Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001
Vicente Soriano, Carmen de-Mendoza, Benson Edagwa, Ana Treviño, Pablo Barreiro, José V Fernandez-Montero, Howard E Gendelman
Vaccines and antivirals are the classical weapons deployed to contain, prevent, and treat life-threatening viral illnesses. Specifically, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccines protect against severe COVID-19 disease manifestations and complications. However, waning immunity and emergence of vaccine escape mutants remains a growing threat. This is highlighted by the current surge of the omicron COVID-19 variant. Thus, there is a race to find treatment alternatives. We contend that oral small molecule antivirals that halt SARSCoV- 2 infection are essential. Compared to currently available monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir, where parenteral administration is required, oral antivirals offer treatments in an outpatient setting with dissemination available on a larger scale. In response to this need at 2021's end, regulatory agencies provided emergency use authorization for both molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir. These medicines act on the viral polymerase and protease, respectively. Each is given for 5 days and can reduce disease progression by 30% and 89%, respectively. The advent of additional oral antivirals, the assessment of combination therapies, the formulation of extended-release medications, and their benefit for both early treatment and prophylaxis will likely transform the landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Oral antivirals for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.","authors":"Vicente Soriano, Carmen de-Mendoza, Benson Edagwa, Ana Treviño, Pablo Barreiro, José V Fernandez-Montero, Howard E Gendelman","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001","DOIUrl":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines and antivirals are the classical weapons deployed to contain, prevent, and treat life-threatening viral illnesses. Specifically, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccines protect against severe COVID-19 disease manifestations and complications. However, waning immunity and emergence of vaccine escape mutants remains a growing threat. This is highlighted by the current surge of the omicron COVID-19 variant. Thus, there is a race to find treatment alternatives. We contend that oral small molecule antivirals that halt SARSCoV- 2 infection are essential. Compared to currently available monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir, where parenteral administration is required, oral antivirals offer treatments in an outpatient setting with dissemination available on a larger scale. In response to this need at 2021's end, regulatory agencies provided emergency use authorization for both molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir. These medicines act on the viral polymerase and protease, respectively. Each is given for 5 days and can reduce disease progression by 30% and 89%, respectively. The advent of additional oral antivirals, the assessment of combination therapies, the formulation of extended-release medications, and their benefit for both early treatment and prophylaxis will likely transform the landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352153/pdf/nihms-1810140.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39717477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.21000025
Esmaeil Mehraeen, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Alireza Barzegary, Farzin Vahedi, Kowsar Qaderi, Marcarious M Tantuoyir, Zahra Nazeri, Amirali Karimi, Mohammad Mehrtak, Mohammad Heydari
Self-management through mHealth by mobile apps creates new opportunities for people living with HIV (PLHIV) for integrated and accurate management. Our study focused on current evidence on HIV selfmanagement mobile applications to identify and assess their objective, infrastructure, and target populations. A systematic review was conducted on studies that use apps to improve self-management among HIV-positive patients, using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science direct, UpToDate, and Web of Science databases. The search was limited to English-written articles and published in the past 10 years. A search of Google Play for Android and App Store for iOS devices was performed to find the apps identified in the included articles. Concerning the aim of this study, the target populations of 17 identified HIV-apps were found to be mainly directed at PLHIV (n = 15). Furthermore, the objectives of 17 identified HIV-apps were found to self-care, self-monitoring, and self-management (n = 7), improve medication adherence (n = 5), prevention and treatment (n = 5), adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (n = 4), Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (n = 1), and support safer conception among HIV couples (n = 1). The operating system of most HIV-apps was Android (n = 15), one app for iOS and seven apps was both of them, and most apps were free (n = 19). The findings indicate that mHealth strategies for PLHIV have had a substantial positive effect on ART, drug adherence, prevention, and treatment, as well as social and behavioral problems affecting PLHIV. Even though the mHealth market needs to be regulated, it specifies that mHealth is relevant and should be used in the self-management, self-monitoring, and self-care of PLHIV.
