Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.21839/jfna.2023.v6.8548
B. R. Lekule, D. Nicodemas
The study aims to assess the effects of water, sanitation and hygiene practices on the nutrition status of children under five years in the Songwe region of Tanzania since malnutrition is still a big challenge in developing countries, particularly the Southern Highlands Zone which needs integrated measures to be addressed. Cross-sectional studies involving 110 children aged 0-59 months were assessed for Weight-for-Age, Height-for-Age and Weight-for-Height involving a structured questionnaire. Results showed that 47.27% were stunted, 27.27% were underweight while 16.36% were wasted and 53.63% of respondents did not participate in any community program. The study also revealed that 35.45% had pit latrines, 44.54% used communal pit latrines, 13.63% had flush toilet types and 6.36% did not have any kind of toilet. Lack of proper latrine increases the chances of getting infections such as worm infestation. 37.27% of respondents still use unimproved sources (River water, dams, ponds) and 65.45% of respondents use untreated water for drinking, cooking, and food preparation activities which increases disease incidences and infections. The presence of poor nutrition status of children under age five in the study sample was caused by poor childcare practices. These findings alert the Government starting from the local government level to use nutrition stakeholders to effectively influence mothers/caregivers to make healthy dietary practices.
{"title":"Wash practices assessment on the nutrition status of children under age five in Songwe region: A case study of Ileje District Council","authors":"B. R. Lekule, D. Nicodemas","doi":"10.21839/jfna.2023.v6.8548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21839/jfna.2023.v6.8548","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to assess the effects of water, sanitation and hygiene practices on the nutrition status of children under five years in the Songwe region of Tanzania since malnutrition is still a big challenge in developing countries, particularly the Southern Highlands Zone which needs integrated measures to be addressed. Cross-sectional studies involving 110 children aged 0-59 months were assessed for Weight-for-Age, Height-for-Age and Weight-for-Height involving a structured questionnaire. Results showed that 47.27% were stunted, 27.27% were underweight while 16.36% were wasted and 53.63% of respondents did not participate in any community program. The study also revealed that 35.45% had pit latrines, 44.54% used communal pit latrines, 13.63% had flush toilet types and 6.36% did not have any kind of toilet. Lack of proper latrine increases the chances of getting infections such as worm infestation. 37.27% of respondents still use unimproved sources (River water, dams, ponds) and 65.45% of respondents use untreated water for drinking, cooking, and food preparation activities which increases disease incidences and infections. The presence of poor nutrition status of children under age five in the study sample was caused by poor childcare practices. These findings alert the Government starting from the local government level to use nutrition stakeholders to effectively influence mothers/caregivers to make healthy dietary practices.","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135581846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23105
SW Birungi, R. Mugabi, A. Nabubuya, IM Mukisa, J. Wambete, EJ Tibagonzeka
Childhood malnutrition persists in low-income countries due to inadequate diet diversity and nutrient density. For seasonal crops, consumers make food substitutions based on price variations which has dietary implications and can cause episodes of nutritional deficiencies. Locally available foodstuffs can be used to formulate low-cost nutritionally adequate food mixtures. Design-Expert® and Nutrisurvey software were used to generate nutrient-dense formulations for the dry season (n=2) and wet season (n=5) from low-cost locally available foods in Eastern Uganda (sweet potatoes, sorghum, soybeans, beans, sesame, groundnuts and maize). Composite flours of the formulations were prepared and cooked following the World Food Program (WFP) recommendations and consumer acceptability determined using a consumer panel (n=43). The most acceptable formulation for the dry season (D2) and the most acceptable formulation for the wet season (R5) were selected for the determination of functional properties (dispersibility, bulk density and water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI)), pasting properties (peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity and peak time), color and nutrient density (energy content, sugars, starch, protein, crude fat, fiber, ash, iron and zinc). D2 contained 25.35g of sorghum, 1.31g of soybeans, 4.34g of beans, 33.11g of sesame and 35.89g of groundnuts per 100g of formulation. R5 contained 4.95g of maize, 20.98g of sorghum, 5.49g of beans, 29.39g of sesame and 39.19g of groundnuts per 100g of formulation. The nutrient densities of D2 and R5 when cooked according to WFP recommendations were also determined. D2 and R5 had high dispersibility (77.2-76.8%), low water absorption index (1.7-2.0g/g) and high water solubility index (0.2-0.3g/g). The pasting properties indicated that the formulations form stable low viscosity pastes that can withstand breakdown during cooking and have high resistance to retrogradation on cooling. Cooked D2 (100g) contained 87.2kcal, 9.5g starch, 2.3g sugars, 5.8g protein, 1.6g fat, 1.7g fiber, 2.3mg iron and 1.6mg zinc. Cooked R5 (100g) had 71.4kcal, 7.1g starch, 2.6g sugars, 4.2g protein, 0.9g fat, 1.0g fiber, 1.9mg iron and 1.4mg zinc. The cooked samples provided more than 50% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for children aged 1-5 years for protein and zinc per serving (200g for children aged 1-3 years and 250g for children aged 4-5 years). Adopting formulations developed in this study can potentially contribute to reducing undernutrition in children aged 1-5 years. Key words: Low-cost nutrient-dense foods, composite flours, infant feeding, pasting properties, malnutrition
