This article describes the various sensory and motor disorders which afflict the orofacial region. Such information is essential to the modern dentist who wishes to be proficient in the diagnosis of patients with these problems. These abnormalities are broadly separated into three groups of pathologic conditions: Temporomandibular disorders; chronic orofacial pain disorders; and oral motor disorders. Although much more can be said about each reviewed condition, this article focuses on the diagnostic features of each specific disorder within each of these 3 groups. It suggests alternate nomenclature for each disorder, where appropriate. Due to space limitations the article does not cover the procedures for management of each disorder, however, the reader is referred to appropriate references in this regard. The overall intent of the article is to help the dental practitioner recognize and differentiate the above conditions.
A thorough examination of the dentally traumatized patient is the first step in arriving at the correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan. A medical history and evaluation is part of the initial examination along with an oral exam during which detailed information is recorded.
Avulsion of a tooth requires decisive action by the dental practitioner. Replantation of the tooth at the earliest possible time, along with the avoidance of further periodontal damage, is paramount to achieving a successful result. The accident site, time the tooth is out of the socket, storage media and endodontic protocol influence the prognosis. Appropriate endodontic management and tooth restoration will ensure long-term success.
Although exposure to blood is rare in oral and maxillofacial radiology, contact with saliva occurs. Thus the spread of infectious diseases is possible through cross-contamination, and specific infection control protocols and unit dosing of items are needed. This article outlines rationale for implementing state-of-the-art infection control procedures; and explains federal standards and guidelines with an impact on infection control and occupational safety in dental radiology procedures.
This paper combines data from two surveys, one in 1986 and one in 1992, which used the same instrument. Practice problems, and responses to the problems, were found to differ according to the number of years in practice, validating a stage explanation of professional growth.
The correlation between late infection of an orthopedic prosthesis and a dental bacteremia remains controversial. Transient bacteremia does occur after dental treatment, usually involving streptococcal bacteria, but many orthopedic surgeons choose an anti-staphylococcal agent as their prophylactic antibiotic of choice. This article reports the results of a recent survey designed to determine, from orthopedic surgeons, antibiotic premedication coverage and, specifically, the rationale for a chosen regimen for patients having dental surgery. The responses showed no common agreement for the choice of a specific antibiotic and little rationale regarding the need for prophylaxis.
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