{"title":"Mobile applications in HIV self-management: A systematic review of scientific literature.","authors":"Esmaeil Mehraeen, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Zahra Pashaei, Pegah Mirzapour, Alireza Barzegary, Farzin Vahedi, Kowsar Qaderi, Marcarious M Tantuoyir, Zahra Nazeri, Amirali Karimi, Mohammad Mehrtak, Mohammad Heydari","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.21000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.21000025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-management through mHealth by mobile apps creates new opportunities for people living with HIV (PLHIV) for integrated and accurate management. Our study focused on current evidence on HIV selfmanagement mobile applications to identify and assess their objective, infrastructure, and target populations. A systematic review was conducted on studies that use apps to improve self-management among HIV-positive patients, using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science direct, UpToDate, and Web of Science databases. The search was limited to English-written articles and published in the past 10 years. A search of Google Play for Android and App Store for iOS devices was performed to find the apps identified in the included articles. Concerning the aim of this study, the target populations of 17 identified HIV-apps were found to be mainly directed at PLHIV (n = 15). Furthermore, the objectives of 17 identified HIV-apps were found to self-care, self-monitoring, and self-management (n = 7), improve medication adherence (n = 5), prevention and treatment (n = 5), adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (n = 4), Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (n = 1), and support safer conception among HIV couples (n = 1). The operating system of most HIV-apps was Android (n = 15), one app for iOS and seven apps was both of them, and most apps were free (n = 19). The findings indicate that mHealth strategies for PLHIV have had a substantial positive effect on ART, drug adherence, prevention, and treatment, as well as social and behavioral problems affecting PLHIV. Even though the mHealth market needs to be regulated, it specifies that mHealth is relevant and should be used in the self-management, self-monitoring, and self-care of PLHIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39834217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.21000018
Marcus V L Dos-Santos-Quaresma, Sandra M Lima-Ribeiro
The epidemiological profile of people living with HIV (PLWH) has expressively changed since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), from a high mortality rate to a profile similar to those living with chronic diseases. Despite the advances and effectiveness of ART, there are still various challenges to overcome, and we highlight the increased risk of sarcopenia in PLWH. This review study aims to (i) explore the pathophysiological background of sarcopenia in PLWH under the different existing ART and (ii) develop a mini-systematic review searching epidemiological studies investigating sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH. As our main findings: we established the risk of sarcopenia development, under a sequential path involving HIV, ART, immune activation, low-grade systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and changes in protein synthesis and breakdown in skeletal muscle tissue; some ART drugs, mainly reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, contribute to critical metabolic changes, lowering the autophagy, increasing mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, which favor the development of inflammation and muscle protein breakdown. There is still insufficient data to discuss the effects of the new generation drugs, namely integrase inhibitors and fusion inhibitors, on skeletal muscle. More studies are needed to better clarify these relationships.
