Thymus最新文献

英文中文

Microarchitecture of the Thymus Gland; Its Age and Disease-Associated Morphological Alterations, and Possible Means to Prolong Its Physiological Activity 胸腺微结构；它的年龄和疾病相关的形态学改变，以及延长其生理活性的可能方法

Thymus

Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88480

A. Sikandar, Shahzaib, N. Ullah

Thymus is a ductless, highly organized, bilobed encapsulated gland of the lymphoid organs that contributes in thymopoiesis. Thymus plays an important function in the assortment, progress and profusion of T cells. The mature subsets of thymus dependent lymphocytes linked with the thymic epithelial and other cells developed the microstructure that protect the body from the harmful foreign micro-organism. Most of the thymic lobular areas experienced the parenchymal cells hypoplasia, undergone infiltration of stromal FCT and experienced thymic atrophy with age progression. As the host gets adult, the regression of the thymus and the thymopoiesis occurs, which ultimately boost the vulnerable situations of the host and open a gateway to autoimmune diseases. Since past decades, scientists are intensely investigated to develop some tactics for the improvements of the thymus performance including T-cell regeneration and maturation with age progression. This unique organ is continuously altered morphologically with age and disease; however, this microarchitectural alteration and its possible modulations is not yet clear. Therefore, the main purpose of this chapter is to highlight the micro-structural compartments and physiological modification of the thymus with age. Also, the chapter is suggesting the possible alternative ways to improve its durable physio-morphology in vertebrates.

胸腺是淋巴器官的一个无导管、高度组织化、双叶包裹的腺体，有助于胸腺生成。胸腺在T细胞的分化、进展和丰富中起着重要作用。胸腺依赖性淋巴细胞的成熟亚群与胸腺上皮和其他细胞相连，形成了保护身体免受有害外来微生物侵害的微观结构。随着年龄的增长，大多数胸腺小叶区域出现实质细胞发育不全、基质FCT浸润和胸腺萎缩。随着宿主成年，胸腺退化和胸腺生成发生，这最终加剧了宿主的脆弱状况，并为自身免疫性疾病打开了大门。自过去几十年以来，科学家们正在进行深入的研究，以开发一些改善胸腺性能的策略，包括随着年龄的增长，T细胞的再生和成熟。随着年龄和疾病的增长，这种独特的器官在形态上不断改变；然而，这种微结构的改变及其可能的调节尚不清楚。因此，本章的主要目的是强调胸腺的微观结构分区和随年龄的生理变化。此外，本章还提出了改善脊椎动物持久生理形态的可能替代方法。

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引用次数: 4

Thymic Senescence 胸腺衰老

Thymus

Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.87063

K. Kvell

Thymic senescence develops in every person, although at different pace. Thymic senescence significantly lowers the production of naive T cells, leading to increased incidence of infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Certain external factors can accelerate thymic senescence. These include chemicals (copper-chelators), hor-mones (androgens), infections (viruses, fungi, protozoa). Others may slow the aging process of the thymus including perturbations to the hormonal (sex-steroid) system, genetic alterations (PPARgamma deficiency) or chemical compounds (PPARgamma antagonists). Thymic senescence research may provide insight to underlying molecular events and potentially appoint novel therapeutic targets for senescence interven-tion strategies. These hold promise to postpone thymus senescence and enhance T cell production. That would result in a decreased incidence of infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases, currently affecting the elderly. The attributed drop in healthcare costs and gain in quality of life share tremendous economic and social interest.