{"title":"Low-cost nutrient-dense composite flours for children aged 1-5 years developed from locally available foods","authors":"SW Birungi, R. Mugabi, A. Nabubuya, IM Mukisa, J. Wambete, EJ Tibagonzeka","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23105","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood malnutrition persists in low-income countries due to inadequate diet diversity and nutrient density. For seasonal crops, consumers make food substitutions based on price variations which has dietary implications and can cause episodes of nutritional deficiencies. Locally available foodstuffs can be used to formulate low-cost nutritionally adequate food mixtures. Design-Expert® and Nutrisurvey software were used to generate nutrient-dense formulations for the dry season (n=2) and wet season (n=5) from low-cost locally available foods in Eastern Uganda (sweet potatoes, sorghum, soybeans, beans, sesame, groundnuts and maize). Composite flours of the formulations were prepared and cooked following the World Food Program (WFP) recommendations and consumer acceptability determined using a consumer panel (n=43). The most acceptable formulation for the dry season (D2) and the most acceptable formulation for the wet season (R5) were selected for the determination of functional properties (dispersibility, bulk density and water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI)), pasting properties (peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity and peak time), color and nutrient density (energy content, sugars, starch, protein, crude fat, fiber, ash, iron and zinc). D2 contained 25.35g of sorghum, 1.31g of soybeans, 4.34g of beans, 33.11g of sesame and 35.89g of groundnuts per 100g of formulation. R5 contained 4.95g of maize, 20.98g of sorghum, 5.49g of beans, 29.39g of sesame and 39.19g of groundnuts per 100g of formulation. The nutrient densities of D2 and R5 when cooked according to WFP recommendations were also determined. D2 and R5 had high dispersibility (77.2-76.8%), low water absorption index (1.7-2.0g/g) and high water solubility index (0.2-0.3g/g). The pasting properties indicated that the formulations form stable low viscosity pastes that can withstand breakdown during cooking and have high resistance to retrogradation on cooling. Cooked D2 (100g) contained 87.2kcal, 9.5g starch, 2.3g sugars, 5.8g protein, 1.6g fat, 1.7g fiber, 2.3mg iron and 1.6mg zinc. Cooked R5 (100g) had 71.4kcal, 7.1g starch, 2.6g sugars, 4.2g protein, 0.9g fat, 1.0g fiber, 1.9mg iron and 1.4mg zinc. The cooked samples provided more than 50% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for children aged 1-5 years for protein and zinc per serving (200g for children aged 1-3 years and 250g for children aged 4-5 years). Adopting formulations developed in this study can potentially contribute to reducing undernutrition in children aged 1-5 years. Key words: Low-cost nutrient-dense foods, composite flours, infant feeding, pasting properties, malnutrition","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44685122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.22960
T. Dhliwayo, P. Chopera, TM Matsungo, C. Chidewe, S. Mukanganyama, E. Nyakudya, F. Mtambanengwe, P. Mapfumo, LK Nyanga
Finger millet (Eleucine coracana), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and bio-fortified vitamin A “orange” maize (Zea mays) are three nutrient dense crops currently being promoted in Zimbabwe. The effect on nutrient content of processing these specific crop varieties has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of germination and roasting on the proximate, mineral, and anti-nutritional factors in finger millet, cowpeas and orange maize. Finger millet grains were germinated for 48hrs, cowpeas and orange maize for 24hrs, at room temperature (20-23oC). Both raw and processed samples were dried and milled into flour for the determination of proximate and mineral and anti-nutritional composition. Protein content of finger millet increased significantly after processing from 6.53±0.25 mg/100 g to 11.27±0.15 mg/100 g in germinated finger millet flour (P<0.05). Germination of finger millet resulted in significantly increased minerals (mg/100 g); calcium from 345.53±0.55 to 352.63±0.21, zinc from 3.59±0.15 to 8.71±0.01, sodium from 49.89±0.16 to 57.78±1.20 and iron content from 3.75±0.05 to 4.52±0.01 whilst magnesium and potassium decreased significantly from 198.09±0.07 to 69.08±0.06 and 487.08±0.03 to 144.78±0.27 respectively. Processing of cowpeas resulted in slight but significant increase in protein content (20.47±0.21 to 28.50±0.10), increased calcium (138.18±0.12 to 148.18±0.12 mg/100 g), magnesium (14.23±2.00 to 19.18±0.31 mg/100 g), potassium (232±4.00 to 443.41±0.02 mg/100 g) and iron (4.85±0.03 to 4.86±0.04 mg/100 g). Conversely zinc and sodium decreased from 4.5±0.30 to 2.9±0.10 mg/100 g and 31.85±0.03 to 11.64±0.02 mg/100 g, respectively. Notably for orange maize, protein content did not change from 10.06±0.04 to 10.04±0.04 g/100 g before and after processing. Calcium increased from 47.02±2.82 to 57.99±8.85 (mg/100 g), magnesium from 90.91±0.11 to 108.30±0.53 (mg/100 g), potassium from 2.13±0.04 to 4.33±0.25 (mg/100 g), sodium from 0.50±0.02 to 0.70±0.02 (mg/100 g) and iron from 0.50±0.02 to 1.25±0.05 (mg/100 g). Zinc decreased from 6.2±0.2 to 3.53±0.55 (mg/100 g). Tannins, oxalates and phytates decreased significantly after processing of all three crops. Results showed that germination and roasting increased the nutritional profile and decreased anti-nutrient content in finger millet, cowpeas and orange maize. Therefore, it is important to consider germinating and roasting these grains during processing to increase the nutritional potential of the end food product. Further studies are required to investigate the decrease in some nutrients after germination and roasting and possibly establish optimum processing parameters for improved nutrient profile of these food crops. Key words: Traditional grains, millet, orange maize, biofortification, germination, roasting, nutrients, anti-nutrients