{"title":"Sarcopenia in Persons Living with HIV under Antiretroviral Therapy: Literature Review.","authors":"Marcus V L Dos-Santos-Quaresma, Sandra M Lima-Ribeiro","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.21000018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.21000018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidemiological profile of people living with HIV (PLWH) has expressively changed since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), from a high mortality rate to a profile similar to those living with chronic diseases. Despite the advances and effectiveness of ART, there are still various challenges to overcome, and we highlight the increased risk of sarcopenia in PLWH. This review study aims to (i) explore the pathophysiological background of sarcopenia in PLWH under the different existing ART and (ii) develop a mini-systematic review searching epidemiological studies investigating sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH. As our main findings: we established the risk of sarcopenia development, under a sequential path involving HIV, ART, immune activation, low-grade systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and changes in protein synthesis and breakdown in skeletal muscle tissue; some ART drugs, mainly reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, contribute to critical metabolic changes, lowering the autophagy, increasing mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, which favor the development of inflammation and muscle protein breakdown. There is still insufficient data to discuss the effects of the new generation drugs, namely integrase inhibitors and fusion inhibitors, on skeletal muscle. More studies are needed to better clarify these relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39057821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.21000007
Semiu O Gbadamosi, Mary Jo Trepka, Rahel Dawit, Rime Jebai, Diana M Sheehan
Timely HIV diagnosis is critical to minimizing transmission events. We sought to estimate the meantime from HIV infection to diagnosis and its temporal trend among people with HIV. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar, supplemented by a hand search of bibliographies of articles, was conducted. Study information and outcome measures of time from HIV infection to diagnosis were synthesized. Random-effects metaanalyses were performed. The search identified 12 articles from 4541 unduplicated citations. Studies were conducted in the UK (k = 3), US (k = 3), France (k = 2), Australia (k = 1), Switzerland (k = 1), Netherlands (k = 1), and China (k = 1). The pooled meantime from HIV infection to diagnosis was 3.00 years (95% confidence interval: 2.16-3.84). From 1996 to 2002, meantime reduced from 4.68 to 2.66 years. Subsequently, it increased to 3.20 years in 2003 and remained relatively stable until 2015. In sub-group meta-analyses, men who have sex with men (MSM) had a meantime of 2.62 years (1.91-3.34), while for heterosexuals and people who inject drugs, it was 5.00 (4.15-5.86) and 4.98 (3.97-5.98) years, respectively. In the high- and upper-middle-income countries included in this study, persons live with undiagnosed HIV for about 3 year before being diagnosed. This period is shorter for MSM relative to people with infections attributable to other risk factors.
{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Estimate the Time from HIV Infection to Diagnosis for People with HIV.","authors":"Semiu O Gbadamosi, Mary Jo Trepka, Rahel Dawit, Rime Jebai, Diana M Sheehan","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.21000007","DOIUrl":"10.24875/AIDSRev.21000007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timely HIV diagnosis is critical to minimizing transmission events. We sought to estimate the meantime from HIV infection to diagnosis and its temporal trend among people with HIV. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar, supplemented by a hand search of bibliographies of articles, was conducted. Study information and outcome measures of time from HIV infection to diagnosis were synthesized. Random-effects metaanalyses were performed. The search identified 12 articles from 4541 unduplicated citations. Studies were conducted in the UK (k = 3), US (k = 3), France (k = 2), Australia (k = 1), Switzerland (k = 1), Netherlands (k = 1), and China (k = 1). The pooled meantime from HIV infection to diagnosis was 3.00 years (95% confidence interval: 2.16-3.84). From 1996 to 2002, meantime reduced from 4.68 to 2.66 years. Subsequently, it increased to 3.20 years in 2003 and remained relatively stable until 2015. In sub-group meta-analyses, men who have sex with men (MSM) had a meantime of 2.62 years (1.91-3.34), while for heterosexuals and people who inject drugs, it was 5.00 (4.15-5.86) and 4.98 (3.97-5.98) years, respectively. In the high- and upper-middle-income countries included in this study, persons live with undiagnosed HIV for about 3 year before being diagnosed. This period is shorter for MSM relative to people with infections attributable to other risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636511/pdf/nihms-1733127.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9638996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000052
Jordi Navarro
Liver-related diseases are associated with the high levels of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. Between 13% and 18% of all-cause mortality in HIV-infected patients involves a liver-related damage, this being one of the main causes of death not related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). People living with HIV, even when the disease is under control, are more likely to develop pathologies and complications of a liver-related origin than the general population, both due to common causes such as alcoholism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic viral infections and ageing, in addition to specific HIV-related processes such as antiretroviral treatment toxicity and liver damage inherent to HIV infection. On the other hand, some antiretroviral drugs may have a beneficial effect in reversing liver fibrosis in patients with HIV and chronic liver disease. This paper reviews the main risk factors associated with liver disease in people living with HIV and the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in this disease.