每个人都会发生胸腺衰老，尽管速度不同。胸腺衰老显著降低幼稚T细胞的产生，导致感染、癌症和自身免疫性疾病的发病率增加。某些外部因素可加速胸腺衰老。这些包括化学物质(铜螯合剂)、激素(雄激素)、感染(病毒、真菌、原生动物)。其他可能减缓胸腺的衰老过程，包括对激素(性类固醇)系统的扰动，遗传改变(pparγ缺乏)或化合物(pparγ拮抗剂)。胸腺衰老的研究可能为潜在的分子事件提供见解，并可能为衰老干预策略指定新的治疗靶点。这些药物有望延缓胸腺衰老并增强T细胞的产生。这将降低目前影响老年人的感染、癌症和自身免疫性疾病的发病率。医疗成本的下降和生活质量的提高带来了巨大的经济和社会利益。

引用次数: 0

Essential Oils of Thymbra capitata and Thymus hyemalis and Their Uses Based on Their Bioactivity 头胸腺和羊膜胸腺精油及其生物活性研究

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-11-07 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89309

A. Sabater-Jara, María Pina Funes, M. Pedreño, S. Belchí-Navarro

Essential oils (EO) are volatile compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of aromatic plants. They are complex mixtures whose main compo nents are synthesized by the mevalonic acid and the methyl erythritol phosphate pathways, which lead to the biosynthesis of terpenes, and the shikimic acid pathway, responsible for the biosynthesis of phen ylpropanoid compounds. In nature, EOs are stored in the aerial parts of the plant, being of vital importance for their survival due to their antimicrobial properties. In addition, EOs provide protection against herbivores to the aromatic plants and allow them to repel or attract insects because of their strong fragrance, as well as compete with other plants of the same environ-ment. Humans have exploited the properties of their EOs since ancient times, being used as medicinal remedies, among other uses. Currently, aromatic plants are used in pharmaceutical and food industries. One of the most commonly used aromatic plants is thyme. Thyme is a perennial aromatic plant, taxonomically belonging to the genera Thymus and Thymbra , belonging to the family Lamiaceae. These plants are very abundant in the Mediterranean Region. In this review, we focus on the study of the properties and use of EOs of Thymbra capitata (L) Cav. and Thymus hyemalis Lange., whose EOs are rich in phenolic monoterpenes. These compounds are responsible for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties.

精油（EO）是芳香植物二次代谢产生的挥发性化合物。它们是复杂的混合物，其主要成分是通过甲戊酸和甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸途径合成的，后者导致萜烯的生物合成，而莽草酸途径负责酚基丙烷化合物的生物合成。在自然界中，EOs储存在植物的地上部分，由于其抗菌特性，对其生存至关重要。此外，EOs为芳香植物提供了抵御食草动物的保护，并使它们能够因其强烈的香味而击退或吸引昆虫，以及与相同环境的其他植物竞争。自古以来，人类就利用EOs的特性，将其用作药物和其他用途。目前，芳香植物被用于制药和食品工业。百里香是最常用的芳香植物之一。百里香是一种多年生芳香植物，在分类学上属于百里香属和百里香科。这些植物在地中海地区非常丰富。在这篇综述中，我们重点研究了头影（L）Cav的EOs的性质和用途。和Thymus hyemalis Lange。，其EOs富含酚类单萜。这些化合物具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、抗菌、抗真菌和抗寄生虫的特性。

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引用次数: 1

Compartmentalization of Human Thymic Medulla: Facts and Hypotheses 人胸腺髓质的分区：事实与假设

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-09-04 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88588

Ildikó Bódi, K. Minkó, Z. Prodán, I. Oláh

The thymus function was discovered in the middle of the last century. The role of the thymus in the adaptive immune system facilitated its histological and experimental studies. Before the role of the thymus was discovered, the thymus was called as a gland on the basis of lobulation; even some histological textbook listed it up among the endocrine glands. In addition to the cortex and medulla, the immunohistochemical studies revealed a further compartmentalization in the thymic medulla, which is related to the epithelium-free areas (EFA) and keratin-positive network (KPN). The two medullary compartments have different cellularity that determines their role. This chapter would concentrate on the medullary compartmentalization and their cellularity. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the relationship of thymic septae with the perivascular space, the vascular embedding and thymic dendritic cells.