{"title":"Effect of germination and roasting on the proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional factors in finger millet (Eleucine Coracana), Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) and orange maize (Zea mays)","authors":"T. Dhliwayo, P. Chopera, TM Matsungo, C. Chidewe, S. Mukanganyama, E. Nyakudya, F. Mtambanengwe, P. Mapfumo, LK Nyanga","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.22960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.22960","url":null,"abstract":"Finger millet (Eleucine coracana), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and bio-fortified vitamin A “orange” maize (Zea mays) are three nutrient dense crops currently being promoted in Zimbabwe. The effect on nutrient content of processing these specific crop varieties has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of germination and roasting on the proximate, mineral, and anti-nutritional factors in finger millet, cowpeas and orange maize. Finger millet grains were germinated for 48hrs, cowpeas and orange maize for 24hrs, at room temperature (20-23oC). Both raw and processed samples were dried and milled into flour for the determination of proximate and mineral and anti-nutritional composition. Protein content of finger millet increased significantly after processing from 6.53±0.25 mg/100 g to 11.27±0.15 mg/100 g in germinated finger millet flour (P<0.05). Germination of finger millet resulted in significantly increased minerals (mg/100 g); calcium from 345.53±0.55 to 352.63±0.21, zinc from 3.59±0.15 to 8.71±0.01, sodium from 49.89±0.16 to 57.78±1.20 and iron content from 3.75±0.05 to 4.52±0.01 whilst magnesium and potassium decreased significantly from 198.09±0.07 to 69.08±0.06 and 487.08±0.03 to 144.78±0.27 respectively. Processing of cowpeas resulted in slight but significant increase in protein content (20.47±0.21 to 28.50±0.10), increased calcium (138.18±0.12 to 148.18±0.12 mg/100 g), magnesium (14.23±2.00 to 19.18±0.31 mg/100 g), potassium (232±4.00 to 443.41±0.02 mg/100 g) and iron (4.85±0.03 to 4.86±0.04 mg/100 g). Conversely zinc and sodium decreased from 4.5±0.30 to 2.9±0.10 mg/100 g and 31.85±0.03 to 11.64±0.02 mg/100 g, respectively. Notably for orange maize, protein content did not change from 10.06±0.04 to 10.04±0.04 g/100 g before and after processing. Calcium increased from 47.02±2.82 to 57.99±8.85 (mg/100 g), magnesium from 90.91±0.11 to 108.30±0.53 (mg/100 g), potassium from 2.13±0.04 to 4.33±0.25 (mg/100 g), sodium from 0.50±0.02 to 0.70±0.02 (mg/100 g) and iron from 0.50±0.02 to 1.25±0.05 (mg/100 g). Zinc decreased from 6.2±0.2 to 3.53±0.55 (mg/100 g). Tannins, oxalates and phytates decreased significantly after processing of all three crops. Results showed that germination and roasting increased the nutritional profile and decreased anti-nutrient content in finger millet, cowpeas and orange maize. Therefore, it is important to consider germinating and roasting these grains during processing to increase the nutritional potential of the end food product. Further studies are required to investigate the decrease in some nutrients after germination and roasting and possibly establish optimum processing parameters for improved nutrient profile of these food crops. Key words: Traditional grains, millet, orange maize, biofortification, germination, roasting, nutrients, anti-nutrients","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42251527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23270
A. Nyandiala, T. Amakhobe, S. Okoth
Groundnut is a major cash crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. In Kenya, groundnut is mostly grown in the Western and Nyanza regions and has been ranked the fourth cash crop of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). However, groundnut production in Kenya has continued to decline with farmers attaining less than 50 % of the yield potential of 700 to 1400 kg/ha. Yearly statistical reports by Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA), Nuts and Oil Crops Directorate for the last seven years, show the decline has been consistent. In 2019/2020 AFA reported there was a decrease of 216 Mt in Homa Bay and 30 Mt in Kisumu. Yield loss is attributed to lack of quality improved seed and pests’ infestation during growth and storage. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the major pests of groundnut worldwide. This study sought to investigate the occurrence of nematode communities (PPN and non-parasitic nematodes (NPN) in soils cultivated with groundnuts in the LVB and to determine the effect of farmyard manure application on their presence. Six peanut varieties (4 improved and 2 local) were cultivated in Nyakach and Karachuonyo in March to August in 2021 and 2022. Soil samples, groundnut roots and pods were collected. A modified Baermann’s, maceration methods and filtration technique was used to isolate nematodes from the soil, groundnut pods and roots. Multi-stage Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences in abundance and richness while the Shannon index compared diversity of PPN and NPN among the farms in two seasons and regions. Eleven genera of PPN: Aphelenchoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Scutellonema, Trichodorus, Hemicycliophora, Tylenchorhynchus, Rotylenchulus and Criconema. spp., and three genera of NPN; Rhabdittes, Dorylaimus spp. and Predators were categorized. Aphelenchoides and Meloidogyne were the most abundant PPN and Rhabdites NPN in both regions and seasons. Application of farm yard manure led to decline of abundance of PPN and an increase in NPN. The results confirm the presence of PPN in the LVB groundnut growing regions and the potential use of farm yard manure in their management. This study recommends further investigation on actual damage potential of these PPN and their management strategies. Key words: Arachis hypogaea, Soil nematodes, Meloidogyne, Aphelenchoides, Rhabdites, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus
花生是热带和亚热带地区的主要经济作物。在肯尼亚，花生主要种植在西部和尼扬扎地区，是维多利亚湖盆地(LVB)的第四大经济作物。然而，肯尼亚的花生产量持续下降，农民的产量还不到700至1400公斤/公顷潜在产量的50%。农业和食品管理局(AFA)，坚果和油料作物理事会过去七年的年度统计报告显示，这种下降是一致的。2019/2020年，AFA报告称，Homa Bay减少了2.16亿吨，Kisumu减少了3000亿吨。产量损失是由于缺乏优质改良种子和生长和储存过程中害虫的侵扰。植物寄生线虫(PPN)是世界范围内花生的主要害虫。本研究旨在调查LVB花生栽培土壤中线虫群落(PPN和非寄生线虫(NPN))的发生情况，并确定农家肥施用对其存在的影响。2021年和2022年3月至8月，在尼亚卡赫和卡拉楚尼约种植了6个花生品种(4个改良品种和2个当地品种)。采集土壤样品、花生根和豆荚。采用改良的Baermann浸泡法和过滤法从土壤、花生豆荚和根系中分离线虫。采用多阶段方差分析(Multi-stage Analysis of variance, ANOVA)确定丰度和丰富度是否存在显著差异，Shannon指数比较了两个季节和地区农场间PPN和NPN的多样性。PPN的11个属:Aphelenchoides、Meloidogyne、Pratylenchus、Helicotylenchus、Tylenchus、Scutellonema、Trichodorus、Hemicycliophora、Tylenchorhynchus、Rotylenchulus和criiconema。NPN属和3个属;分类为Rhabdittes、Dorylaimus和predator。Aphelenchoides和Meloidogyne的PPN和Rhabdites的NPN在不同地区和季节都是最丰富的。施用农家肥导致PPN丰度下降，NPN增加。研究结果证实了花生生长区域存在PPN，以及利用农家肥对其进行管理的可能性。本研究建议进一步调查这些PPN的实际危害潜力及其管理策略。关键词:花生，土壤线虫，Meloidogyne, Aphelenchoides, Rhabdites, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus
{"title":"Occurrence, abundance and distribution of soil nematodes associated with groundnut farming in Kenya","authors":"A. Nyandiala, T. Amakhobe, S. Okoth","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23270","url":null,"abstract":"Groundnut is a major cash crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. In Kenya, groundnut is mostly grown in the Western and Nyanza regions and has been ranked the fourth cash crop of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). However, groundnut production in Kenya has continued to decline with farmers attaining less than 50 % of the yield potential of 700 to 1400 kg/ha. Yearly statistical reports by Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA), Nuts and Oil Crops Directorate for the last seven years, show the decline has been consistent. In 2019/2020 AFA reported there was a decrease of 216 Mt in Homa Bay and 30 Mt in Kisumu. Yield loss is attributed to lack of quality improved seed and pests’ infestation during growth and storage. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the major pests of groundnut worldwide. This study sought to investigate the occurrence of nematode communities (PPN and non-parasitic nematodes (NPN) in soils cultivated with groundnuts in the LVB and to determine the effect of farmyard manure application on their presence. Six peanut varieties (4 improved and 2 local) were cultivated in Nyakach and Karachuonyo in March to August in 2021 and 2022. Soil samples, groundnut roots and pods were collected. A modified Baermann’s, maceration methods and filtration technique was used to isolate nematodes from the soil, groundnut pods and roots. Multi-stage Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences in abundance and richness while the Shannon index compared diversity of PPN and NPN among the farms in two seasons and regions. Eleven genera of PPN: Aphelenchoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Scutellonema, Trichodorus, Hemicycliophora, Tylenchorhynchus, Rotylenchulus and Criconema. spp., and three genera of NPN; Rhabdittes, Dorylaimus spp. and Predators were categorized. Aphelenchoides and Meloidogyne were the most abundant PPN and Rhabdites NPN in both regions and seasons. Application of farm yard manure led to decline of abundance of PPN and an increase in NPN. The results confirm the presence of PPN in the LVB groundnut growing regions and the potential use of farm yard manure in their management. This study recommends further investigation on actual damage potential of these PPN and their management strategies. Key words: Arachis hypogaea, Soil nematodes, Meloidogyne, Aphelenchoides, Rhabdites, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67772687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23690
ES Kilelo, M. Nowicki, G. Nguka, LA Olimba, SO Konyole, C. Termote
Global food security will exist when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Today, about 2 billion of the 7.96 billion people on Earth are food insecure. Food insecurity is still a challenge in Kenya despite different sectors' interventions in nutrition and agriculture. This study sought to identify programs and stakeholders who are influential on food security by analyzing farmers' participation in programs, the link between agriculture and nutrition goals, factors that influence the success of programs, and the impact of policy on food security. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design using mixed methods of data collection. Qualitative data were obtained from thirty purposively selected stakeholders through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The themes formed from the qualitative data were analyzed manually, and verbatim quotes were used to explain the findings. Additionally, two hundred and seventy-three structured questionnaires were administered to farmers to collect quantitative data. The data revealed that (75%) of farmers were beneficiaries of key programs. Pearson's chi-square test gave x^2(4, n=273)>=91.045, with a p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05, indicates a strong relationship between education level and farmers' awareness of key agricultural programs. The primary motivation in agriculture production was income generation, but the nutritional value of the food was overlooked. Poor collaboration among stakeholders was shown to not only result in unequal program coverage but also pose an obstacle in aligning agricultural programs with local nutrition demands. Moreover, although food and agriculture policies are in place, gaps exist in implementing and adhering to these policies. It was revealed that budget allocation to the agriculture sector is at (2.4 %) which is still a quarter way to the international commitment of (10%). Lastly, land ownership limitations hinder smallholder farmers' ability to meet income and nutrition needs, as approximately a third of those surveyed (n=136, 35.5%) reported owning less than 0.5 acres of land. It is, therefore, necessary to build the capacity to support smart agriculture, using technological methods to increase productivity on small land. Additionally, stakeholders must create policy strategies, collaboration and program distribution mechanisms to promote nutrition and agriculture to improve food security. Key words: Agriculture, Food Security, Influence, Linkage, Nutrition, Program, Policy, Stakeholders
{"title":"Food security's broken link: The misalignment of stakeholder priorities in agriculture and nutrition in Vihiga County, Kenya","authors":"ES Kilelo, M. Nowicki, G. Nguka, LA Olimba, SO Konyole, C. Termote","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23690","url":null,"abstract":"Global food security will exist when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Today, about 2 billion of the 7.96 billion people on Earth are food insecure. Food insecurity is still a challenge in Kenya despite different sectors' interventions in nutrition and agriculture. This study sought to identify programs and stakeholders who are influential on food security by analyzing farmers' participation in programs, the link between agriculture and nutrition goals, factors that influence the success of programs, and the impact of policy on food security. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design using mixed methods of data collection. Qualitative data were obtained from thirty purposively selected stakeholders through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The themes formed from the qualitative data were analyzed manually, and verbatim quotes were used to explain the findings. Additionally, two hundred and seventy-three structured questionnaires were administered to farmers to collect quantitative data. The data revealed that (75%) of farmers were beneficiaries of key programs. Pearson's chi-square test gave x^2(4, n=273)>=91.045, with a p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05, indicates a strong relationship between education level and farmers' awareness of key agricultural programs. The primary motivation in agriculture production was income generation, but the nutritional value of the food was overlooked. Poor collaboration among stakeholders was shown to not only result in unequal program coverage but also pose an obstacle in aligning agricultural programs with local nutrition demands. Moreover, although food and agriculture policies are in place, gaps exist in implementing and adhering to these policies. It was revealed that budget allocation to the agriculture sector is at (2.4 %) which is still a quarter way to the international commitment of (10%). Lastly, land ownership limitations hinder smallholder farmers' ability to meet income and nutrition needs, as approximately a third of those surveyed (n=136, 35.5%) reported owning less than 0.5 acres of land. It is, therefore, necessary to build the capacity to support smart agriculture, using technological methods to increase productivity on small land. Additionally, stakeholders must create policy strategies, collaboration and program distribution mechanisms to promote nutrition and agriculture to improve food security. Key words: Agriculture, Food Security, Influence, Linkage, Nutrition, Program, Policy, Stakeholders","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41492991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23330
W. Sawangloke, S. Chanthes, S. Nuttee
Sericultural farming is important to the local economy of Mahasarakham province of Thailand. This study measured the labour productivity of sericultural farmers by calculating the total labour value added per hour worked, given that the total labour value added refers to the difference between the total revenue and the total cost, not including the labour cost. This mixed-method research collected empirical data from 160 households in five districts of Mahasarakham during the 2020 production cycle using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Silk mulberry sales minus all costs (except labour) were used to represent the added value of labour. The overall total revenue data and total costs in each production cycle were used in this study. The study's results revealed that farmers' total labour productivity equated to 1.68 USD per hour per production cycle, 9.69 USD per day and 1,559.61 USD per year, calculated using the added value of labour divided by total hours worked. When comparing by district, Na Dun had the highest productivity of labour at 1.90 USD per hour, followed by Na Chueak (1.82 USD per hour), Wapi Pathum (1.70 USD per hour), Phayakkhaphum Phisai (1.50 USD per hour) and Yang Sisurat tires (1.46 USD per hour), respectively. The research results showed that the labour productivity of the studied sericultural farmers, 1.68 USD per hour, was higher than the minimum wage of Mahasarakham labours in 2022, which was 1.26 USD per hour. Despite the higher productivity cost, various challenges faced by the farmers were also identified, including a shortage of labour, lack of a market to support production, insufficient promotion and support from government agencies, a low price for silk products, damage to barns repair costs, lack of investment and production factors. The procedures and methods used to raise silkworms are complicated and time-consuming. Traditional farmers' barns are insufficient for raising silkworms and sick silk varieties; a suitable barn design and systematic production management are recommended, providing the research's empirical evidence confirmed to help enhance labour productivity. Based on the results and discussions, this paper recommends future studies to investigate practical guides to help increase labour productivity and tackle the challenges facing local sericultural farming to a wider extent. Key words: Labour productivity, Measuring labour productivity, Sericultural farmers, Value-added labour
{"title":"Measuring the labour productivity of sericultural farmers in Mahasarakham province, Thailand","authors":"W. Sawangloke, S. Chanthes, S. Nuttee","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23330","url":null,"abstract":"Sericultural farming is important to the local economy of Mahasarakham province of Thailand. This study measured the labour productivity of sericultural farmers by calculating the total labour value added per hour worked, given that the total labour value added refers to the difference between the total revenue and the total cost, not including the labour cost. This mixed-method research collected empirical data from 160 households in five districts of Mahasarakham during the 2020 production cycle using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Silk mulberry sales minus all costs (except labour) were used to represent the added value of labour. The overall total revenue data and total costs in each production cycle were used in this study. The study's results revealed that farmers' total labour productivity equated to 1.68 USD per hour per production cycle, 9.69 USD per day and 1,559.61 USD per year, calculated using the added value of labour divided by total hours worked. When comparing by district, Na Dun had the highest productivity of labour at 1.90 USD per hour, followed by Na Chueak (1.82 USD per hour), Wapi Pathum (1.70 USD per hour), Phayakkhaphum Phisai (1.50 USD per hour) and Yang Sisurat tires (1.46 USD per hour), respectively. The research results showed that the labour productivity of the studied sericultural farmers, 1.68 USD per hour, was higher than the minimum wage of Mahasarakham labours in 2022, which was 1.26 USD per hour. Despite the higher productivity cost, various challenges faced by the farmers were also identified, including a shortage of labour, lack of a market to support production, insufficient promotion and support from government agencies, a low price for silk products, damage to barns repair costs, lack of investment and production factors. The procedures and methods used to raise silkworms are complicated and time-consuming. Traditional farmers' barns are insufficient for raising silkworms and sick silk varieties; a suitable barn design and systematic production management are recommended, providing the research's empirical evidence confirmed to help enhance labour productivity. Based on the results and discussions, this paper recommends future studies to investigate practical guides to help increase labour productivity and tackle the challenges facing local sericultural farming to a wider extent. Key words: Labour productivity, Measuring labour productivity, Sericultural farmers, Value-added labour","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49465711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23780
ME Mothiba, DL Mthombeni, MA Antwi