{"title":"HIV and liver disease.","authors":"Jordi Navarro","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver-related diseases are associated with the high levels of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. Between 13% and 18% of all-cause mortality in HIV-infected patients involves a liver-related damage, this being one of the main causes of death not related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). People living with HIV, even when the disease is under control, are more likely to develop pathologies and complications of a liver-related origin than the general population, both due to common causes such as alcoholism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic viral infections and ageing, in addition to specific HIV-related processes such as antiretroviral treatment toxicity and liver damage inherent to HIV infection. On the other hand, some antiretroviral drugs may have a beneficial effect in reversing liver fibrosis in patients with HIV and chronic liver disease. This paper reviews the main risk factors associated with liver disease in people living with HIV and the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.19000098
Bach Xuan-Tran, Carl A Latkin, Hai Thanh-Phan, Huong L Thi-Nguyen, Chi Linh-Hoang, Cyrus S H Ho, Roger C M Ho
Tobacco smoking undermines the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and potentially associates with other health problems. This study aimed to analyze the growth and content of research on smoking among PLWHA on Web of Science Database. Co-occurrence analysis and Jaccard's' similarity index calculation were performed to identify and visualize networks of countries collaboration, keywords co-occurrence, and research topics. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the abstracts' contents to uncover research domains and landscapes. The number of publications increased by 14.55% annually in the period of 1991-2017, with 74% of total papers published within 2007-2017. A wide range of topics have been covered, notably co-morbidities, interventions on smoking abstinence and cessation, and the enforcing relationship of smoking cessation with antiretroviral treatment adherence. A shortage of studies on smoking among PLWHA in low- and middle-income countries, limited collaborations between countries outside of close geographical proximity and a lack of discussion on local contexts and psychosocial factors were found. Smoking among PLWHA has been being studied more extensively in recent years, enhancing our knowledge and awareness of the significant and specific effects smoking have on PLWHA, which, in turn, assisting the proposals and implementations of suitable solutions. However, more efforts should be made to examine and understand contextualized aspects, including culture and beliefs specific to each nation or smaller sub-population within a country, especially those currently under-researched, as well as psycho-behavioral factors to implement more effective interventions to reduce smoking among PLWHA.
吸烟破坏了艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者抗逆转录病毒治疗的有效性,并可能与其他健康问题有关。本研究旨在分析Web of Science数据库中艾滋病感染者吸烟研究的增长和内容。通过共现分析和Jaccard的相似指数计算来识别和可视化国家合作、关键词共现和研究主题的网络。对摘要内容进行探索性因子分析,揭示研究领域和研究景观。1991-2017年期间,论文发表数量以每年14.55%的速度增长,其中2007-2017年期间发表的论文占总数的74%。涵盖了广泛的主题,特别是合并症,戒烟和戒烟的干预措施,以及戒烟与抗逆转录病毒治疗依从性的强制关系。研究发现,在低收入和中等收入国家中,缺乏关于艾滋病毒感染者吸烟的研究,地理位置接近之外的国家之间的合作有限,缺乏对当地情况和社会心理因素的讨论。近年来,人们对艾滋病感染者的吸烟情况进行了更广泛的研究,提高了我们对吸烟对艾滋病患者的重大和具体影响的认识和认识,这反过来又有助于提出和实施适当的解决方案。然而,应作出更多努力,审查和了解背景方面,包括每个国家或一个国家内较小亚人群的具体文化和信仰,特别是目前研究不足的文化和信仰,以及心理行为因素,以实施更有效的干预措施,减少艾滋病毒携带者的吸烟。
{"title":"Smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS: a bibliometric analysis (GAP<sub>RESEARCH</sub>).","authors":"Bach Xuan-Tran, Carl A Latkin, Hai Thanh-Phan, Huong L Thi-Nguyen, Chi Linh-Hoang, Cyrus S H Ho, Roger C M Ho","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.19000098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.19000098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco smoking undermines the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and potentially associates with other health problems. This study aimed to analyze the growth and content of research on smoking among PLWHA on Web of Science Database. Co-occurrence analysis and Jaccard's' similarity index calculation were performed to identify and visualize networks of countries collaboration, keywords co-occurrence, and research topics. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the abstracts' contents to uncover research domains and landscapes. The number of publications increased by 14.55% annually in the period of 1991-2017, with 74% of total papers published within 2007-2017. A wide range of topics have been covered, notably co-morbidities, interventions on smoking abstinence and cessation, and the enforcing relationship of smoking cessation with antiretroviral treatment adherence. A shortage of studies on smoking among PLWHA in low- and middle-income countries, limited collaborations between countries outside of close geographical proximity and a lack of discussion on local contexts and psychosocial factors were found. Smoking among PLWHA has been being studied more extensively in recent years, enhancing our knowledge and awareness of the significant and specific effects smoking have on PLWHA, which, in turn, assisting the proposals and implementations of suitable solutions. However, more efforts should be made to examine and understand contextualized aspects, including culture and beliefs specific to each nation or smaller sub-population within a country, especially those currently under-researched, as well as psycho-behavioral factors to implement more effective interventions to reduce smoking among PLWHA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40670602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.22000017
Roland Thomas, Jean Cyr Yombi
There is no correlation between HIV per se and other risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease. Pivotal studies have shown that vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent severe COVID-19 illness in the general population. Studies on people living with HIV (PLWH) are scarce. The majority of these studies with mRNA (BNT126b2 and mRNA-1273) and adenovirus vector (Ad26.COV2.2 and ChAdOx1) vaccines with a low number of patients included shows that PLWH on antiretroviral treatment and with CD4 count > 200/mm³ has a robust immune response. These vaccines are thus effective in preventing severe infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in PLWH. However, PLWH with a CD4 count of < 200/mm³ and uncontrolled viral load (VL) seems to have a lower immune response. COVID-19 vaccines are safe in PLWH; adverse effects are mild or moderate, and their incidence is similar to non-HIV people (NHP). The CD4 count decreased significantly and transiently, and the VL rebounded insignificantly in a few patients. A complete vaccination including a third dose is, therefore, recommended. A booster dose with an mRNA vaccine is recommended in PLWH with an advanced stage of their disease.
{"title":"COVID-19 vaccination in people living with HIV: current data and perspectives.","authors":"Roland Thomas, Jean Cyr Yombi","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.22000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.22000017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is no correlation between HIV per se and other risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease. Pivotal studies have shown that vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent severe COVID-19 illness in the general population. Studies on people living with HIV (PLWH) are scarce. The majority of these studies with mRNA (BNT126b2 and mRNA-1273) and adenovirus vector (Ad26.COV2.2 and ChAdOx1) vaccines with a low number of patients included shows that PLWH on antiretroviral treatment and with CD4 count > 200/mm³ has a robust immune response. These vaccines are thus effective in preventing severe infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in PLWH. However, PLWH with a CD4 count of < 200/mm³ and uncontrolled viral load (VL) seems to have a lower immune response. COVID-19 vaccines are safe in PLWH; adverse effects are mild or moderate, and their incidence is similar to non-HIV people (NHP). The CD4 count decreased significantly and transiently, and the VL rebounded insignificantly in a few patients. A complete vaccination including a third dose is, therefore, recommended. A booster dose with an mRNA vaccine is recommended in PLWH with an advanced stage of their disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10831937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000053
Jèssica Muñoz-Rodríguez, Lucia Millán-Revilla
Anal cancer is a common disease in men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV infection and is associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, which is very prevalent in this population. Advanced anal cancer has an aggressive treatment, with a high risk of producing an impaired quality of life. In cases of late diagnosis, mortality remains elevated. Based on these findings, it is a priority to carry out a systematic screening to detect earlier and prevent the disease. In this review and based in our experience at the Infectious Diseases outclinic at Hospital de la Santa Creu and Sant Pau in Barcelona, Spain, we propose a series of actions carried out by trained nurses. We recommend a coordinated set of multidisciplinary activities on HIV + MSM focused on HPV immunization and periodic anal cytology screening. A good implementation of the program will provide significant benefits, since at this time, the best care for anal cancer relies in HPV prevention and early diagnosis of HPV oncogenic lesions.
