和中年群体稍微大一些(因为我们假设他们对“女性问题”更敏感和更关心)，这影响了受教育程度的分布。当然，这些指标的影响取决于所研究的每个主题或指标[Postaveni…]1998]。3)不同教育程度的妇女就业率，小学教育程度为22.9%，技术学历为68.4%，高中学历为70.7%，大学学历为78.5%。vuzra Kuchařova:妇女与就业181在高质量的职业和私营企业中表现得更为明显。然而，与男性相比，与欧盟国家相比，该国妇女的社会经济地位保持了其特定的结构(表1)。它可以概括为高水平的就业，超过90%的妇女就业，以及高比例的妇女(超过80%)全职工作。此外，46%的职业女性完成了中学、技术或普通教育，尽管只有10%的女性拥有大学学位。表1。1998年捷克共和国和1996年欧盟男女社会经济地位(%)捷克共和国欧洲联盟
{"title":"Women and employment.","authors":"V. Kuchařová","doi":"10.13060/00380288.1999.35.12.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.1999.35.12.08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on the results of the research project “The Status of Women and Men in the Czech Republic” from 1998. It was inspired by the need to obtain information on the circumstances of enforcement of EU legislation on equal opportunities in the Czech Republic in connection with the Czech Republic’s application for EU membership. The project aimed to investigate the public perception and consciousness of equal opportunities. Therefore, it deals with the main issues of the EU directives and recommendations: equal pay, equal treatment as regards access to employment, promotion and vocational training, legal knowledge concerning employment and so on. Reconciling family and working life is the crucial problem in the Czech Republic, as in other countries. It can be understood as a result of both modernisation and the special national situation that has resulted from the social and economic transition. The paper compares conditions of women’s employment with their professional expectations and satisfaction. It shows the social determination of these, and some stereotypes in understanding men’s and women’s roles. These facts influence women’s position on the labour market in various aspects. Czech Sociological Review, 1999, Vol. 7 (No. 2: 179-194) Employment is not merely a source of income and of personal satisfaction, but also an important field for the formation of social relations between individuals and one of the factors that determines social status [Cermakova 1995: 12, Sanderova 1998: 149]. Work has a somewhat different role in the life of women than of men, even if the basic selfrealisation (to use one’s abilities, to be independent, to share in a joint project, to do something useful) and instrumental (to earn a living or to be financially independent) needs are more or less common to both genders. The basic difference lies in the place that a person’s profession and work holds both in determining the social status of women in comparison with men, and in confrontation with women’s other roles and aspiration, primarily in the family. The need (or necessity) of women to be part of the public work sphere is shown by their continuing high level of employment in the post-communist countries and the rising level of female employment in western countries.1 The actual situation may differ according to its origins and development (e.g. the structure of female employment, the specific level of employment by age and marital status, the percentage of women in part-time employment). In balancing their maternal (partnership) and professional roles, a steadily increasing number of women (mostly young and well-qualified) are placing greater importance on the latter. This can be explained by the rising professional ambitions of in*) Direct all correspondence to: PhDr. Věra Kuchařova, CSc., Research Institute of Labour and Social Affairs, Palackeho naměsti 4, 128 01 Praha 2, fax +420 2 24 97 28 73, e-mail rilsa@ecn.cz 1) In EU countries women made up ","PeriodicalId":76694,"journal":{"name":"The Maryland nurse","volume":"30 1","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66169865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human relations weaknesses--a leading cause of unsuccessful job campaigns.","authors":"J Weinberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76694,"journal":{"name":"The Maryland nurse","volume":"14 5","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18501931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mail vs telephone--how should you initiate contact with your targeted employers?","authors":"J Weinberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76694,"journal":{"name":"The Maryland nurse","volume":"14 4","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18501928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accessing patient care advisory committees: preparing the clinical nurse as a patient advocate in this forum.","authors":"J Goldfarb","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76694,"journal":{"name":"The Maryland nurse","volume":"14 4","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18502077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Restructuring nursing: a concern of the Maryland Nurses Association.","authors":"E B Merrill","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76694,"journal":{"name":"The Maryland nurse","volume":"14 4","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18502079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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