胸腺的功能是在上世纪中叶被发现的。胸腺在适应性免疫系统中的作用促进了其组织学和实验研究。在胸腺的作用被发现之前，胸腺在分叶的基础上被称为腺;甚至一些组织学教科书也把它列为内分泌腺。除皮层和髓质外，免疫组织化学研究还发现胸腺髓质进一步区隔化，这与无上皮区(EFA)和角蛋白阳性网络(KPN)有关。这两个髓质隔室具有不同的细胞结构，这决定了它们的作用。本章将集中讨论髓质区隔和它们的细胞结构。此外，本章还讨论了胸腺隔与血管周围间隙、血管包埋和胸腺树突状细胞的关系。

引用次数: 2

Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma 胸腺瘤和胸腺癌

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87132

A. R. Bijsmans, R. Cornelissen

Malignancies of the thymus are a rare entity and are often without local symptoms. However, paraneoplastic syndromes can give symptoms varying from very mild to life-threatening. The diagnostic workup and management of these tumors warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment choice is mainly decided upon by pathological World Health Organization (WHO) subtype and clinical staging. In contrast to historical belief, biopsy could be considered when indicated. For resectable tumors, surgical approach is advised, with adjuvant radiotherapy for Masaoka-Koga stage III tumors. Whether Masaoka-Koga stage II tumors should be treated with radiotherapy is controversial given different outcomes in multiple studies. In Masaoka-Koga stage III, combinations with induction chemotherapy are the standard. A surgical approach should be considered even in stage IVa disease. If distant metastases are present, the patient can be treated with systemic chemotherapy. Despite many phase II studies having been published, there is no randomized controlled phase III data regarding optimal treatment available. In addition to chemotherapy, sunitinib and octreotide have been described to be effective. Immunotherapy is seen as Pandora’s box given the possibility of immune-related side effects in this immunological organ. All known data regarding immunotherapy will be discussed.

胸腺恶性肿瘤是一种罕见的疾病，通常没有局部症状。然而，副肿瘤综合征可以引起从非常轻微到危及生命的各种症状。这些肿瘤的诊断检查和管理需要多学科的方法。治疗选择主要取决于世界卫生组织（世界卫生组织）的病理亚型和临床分期。与历史上的观点相反，当需要时可以考虑活检。对于可切除的肿瘤，建议采用手术方法，对Masaoka Koga III期肿瘤进行辅助放射治疗。鉴于多项研究的不同结果，Masaoka Koga II期肿瘤是否应该接受放射治疗存在争议。在Masaoka Koga III期，联合诱导化疗是标准的。即使在IVa期疾病中，也应考虑手术入路。如果存在远处转移，患者可以进行全身化疗。尽管已经发表了许多II期研究，但没有关于最佳治疗的随机对照III期数据。除化疗外，舒尼替尼和奥曲肽也被认为是有效的。鉴于免疫器官可能出现免疫相关副作用，免疫治疗被视为潘多拉盒子。将讨论所有已知的免疫疗法数据。

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引用次数: 0

Congenital Anomalies of the Thymus 先天性胸腺异常

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-07-30 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87028

A. Kouhi, Saeed Sohrabpour

The thymus, a retrosternal lymphoid tissue, develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches like the parathyroid glands at the sixth week of gestational age. The thymus is usually located in the anterior mediastinum, although it can be found anywhere in the thymopharyngeal path. The thymus has a bilobed or quadrilateral shape; however, it can be found in other shapes. Limited information is available about the precise epidemiology of thymic congenital anomalies. Since these anomalies are not symptomatic, it may be more common than the available reports. There are various reports available about the prevalence of thymic diseases and anomalies ranging from 4.45 to 30%. In this chapter we tried to have a review on epidemiology, definition, and management of congenital anomalies of the thymus.