{"title":"The role of nurses in the prevention of anal cancer in HIV-infected men having sex with men - a focus on papillomavirus vaccination and anal cytology screening.","authors":"Jèssica Muñoz-Rodríguez, Lucia Millán-Revilla","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anal cancer is a common disease in men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV infection and is associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, which is very prevalent in this population. Advanced anal cancer has an aggressive treatment, with a high risk of producing an impaired quality of life. In cases of late diagnosis, mortality remains elevated. Based on these findings, it is a priority to carry out a systematic screening to detect earlier and prevent the disease. In this review and based in our experience at the Infectious Diseases outclinic at Hospital de la Santa Creu and Sant Pau in Barcelona, Spain, we propose a series of actions carried out by trained nurses. We recommend a coordinated set of multidisciplinary activities on HIV + MSM focused on HPV immunization and periodic anal cytology screening. A good implementation of the program will provide significant benefits, since at this time, the best care for anal cancer relies in HPV prevention and early diagnosis of HPV oncogenic lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10808736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.21000092
Emilie Dupont, Jean Cyr-Yombi
The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent decades worldwide. An increase in the prevalence of obesity has also been observed among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in high and low incomes countries. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), by controlling the viral load (VL) and restoring cellular immunity, has improved the health status and life expectancy in PLHIV. However, the risk of developing non-AIDS events (NAEs) remains higher than the general population. Therefore, specific attention is given to managing risk factors associated with NAEs during the follow-up of PLHIV, including obesity. Factors related to weight gain in PLHIV include demographic factors, HIV disease-related factors, and ART-associated factors. In naive PLHIV, weight gain after the initiation of ART is expected. The weight gains observed are generally not severe even if there appear to be risk factors such as the advanced stage of disease (low CD4 cells count and high VL), female sex, black race, and taking integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) associated or not with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF). The role of each antiretroviral drug per-se remains to clarify. As INSTI ± TAF has been associated with significant weight gain, further research is needed to identify the individual-level factors predictive of weight gain, the mechanisms of ART-associated weight gain and the clinical relevance of this weight gain. As PLHIV survive longer on effective ART, the prevention and management of NAEs will remain a challenge for healthcare providers.
{"title":"Antiretroviral therapy and weight gain in naive HIV-1 infected patient: a narrative review.","authors":"Emilie Dupont, Jean Cyr-Yombi","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.21000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.21000092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent decades worldwide. An increase in the prevalence of obesity has also been observed among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in high and low incomes countries. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), by controlling the viral load (VL) and restoring cellular immunity, has improved the health status and life expectancy in PLHIV. However, the risk of developing non-AIDS events (NAEs) remains higher than the general population. Therefore, specific attention is given to managing risk factors associated with NAEs during the follow-up of PLHIV, including obesity. Factors related to weight gain in PLHIV include demographic factors, HIV disease-related factors, and ART-associated factors. In naive PLHIV, weight gain after the initiation of ART is expected. The weight gains observed are generally not severe even if there appear to be risk factors such as the advanced stage of disease (low CD4 cells count and high VL), female sex, black race, and taking integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) associated or not with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF). The role of each antiretroviral drug per-se remains to clarify. As INSTI ± TAF has been associated with significant weight gain, further research is needed to identify the individual-level factors predictive of weight gain, the mechanisms of ART-associated weight gain and the clinical relevance of this weight gain. As PLHIV survive longer on effective ART, the prevention and management of NAEs will remain a challenge for healthcare providers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40472441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000054
Vicente Soriano
{"title":"Alert for polio outbreaks in developed countries.","authors":"Vicente Soriano","doi":"10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.M22000054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7685,"journal":{"name":"AIDS reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40472442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}