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most significant crops in South Africa and Africa due to its various health benefits and diverse uses. Groundnut production provides employment for farmers, starting from the production to the marketing phase. This study aims to analyse the determinants of commercialization and the choice of market channels (local market, urban market and farm gate) among smallholder groundnut farmers. The study was conducted in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa, in the three villages namely; Moletlane, Ga-Molepo and Zebediela. A purposive sampling technique was used to sample 100 smallholder farmers from a sampling frame of 405 groundnut farmers. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data by interviewing 100 selected smallholder farmers and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27.0 was used to analyze the data. The binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the factors affecting commercialization of groundnuts amongst the smallholder farmers. Furthermore, the study applied multinomial logit model to determine the choice of market channels for groundnuts amongst the smallholder farmers. The study’s results indicated that 51% of the smallholder farmers sold their groundnuts at an urban market, 35% at a local market and 14% at the farm gate. The results of the study further indicated that age, gender, level of education, household size, access to extension services, groundnut yield, and employment status had a significant influence on the groundnuts commercialisation by smallholder groundnut farmers. The variables of gender, distance to the market, vehicle ownership and employment status had significant influence on the choice of market channel of the smallholder groundnut farmers in the study area. Smallholder farmers’ access to market information is limited, therefore, the local agricultural department and municipalities should initiate an extension programme that will focus and put more emphasis on the access to market information. Policies aimed at improving commercialization among smallholder groundnut farmers should be informed by the factors and determinates found in this study. Key words: Groundnut, smallholder farmers, commercialization, market channel, multinomial logit model
{"title":"Determinants of commercialization and choice of market channels among smallholder groundnut farmers in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa","authors":"ME Mothiba, DL Mthombeni, MA Antwi","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23780","url":null,"abstract":"Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most significant crops in South Africa and Africa due to its various health benefits and diverse uses. Groundnut production provides employment for farmers, starting from the production to the marketing phase. This study aims to analyse the determinants of commercialization and the choice of market channels (local market, urban market and farm gate) among smallholder groundnut farmers. The study was conducted in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa, in the three villages namely; Moletlane, Ga-Molepo and Zebediela. A purposive sampling technique was used to sample 100 smallholder farmers from a sampling frame of 405 groundnut farmers. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data by interviewing 100 selected smallholder farmers and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27.0 was used to analyze the data. The binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the factors affecting commercialization of groundnuts amongst the smallholder farmers. Furthermore, the study applied multinomial logit model to determine the choice of market channels for groundnuts amongst the smallholder farmers. The study’s results indicated that 51% of the smallholder farmers sold their groundnuts at an urban market, 35% at a local market and 14% at the farm gate. The results of the study further indicated that age, gender, level of education, household size, access to extension services, groundnut yield, and employment status had a significant influence on the groundnuts commercialisation by smallholder groundnut farmers. The variables of gender, distance to the market, vehicle ownership and employment status had significant influence on the choice of market channel of the smallholder groundnut farmers in the study area. Smallholder farmers’ access to market information is limited, therefore, the local agricultural department and municipalities should initiate an extension programme that will focus and put more emphasis on the access to market information. Policies aimed at improving commercialization among smallholder groundnut farmers should be informed by the factors and determinates found in this study. Key words: Groundnut, smallholder farmers, commercialization, market channel, multinomial logit model","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48023401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23370
OS David, R. Didi, PT Alex, Mahyuddin Mahyuddin
In the Papua region, the expansion of the palm oil industry increased by up to 71% from 2011 to 2019, with the largest affected area located in Merauke regency. The objective of this research is to develop policy strategies with impact simulations related to economic, socio-cultural, and environmental issues for the sustainability of the palm oil industry with or without a moratorium on further expansion of land area. This study employs a system dynamics approach. The dynamic system is carried out through conceptual development, model specification, model verification, scenario development, and validity testing by measuring the absolute percentage error (MAPE). Model development and validation were carried out using PowerSim v.7 software. The policy scenario is simulated from the palm oil expansion policy beguan in 2018, until the research year ends in 2030. The validated results, forming the basis for simulations, exhibit high accuracy with a MAPE of less than 5%. The percentage deviations of 4.21% for production and 0.28% for land area is observed based on actual data from 2018 to 2022. The simulation of a 20% expansion scenario shows a significant increase in production to 1 million metric tons per year but also a 1.3% rise in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 350,000 tons per year. The expanded area will experience a 50% increase in the labor force to meet the higher production demand. The proposed comprehensive strategy includes regional contract regulations, diligent monitoring of land clearing, community empowerment, and indigenous peoples' involvement. It also promotes smallholder plantations, the utilization of waste for energy, and alternative markets for crude palm oil (CPO). Conversely, the dynamic model scenario with a moratorium on land expansion resulted in a production output of 600,000 metric tons, slower job market growth, and a 1.3% increase in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 195,000 tons per year. The strategy proposed uses proper waste processing, production adjustments, regulation of community rights and boundaries, resource development, and involvement of local palm farmers. These simulations offer valuable insights for sustainable decision-making, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and community well-being in the development of the palm oil industry. Key words: dynamical system, moratorium, palm oil, scenario strategy, sustainability