胸腺是一种胸骨后淋巴组织，在胎龄第六周时从第三和第四咽袋发育而来，就像甲状旁腺一样。胸腺通常位于前纵隔，尽管它可以在胸腺咽道的任何地方找到。胸腺呈双叶或四边形；然而，它也可以在其他形状中找到。关于胸腺先天性畸形的精确流行病学信息有限。由于这些异常不是症状性的，它可能比现有的报告更常见。关于胸腺疾病和异常的患病率，有各种各样的报告，从4.45%到30%不等。在本章中，我们试图对先天性胸腺异常的流行病学、定义和管理进行综述。

引用次数: 1

The Effect of Atmospheric Pollution on the Thymus 大气污染对胸腺的影响

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-06-20 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87027

M. Ustarroz-Cano, Marisol López-Ángel, N. López-Valdez, I. García‐Peláez, T. Fortoul

Air pollution is a high-risk factor in megacities’ dwellers because of its effects on health. One of the most important components of the pollution is particulate matter (PM) on which metals are adhered. One element adhered to its surfaces is vanadium (V), and through this route, PM reaches the respiratory system, then the systemic circulation and the rest of the organs. Vanadium is released in the atmosphere as a consequence of the combustion of fossil fuels. Vanadium pentoxide is the com-pound liberated after the combustion and adhered into PM. Previous studies from our group have reported effects on diverse systems in a mouse model. Besides the morphological changes in the spleen and the decreased function of the immune humoral response, the thymus was also affected. Vanadium inhalation diminished thymic dendritic cells (DCs) and the biomarkers: CD11c and MHCII; in addition, thymic cytoarchitecture changed, demonstrated by cytokeratin-5, and also, modification in the expression of 3-nitrotyrosine was observed. Our findings suggest that autoreactive T cells could be released into the systemic circulation and favor the increase in autoimmune diseases in cities with high concentrations of PM.

空气污染是特大城市居民的高危因素，因为它会影响健康。污染最重要的组成部分之一是附着金属的颗粒物（PM）。附着在其表面的一种元素是钒（V），通过这一途径，PM到达呼吸系统，然后到达系统循环和其他器官。由于化石燃料的燃烧，钒被释放到大气中。五氧化二钒是燃烧后释放并粘附在PM中的化合物。我们小组先前的研究已经报道了对小鼠模型中不同系统的影响。除了脾脏的形态学变化和免疫体液反应功能下降外，胸腺也受到影响。钒吸入减少胸腺树突状细胞（DC）和生物标志物：CD11c和MHCII；此外，胸腺细胞结构发生了变化，细胞角蛋白-5证明了这一点，并且观察到3-硝基酪氨酸表达的改变。我们的研究结果表明，在PM浓度高的城市，自身反应性T细胞可以被释放到系统循环中，并有利于自身免疫性疾病的增加。

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引用次数: 2

Age-Related Thymic Atrophy: Mechanisms and Outcomes 与年龄相关的胸腺萎缩：机制和结果

Thymus

Pub Date : 2019-05-17 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86412

R. Thomas, D. Su

Age-related thymic atrophy or involution, a hallmark of thymic aging, takes place both in humans and animals. In this chapter, we will discuss age-related thymic atrophy, outlining the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of its occurrence. We will also address the downstream influences on the aged T cell immune system, not only regarding insufficiency against pathogens, but also hyper-reactivity to self. Particularly, we will focus on how thymic atrophy disrupts efficient establishment of central T cell immune tolerance primarily via impairment of thymocyte negative selection, resulting in an increased number of self-reactive conventional T cells, and on thymic-derived regulatory T cell generation. Finally, we will provide a framework for understanding the significant role that the atrophied thymus plays in shaping inflammaging: a chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammatory phenotype observed in aged individuals in the absence of acute infection. The involvement of T cell adaptive immunity in mediating inflammaging plays a crucial role in the progression of many age-related neurological and cardiovascular diseases.

与年龄相关的胸腺萎缩或退化是胸腺衰老的标志，发生在人类和动物身上。在本章中，我们将讨论与年龄相关的胸腺萎缩，概述其发生的潜在细胞和分子机制。我们还将解决对老年T细胞免疫系统的下游影响，不仅涉及对病原体的抵抗力不足，还涉及对自身的高反应性。特别是，我们将重点关注胸腺萎缩如何主要通过损伤胸腺细胞阴性选择来破坏中枢T细胞免疫耐受的有效建立，导致自身反应性常规T细胞数量增加，以及胸腺衍生的调节性T细胞的产生。最后，我们将提供一个框架来理解萎缩的胸腺在形成炎症中发挥的重要作用：在没有急性感染的老年人中观察到的一种慢性、低度、全身炎症表型。T细胞适应性免疫参与介导炎症在许多与年龄相关的神经和心血管疾病的进展中起着至关重要的作用。

