Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst : offizielles Organ des Bundesverbandes der Zahnarzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes E.V最新文献

英文中文

[Do older people eat correctly?]. 老年人饮食正确吗?

Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst : offizielles Organ des Bundesverbandes der Zahnarzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes E.V

Pub Date : 1974-09-01

引用次数: 0

[Success with fluorides. The example of Karl Marx City]. [氟化物的成功。卡尔·马克思的例子]。

Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst : offizielles Organ des Bundesverbandes der Zahnarzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes E.V

Pub Date : 1974-07-01

引用次数: 0

[Artistic etruscan gold bridges. Not yet dentistry, however good cosmetic effect]. 艺术的伊特鲁里亚金桥。还不是牙科，但很好的美容效果]。

Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst : offizielles Organ des Bundesverbandes der Zahnarzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes E.V

Pub Date : 1974-07-01

W Nippert

引用次数: 0

[On smoking]. (吸烟)。

Zahnarztlicher Gesundheitsdienst : offizielles Organ des Bundesverbandes der Zahnarzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes E.V

Pub Date : 1974-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3md1.53

Batool Ali, Ghalib Yassin

Tobacco use and nicotine addiction are significant health concerns in the United States. Early research regarding the relationship between self-efficacy (SE) and the addictive behaviors suggested that the higher the level of SE to quit smoking, the more likely an individual would be to successfully quit smoking (Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981). More recent research has shown that high, but not extremely high SE is ideal for successful smoking cessation (Staring & Breteler, 2004). Although the present study was not able to clarify the ideal SE percentage for those attempting to quit smoking, it did reveal important information about the relationship between SE and smoking cessation success. Smoking Cessation and Self-Efficacy 5 The Relationship Between Smoking Cessation and Self-Efficacy Tobacco use and nicotine dependence are significant health concerns in the United States. The percentage of cigarette smokers in the total US population has decreased steadily since 1965, going from 42% to 21% (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2007). The percentage of US smokers who quit smoking for at least 1 day has increased since 1965 from 14% to 21% (CDC, 2007). While these numbers seem encouraging, they may be a bit deceptive. From 2004 to 2006, the smoking population dropped <1%, suggesting that perhaps the number of smokers has leveled off and will only be fluctuating slightly from now on (CDC, 2007). The amount of smokers who quit for at least 1 day has followed somewhat of a bell curve, hitting its highest percentage of 25% in 1990 and 1993 and dropping steadily to 21% in 2006 (CDC, 2007); also, it may be inaccurate to define quitters as those who have been quit for 1 or more days during the previous 12 months, as the majority of those people fail to maintain permanent smoking cessation (CDC, 1993). Despite the many known health risks of smoking, the percentage of the population that continues to smoke is larger than might be expected. However, of the 21% of the population who smoke, 70% claim that they want to quit (CDC, 2008). From 2005 to 2006, approximately 44% of adult smokers and 54% of high-school age smokers had made a quit attempt that lasted at least 1 day; there is no report of how many of these attempts resulted in long-term smoking cessation (CDC, 2008). Research has shown, however, that most quit attempts result in relapse (Ockene, Emmons, Mermelstein, Perkins, Bonollo, Voorhees, et al., 2000). Nicotine has been found to be more addictive than alcohol, and as addictive as heroin (Hunt, Barnett, & Branch, 1971). The amount of smokers who quit smoking and remain abstinent after 1 year ranges between 13-31% (Garvey, Bliss, Hitchcock, Heinold, & Rosner, 1992; Norregaard, Tonnesen, & Petersen, 1993; McIntyre, Lichtenstein, & Smoking Cessation and Self-Efficacy 6 Mermelstein, 1983; Tonneson, Fryd, Hansen, Helsted, Gunnersen, Forchammer, et al, 1988). Clearly, successful smoking cessation is a difficult goal to achieve. Nicotine addiction & self