{"title":"Policy strategies in planning adaptation of the sustainable palm oil industry in Merauke Regency Papua Province of Indonesia","authors":"OS David, R. Didi, PT Alex, Mahyuddin Mahyuddin","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23370","url":null,"abstract":"In the Papua region, the expansion of the palm oil industry increased by up to 71% from 2011 to 2019, with the largest affected area located in Merauke regency. The objective of this research is to develop policy strategies with impact simulations related to economic, socio-cultural, and environmental issues for the sustainability of the palm oil industry with or without a moratorium on further expansion of land area. This study employs a system dynamics approach. The dynamic system is carried out through conceptual development, model specification, model verification, scenario development, and validity testing by measuring the absolute percentage error (MAPE). Model development and validation were carried out using PowerSim v.7 software. The policy scenario is simulated from the palm oil expansion policy beguan in 2018, until the research year ends in 2030. The validated results, forming the basis for simulations, exhibit high accuracy with a MAPE of less than 5%. The percentage deviations of 4.21% for production and 0.28% for land area is observed based on actual data from 2018 to 2022. The simulation of a 20% expansion scenario shows a significant increase in production to 1 million metric tons per year but also a 1.3% rise in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 350,000 tons per year. The expanded area will experience a 50% increase in the labor force to meet the higher production demand. The proposed comprehensive strategy includes regional contract regulations, diligent monitoring of land clearing, community empowerment, and indigenous peoples' involvement. It also promotes smallholder plantations, the utilization of waste for energy, and alternative markets for crude palm oil (CPO). Conversely, the dynamic model scenario with a moratorium on land expansion resulted in a production output of 600,000 metric tons, slower job market growth, and a 1.3% increase in waste generation, with an average waste volume of 195,000 tons per year. The strategy proposed uses proper waste processing, production adjustments, regulation of community rights and boundaries, resource development, and involvement of local palm farmers. These simulations offer valuable insights for sustainable decision-making, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and community well-being in the development of the palm oil industry. Key words: dynamical system, moratorium, palm oil, scenario strategy, sustainability","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45175195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.22570
DN Afifah, PS Madani, A. Mahda, Y. Nindita, A. Syauqy, SN Pratiwi
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that occurs due to increased blood glucose levels as a result of the body's inability to process carbohydrates or glucose. The most crucial thing in diabetes mellitus is diet, especially when it comes to choosing food. The good news is that Taro leaf (Colocasia esculenta (L). Schoot), as a raw material, has a potential to control blood glucose levels and can be functional by adding it to food such as white bread. The aim of this study is to determine the best formula of white bread modified with the addition of taro leaves that can have a positive impact on people with diabetes. This is an experimental study with one factor completely randomized design using four treatments in which white bread with additional taro leaves 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. These breads will be analyzed for their nutrition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, ash) product acceptance, antioxidant activity, and glycemic index and glycemic load. The best formula was obtained by the De Garmo method. There was no difference in the mean percentage value of inhibition and protein content of white bread with taro leaves added even though carbohydrate, fat, water, and ash content showed a difference. The highest value of carbohydrate content was at 15% taro leaf white bread (52.46%), the highest fat was at 0% (7.71%), the highest water was at 10% (36.52%), the highest ash was at 0% (1.56%) and the highest antioxidant activity was at 10%. The glycemic index and load of 10% indicated a high category (93.07% and 21.78 g/100 g of food). However, based on the results, there was a decrease in blood glucose response in taro leaves white bread compared to white bread without the taro leaves added. Organoleptic analysis showed that the formulation with the highest acceptance level was 10%. Therefore, the best formulation chosen based on The Effectiveness Index (De Garmo) was 10% taro leaf white bread with a value of 0.75. Key words: taro leaves, white bread, functional food, nutrient content, antidiabetic