引用次数: 2

Anti-NK antibodies injected into recipient mice enhance engraftment and chimerism after allogeneic transplantation of fetal liver stem cells. 受体小鼠体内注射抗nk抗体可增强异体胚胎肝干细胞移植后的植入和嵌合。

Thymus

Pub Date : 1997-01-01

J Chargui, M J Moya, K Sanhadji, N Blanc-Brunat, J L Touraine

Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to play a role in the phenomenon of resistance to transplantation of allogeneic stem cells. To explore and prevent such resistance, we treated severe combined immunodeficiency mice (SCID) with anti-NK antibodies and analysed the improved engraftment of stem cells induced by this treatment. Two groups of nine SCID mice (H-2d) were compared: group A received two injections of anti-asialo GM1 rabbit antibodies (anti-NK) on days 1 and 4; group B received two injections of normal rabbit serum. All mice were injected intravenously with 7 x 10(6) fetal liver cells from B6 mice (H-2b) on day 2. One month after fetal liver cell transplantation, all mice from group A demonstrated engraftment and chimerism; at this time, donor cells accounted for more than 50% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In contrast, in group B, only one mouse had 26% of donor cells among PBMC and all other mice had less than 10%. At two months, results were virtually identical in group A (over 72% of donor cells among PBMC from all mice) and slightly improved in group B (0-38% of donor cells). After the third month and continuously until the 12th month, the stability of chimerism was established in group A (over 55% of donor cells in 7 of the 9 mice) but had virtually disappeared in group B (0-2% of donor cells in all mice). Tissue analysis demonstrated the improved reconstitution of the thymus and the spleen in mice from group A. The proliferative responses of spleen cells to phytomitogens were significantly higher in all mice from group A than in any mouse from group B. Skin allografts from a third party (H-2k) were rejected within 10 days by group A mice but not by group B mice, one year after fetal liver cell transplantation. On the whole, anti-NK antibodies were able to improve engraftment, chimerism and stability of allogeneic stem cell transplants.

自然杀伤(NK)细胞已被证明在异基因干细胞移植抵抗现象中发挥作用。为了探索和预防这种耐药性，我们用抗nk抗体治疗严重联合免疫缺陷小鼠(SCID)，并分析了这种治疗对干细胞移植的改善作用。比较两组9只SCID小鼠(H-2d): A组分别于第1、4天注射2次抗亚麻黄GM1兔抗体(抗nk);B组注射正常兔血清2次。第2天，所有小鼠静脉注射7 × 10(6)个来自B6小鼠(H-2b)的胎儿肝细胞。胚胎肝细胞移植1个月后，A组小鼠均出现移植嵌合现象;此时供体细胞占外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的50%以上。相比之下，在B组中，只有一只小鼠在PBMC中有26%的供体细胞，其他所有小鼠的供体细胞都低于10%。两个月后，A组的结果几乎相同(来自所有小鼠的PBMC中超过72%的供体细胞)，B组略有改善(0-38%的供体细胞)。第3个月后并持续到第12个月，A组的嵌合稳定(9只小鼠中有7只小鼠的供体细胞超过55%)，而B组的嵌合几乎消失(所有小鼠的供体细胞为0-2%)。组织分析表明，A组小鼠胸腺和脾脏的重建得到改善。A组小鼠脾脏细胞对植物滋生原的增殖反应明显高于B组小鼠。在胎儿肝细胞移植一年后，来自第三方(H-2k)的同种异体皮肤在10天内被A组小鼠排斥，而B组小鼠没有。总的来说，抗nk抗体能够改善同种异体干细胞移植的着床性、嵌合性和稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Antibodies' problem in invertebrate immunology. 无脊椎动物免疫学中的抗体问题。

Thymus

Pub Date : 1997-01-01

M Leclerc

引用次数: 0

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