在美国，烟草使用和尼古丁成瘾是重要的健康问题。早期关于自我效能感(self-efficacy, SE)与成瘾行为关系的研究表明，戒烟的自我效能感水平越高，个体越有可能成功戒烟(Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981)。最近的研究表明，高但不是极高的SE是成功戒烟的理想选择(凝视和布雷特勒，2004年)。虽然目前的研究不能阐明那些试图戒烟的人理想的SE百分比，但它确实揭示了SE与戒烟成功之间关系的重要信息。戒烟与自我效能戒烟与自我效能的关系在美国，吸烟和尼古丁依赖是一个重要的健康问题。自1965年以来，吸烟者占美国总人口的比例稳步下降，从42%降至21%(疾病控制中心，2007年)。自1965年以来，美国吸烟者戒烟至少1天的比例从14%增加到21% (CDC, 2007年)。虽然这些数字看起来令人鼓舞，但它们可能有点具有欺骗性。从2004年到2006年，吸烟人口下降了<1%，这表明吸烟者的数量可能已经趋于平稳，从现在开始只会有轻微的波动(CDC, 2007)。戒烟至少1天的吸烟者的比例在某种程度上遵循钟形曲线，在1990年和1993年达到25%的最高比例，并在2006年稳步下降到21%(疾病预防控制中心，2007年);此外，将戒烟者定义为那些在过去12个月内戒烟1天或1天以上的人可能是不准确的，因为这些人中的大多数都不能保持永久戒烟(CDC, 1993)。尽管吸烟有许多已知的健康风险，但继续吸烟的人口比例比预期的要大。然而，在21%的吸烟人口中，70%的人声称他们想要戒烟(CDC, 2008)。从2005年到2006年，大约44%的成年吸烟者和54%的高中年龄吸烟者曾尝试戒烟至少1天;没有关于这些尝试中有多少导致长期戒烟的报告(疾病预防控制中心，2008年)。然而，研究表明，大多数戒烟尝试都会导致复发(Ockene, Emmons, Mermelstein, Perkins, Bonollo, Voorhees等，2000)。人们发现尼古丁比酒精更容易上瘾，和海洛因一样容易上瘾(Hunt, Barnett， & Branch, 1971)。戒烟并在一年后保持戒烟的吸烟者的数量在13-31%之间(Garvey, Bliss, Hitchcock, Heinold， & Rosner, 1992;Norregaard, Tonnesen， & Petersen, 1993;McIntyre, Lichtenstein， &戒烟与自我效能6 Mermelstein, 1983;Tonneson, Fryd, Hansen, Helsted, Gunnersen, Forchammer等，1988)。显然，成功戒烟是一个难以实现的目标。Albert Bandura(1977)最初将自我效能(self-efficacy, SE)定义为一个人相信自己能够成功地执行某种行为以获得某种结果的信念。最初的研究发现，东南感与追求行为改变的时间长度呈正相关(Bandura & Adams, 1977;班杜拉,1980)。研究人员认为，SE水平越高，一个人在做出和维持行为改变方面就越成功。当一个人觉得他很少或没有能力控制某种行为时，他就不太可能试图改变这种行为。如果他决定尝试，当结果不是立竿见影或出现挫折时，他更有可能放弃(Bandura, 1997)。这一理论的证据最初是在应对和消除恐惧等焦虑行为中发现的(Bandura, Adams, Hardy， & Howells, 1980;班杜拉,1980)。1981年，Condiotte和Lichtenstein首次将SE理论应用于吸烟行为。他们假设SE与成功维持戒烟之间存在正相关关系(Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981)。结果有力地支持了这一假设，增加了文献的理论，即较高的SE更有利于行为执行(Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981)。然而，对Condiotte和Lichtenstein的研究进行了扩展，发现预处理SE并不能很好地预测戒烟成功，而治疗后SE仅能很好地预测短期变化;它不能很好地预测1年后戒烟(McIntyre, Lichtenstein， & Mermelstein, 1983)。本研究表明SE不是一个稳定的构念;进一步的研究表明，它在不同的情况和戒烟和自我效能7不同的精神和身体状态的反应中波动(DiClemente, 1986;Ockene等人，2000)。在美国，烟草使用和尼古丁成瘾是重要的健康问题。早期关于自我效能感(self-efficacy, SE)与成瘾行为关系的研究表明，戒烟的自我效能感水平越高，个体越有可能成功戒烟(Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981)。最近的研究表明，高但不是极高的SE是成功戒烟的理想选择(凝视和布雷特勒，2004年)。虽然目前的研究不能阐明那些试图戒烟的人理想的SE百分比，但它确实揭示了SE与戒烟成功之间关系的重要信息。戒烟与自我效能戒烟与自我效能的关系在美国，吸烟和尼古丁依赖是一个重要的健康问题。自1965年以来，吸烟者占美国总人口的比例稳步下降，从42%降至21%(疾病控制中心，2007年)。自1965年以来，美国吸烟者戒烟至少1天的比例从14%增加到21% (CDC, 2007年)。虽然这些数字看起来令人鼓舞，但它们可能有点具有欺骗性。从2004年到2006年，吸烟人口下降了<1%，这表明吸烟者的数量可能已经趋于平稳，从现在开始只会有轻微的波动(CDC, 2007)。戒烟至少1天的吸烟者的比例在某种程度上遵循钟形曲线，在1990年和1993年达到25%的最高比例，并在2006年稳步下降到21%(疾病预防控制中心，2007年);此外，将戒烟者定义为那些在过去12个月内戒烟1天或1天以上的人可能是不准确的，因为这些人中的大多数都不能保持永久戒烟(CDC, 1993)。尽管吸烟有许多已知的健康风险，但继续吸烟的人口比例比预期的要大。然而，在21%的吸烟人口中，70%的人声称他们想要戒烟(CDC, 2008)。从2005年到2006年，大约44%的成年吸烟者和54%的高中年龄吸烟者曾尝试戒烟至少1天;没有关于这些尝试中有多少导致长期戒烟的报告(疾病预防控制中心，2008年)。然而，研究表明，大多数戒烟尝试都会导致复发(Ockene, Emmons, Mermelstein, Perkins, Bonollo, Voorhees等，2000)。人们发现尼古丁比酒精更容易上瘾，和海洛因一样容易上瘾(Hunt, Barnett， & Branch, 1971)。戒烟并在一年后保持戒烟的吸烟者的数量在13-31%之间(Garvey, Bliss, Hitchcock, Heinold， & Rosner, 1992;Norregaard, Tonnesen， & Petersen, 1993;McIntyre, Lichtenstein， &戒烟与自我效能6 Mermelstein, 1983;To

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