{"title":"Characteristics related to the nutrient composition of white bread with the addition of Taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta (L). Schott) as antidiabetic food","authors":"DN Afifah, PS Madani, A. Mahda, Y. Nindita, A. Syauqy, SN Pratiwi","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.22570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.22570","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that occurs due to increased blood glucose levels as a result of the body's inability to process carbohydrates or glucose. The most crucial thing in diabetes mellitus is diet, especially when it comes to choosing food. The good news is that Taro leaf (Colocasia esculenta (L). Schoot), as a raw material, has a potential to control blood glucose levels and can be functional by adding it to food such as white bread. The aim of this study is to determine the best formula of white bread modified with the addition of taro leaves that can have a positive impact on people with diabetes. This is an experimental study with one factor completely randomized design using four treatments in which white bread with additional taro leaves 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. These breads will be analyzed for their nutrition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, ash) product acceptance, antioxidant activity, and glycemic index and glycemic load. The best formula was obtained by the De Garmo method. There was no difference in the mean percentage value of inhibition and protein content of white bread with taro leaves added even though carbohydrate, fat, water, and ash content showed a difference. The highest value of carbohydrate content was at 15% taro leaf white bread (52.46%), the highest fat was at 0% (7.71%), the highest water was at 10% (36.52%), the highest ash was at 0% (1.56%) and the highest antioxidant activity was at 10%. The glycemic index and load of 10% indicated a high category (93.07% and 21.78 g/100 g of food). However, based on the results, there was a decrease in blood glucose response in taro leaves white bread compared to white bread without the taro leaves added. Organoleptic analysis showed that the formulation with the highest acceptance level was 10%. Therefore, the best formulation chosen based on The Effectiveness Index (De Garmo) was 10% taro leaf white bread with a value of 0.75. Key words: taro leaves, white bread, functional food, nutrient content, antidiabetic","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43936747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.123.23740
DO Asianut, AM Aswani, A. Sigot, Dorcas Asianut Opo
Fighting malnutrition in all its forms among adults and children faces a great challenge in the 21st century. Utilization of fruits in jam production has been on the rise. Exploring the use of honey for food value addition has also gained popularity. Tamarillo as a fruit has a high antioxidant activity, contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, Vitamin B6, minerals and provitamin A. Globally, tamarillo is an underutilized, sustainable fruit crop with great potential for value-added product preparations such as salads, sauces, soups, jams, ice creams, juices and liqueurs. In Kenya, tamarillo has gained traction in the recent past due to the increasing awareness of its nutritional value and economic potential. This study sought to develop tamarillo honey jam and determine its acceptability among preschoolers (4-5) years and adults (parents included) (25-60) years. Fresh ripe tamarillo fruits were collected along with honey from Kitale and Marigat farms. The acceptability tests done with preschoolers used the 9-point hedonic scale and Focus Group Interview guide for adults. The sensory evaluation parameters used were: smell, appearance/colour, mouth feel, taste, fluidity and general acceptance. Coded and transcribed videos were analyzed with NVIVO 20 for qualitative data and SPSS version 25 for the descriptive statistics. Developed tamarillo honey jam consisted of 64.93% (4.3 kg) fruit pulp, 32.45% (2.15 kg) honey, 2.59% (0.172 kg) pectin and 0.03% (0.002 kg) preservatives. The results showed that the smell, appearance/colour, taste, mouthfeel and fluidity of tamarillo honey jam were important factors in accepting the jam. More than 75% of both adults and preschoolers liked the jam with less than 25% having negative test preferences. The findings revealed that tamarillo jam was acceptable among the adults and preschoolers. Findings indicate that honey can be incorporated in jams for consumption of variety value added nutritious products and help address macronutrients and micronutrient public health concerns alongside diets. Key words: Tamarillo, Honey, Sugar, Jam, Analysis, Adults, Preschoolers, Acceptable
{"title":"Development and acceptability of Tamarillo Honey Jam among preschoolers (4-5 years) and adults in Kakamega, Kenya","authors":"DO Asianut, AM Aswani, A. Sigot, Dorcas Asianut Opo","doi":"10.18697/ajfand.123.23740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.123.23740","url":null,"abstract":"Fighting malnutrition in all its forms among adults and children faces a great challenge in the 21st century. Utilization of fruits in jam production has been on the rise. Exploring the use of honey for food value addition has also gained popularity. Tamarillo as a fruit has a high antioxidant activity, contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, Vitamin B6, minerals and provitamin A. Globally, tamarillo is an underutilized, sustainable fruit crop with great potential for value-added product preparations such as salads, sauces, soups, jams, ice creams, juices and liqueurs. In Kenya, tamarillo has gained traction in the recent past due to the increasing awareness of its nutritional value and economic potential. This study sought to develop tamarillo honey jam and determine its acceptability among preschoolers (4-5) years and adults (parents included) (25-60) years. Fresh ripe tamarillo fruits were collected along with honey from Kitale and Marigat farms. The acceptability tests done with preschoolers used the 9-point hedonic scale and Focus Group Interview guide for adults. The sensory evaluation parameters used were: smell, appearance/colour, mouth feel, taste, fluidity and general acceptance. Coded and transcribed videos were analyzed with NVIVO 20 for qualitative data and SPSS version 25 for the descriptive statistics. Developed tamarillo honey jam consisted of 64.93% (4.3 kg) fruit pulp, 32.45% (2.15 kg) honey, 2.59% (0.172 kg) pectin and 0.03% (0.002 kg) preservatives. The results showed that the smell, appearance/colour, taste, mouthfeel and fluidity of tamarillo honey jam were important factors in accepting the jam. More than 75% of both adults and preschoolers liked the jam with less than 25% having negative test preferences. The findings revealed that tamarillo jam was acceptable among the adults and preschoolers. Findings indicate that honey can be incorporated in jams for consumption of variety value added nutritious products and help address macronutrients and micronutrient public health concerns alongside diets. Key words: Tamarillo, Honey, Sugar, Jam, Analysis, Adults, Preschoolers, Acceptable","PeriodicalId":7710,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41699843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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