Waking and sleeping最新文献

Sleep-waking stages and PGO activity were continuously recorded for 2 days following a control injection and for 5 days following a single injection of 200 mg/kg PCPA. Following PCPA, quiet waking with desynchronized EEG activity (W-1 quiet) was increased, while waking with synchronous EEG activity (W-2) was reduced dramatically. Active waking (W-1 active) was not changed. Sleep was reduced following PCPA, in particular slow wave sleep with slow synchronous waves (SWS-2). The distribution of PGO activity on the sleep-waking stages was altered after PCPA. The sleep-waking changes preceded the PGO wave redistribution by 12--18 hours. The data do not support the PGO wave activation hypothesis for the sleep loss following PCPA administration. It is concluded that PCPA affects a deactivating, possibly slow wave producing mechanism, affecting relaxed waking and deep slow wave sleep but not sleep per se.

The subjects of this study were 25 patients. Sixteen cases with nystagmus referable to brain stem lesion were divided into two groups; one group was 7 vertical nystagmus (vertical group) and the other group was 9 horizontal nystagmus (horizontal group). Other 9 cases consisted of congenital group (4 cases), cerebellar group (3 cases) and labyrinthine group (2 cases). Normal controls were 8 male volunteers who had no history of particular psychiatric and somatic illness. The results were as follows: 1) Nystagmus observed during wakefulness in all nystagmus groups disappeared during all stages of sleep. 2) The vertical component of nystagmus in the vertical group showed significantly enhanced REM-density compared with that of normal subjects. 3) Both horizontal and vertical REM-densities of the horizontal and labyrinthine group were almost as high as those of normal subjects. 4) Both REM-densities of the congenital group were significantly lower than those of normal subjects. 5) The horizontal REM-density of the cerebellar group was significantly higher than that of normal subjects.

Four female subjects were studied during eight nights each at corresponding days of the menstrual cycle. No clear cycle effects could be discerned in the sleep variables of the subjects as a group. In one subject, however, a U-shaped course of negative mood was found during the menstrual cycle, together with an enhanced percentage of stage 2 sleep and a lowered percentage of slow wave sleep at the time of the menses. In the three other subjects' cycles no such cyclic variations in the mood or sleep variables were found.

An 18 year old boy suffering from episodic sleep disorders triggered by fever was studied in the sleep laboratory. An episode was recorded, starting in slow wave sleep. The diurnal sleep record showed the presence of benign epileptiform transients of sleep. The treatment with diazepam was successful. The relationships with disorders of arousal and epilepsy are discussed.

To study the effect of an aversive film on subsequent sleep, 10 subjects slept in the sleep laboratory for two nights: one control night and one night after showing a color surgical movie. Only those subjects with higher tension scores on a self rating mood scale had a lowered number of sleep stage shifts, a higher percentage of stage 2 sleep and a higher number of waking periods and less sleep in the first 180 minutes after falling asleep.

An inexpensive four channel demodulator was developed for use with our existing four channel FM recording system to acquire sleep biodata in the home environment. The demodulator uses four Phase Lock Loop (PLL) circuits for demodulation with capture frequencies selected from the standard IRIG Proportional-Bandwidth FM subcarrier frequencies. Four channels (EMG, EEG and two EOG) may be recorded for six hours at the subject's/ patient's home on a standard 7 1/2 inch reel audio recorder; it may be played back the following day through the demodulator and recorded on a standard laboratory polygraph for subsequent scoring and analysis. The portable home sleep recording system is inexpensive to build (our cost, excluding development, was $160.00); it would be useful to sleep researchers and clinicains interested in comparing sleep in the home versus sleep in the lab, and allows recording of sleep in patients who are reluctant or unable to have their sleep recorded in a laboratory setting.

Lormetazepam, a new benzodiazepine derivative, was tested under double blind conditions in order to find the optimal dosage for different age groups of out-patients. 120 patients suffering from chronic sleep disturbance were included in the study: a younger group (age 20 to 55) and an older group (age 56 to 85 years). Four different doses were given to each age group: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg to the younger group and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg to the older group. A pre-placebo week (i.e. when all patients received placebo) in which baseline data were recorded preceded the two verum weeks, and these were followed by a post-placebo or withdrawal week (again all patients receiving placebo). The level of significance accepted for statistical decisions was alpha = 0.05. No differences in effects between the different doses were observed with regard to sleep pattern variables (sleep latency, sleep duration, frequency of awakenings, sleep quality, occurrence of 'bad' dreams) with the exception of sleep quality which was better in the older group than in the younger group after 0.5 mg in week 2. Considerable differences with regard to hangover feelings the next morning and during the next day (morning feelings, tranquility, alertness, and concentration), comparison of the effects of discontinuing therapy upon the above-mentioned sleep pattern variables and small differences in side effects--which were few--led to the following conclusion: --0.5 mg stood out as the best dose for the older group. --None of the dosages given to the younger group emerged clearly as superior. However, it would seem that the 1 mg dose should be the dose recommended, since fewer unfavourable scores and side effects appeared after this dose.

The effect of Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide (DSIP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) on motor activity and sleep was investigated in the rat. Motor activity was not significantly reduced during the 24 h following systemic DSIP administration (40-160 nmol/kg i.p.), nor were sleep and the power of the EEG delta-band significantly increased in the 2 hours following injection or infusion of DSIP into the lateral or third ventricle (7-24 nmol). Injection or infusion of AVT into the lateral or third ventricle (10(-15)-10(-19) mol) did not enhance sleep and the power of the EEG delta-band. Nevertheless, the following significant effects indicate an unspecified biological action of the peptides: Dark-time motor activity was reduced 1 and 2 days after DSIP administration (160 nmol/kg), and the activity in the first 4 h after injection (80 nmol/kg) was increased. In addition, the power in the delta-band was reduced after administration of DISP (7 nmol) and AVT (10(-17) mol) into the third ventricle. Thus exceedingly small doses of AVT seem to exert not only endocrine, but also electrophysiological effects. It is concluded that neither DSIP nor AVT qualify as a specific sleep-promoting substance.

The study of Paradoxical Sleep (PS) from 94 male mice belonging to five inbred strains: C57BR/cdOrl (BR), BALB/cOrl (C), AKROrl, A/JOrl (A/J) and C57BL/6-c2J (B6-c2J), reciprocal F1 hybrids between BR and C strains and backcrosses between F1 hybrids and BR or C was carried out. The results showed that 1) night PS duration was independent from that of day PS; 2) C type of PS seemed to be dominant over BR type; 3) C type is linked to the albino gene; and 4) the albino gene, per se, is not involved in PS regulation. From these results a two locus model was elaborated. This model explains most of the results. The nature of such a genetic support was discussed.