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Adolescent Binge Drinking. 青少年酗酒。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Tammy Chung, Kasey G Creswell, Rachel Bachrach, Duncan B Clark, Christopher S Martin

Binge drinking, commonly defined as consuming five or more standard drinks per occasion for men and four or more drinks for women, typically begins in adolescence. Adolescents, although they may drink less often, tend to consume higher quantities of alcohol per occasion compared with adults. This developmental difference in pattern of alcohol consumption may result, in part, from maturational changes that involve an adolescent-specific sensitivity to certain alcohol effects and greater propensity for risk-taking behaviors, such as binge drinking. Adolescent binge drinking is associated with a range of acute alcohol-related harms, some of which may persist into adulthood. The prevalence of binge drinking, including high-intensity drinking (i.e., 10 or more and 15 or more drinks per occasion), has declined among adolescents in recent years. Overall, however, the proportion of youth who engage in binge drinking remains high. This article reviews the definition and prevalence of binge drinking in adolescence, trajectories of binge drinking and their correlates, and implications for prevention.

酗酒,通常被定义为男性每次饮用五杯或更多标准饮料,女性每次饮用四杯或更多标准饮料,通常开始于青春期。青少年虽然饮酒较少,但每次饮酒的数量往往比成年人多。这种酒精消费模式的发育差异可能部分是由于成熟的变化,包括青少年对某些酒精影响的特定敏感性和更大的冒险行为倾向,如酗酒。青少年酗酒与一系列急性酒精相关的危害有关,其中一些可能会持续到成年。酗酒的流行,包括高强度饮酒(即每次饮酒10杯或以上,15杯或以上),近年来在青少年中有所下降。然而,总体而言,年轻人酗酒的比例仍然很高。本文综述了青少年酗酒的定义和流行,酗酒的轨迹及其相关因素,以及预防的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 同时发生的酒精使用障碍和创伤后应激障碍。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Robert M Anthenelli, Kathleen T Brady, Lindsey Grandison, Deidra Roach
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引用次数: 0
Common Biological Mechanisms of Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 酒精使用障碍和创伤后应激障碍的共同生物学机制。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Junghyup Suh, Kerry J Ressler

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid. Although recent clinical studies provide some understanding of biological and subsequent behavioral changes that define each of these disorders, the neurobiological basis of interactions between PTSD and AUD has not been well-understood. In this review, we summarize the relevant animal models that parallel the human conditions, as well as the clinical findings in these disorders, to delineate key gaps in our knowledge and to provide potential clinical strategies for alleviating the comorbid conditions.

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和酒精使用障碍(AUD)是高度共病的。尽管最近的临床研究提供了一些关于定义这些疾病的生物学和随后的行为变化的理解,但PTSD和AUD之间相互作用的神经生物学基础尚未得到很好的理解。在这篇综述中,我们总结了与人类条件相似的相关动物模型,以及这些疾病的临床发现,以描述我们知识中的关键空白,并为减轻合并症提供潜在的临床策略。
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引用次数: 0
Drinking Patterns and Their Definitions. 饮酒模式及其定义。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
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引用次数: 0
"Maturing Out" of Binge and Problem Drinking. 酗酒和问题饮酒的 "成熟期"。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Matthew R Lee, Kenneth J Sher

This article reviews literature aiming to explain the widespread reductions in binge and problem drinking that begin around the transition to young adulthood (i.e., "maturing out"). Whereas most existing literature on maturing out emphasizes contextual effects of transitions into adult roles and responsibilities, this article also reviews recent work demonstrating further effects of young adult personality maturation. As possible mechanisms of naturally occurring desistance, these processes could inform both public health and clinical interventions aimed at spurring similar types of drinking-related behavior change. This article also draws attention to evidence that the normative trend of age-related reductions in problem drinking extends well beyond young adulthood. Specific factors that may be particularly relevant to problem drinking desistance in these later periods are considered within a broader life span developmental framework.

本文回顾了一些文献,旨在解释在向青年期过渡(即 "成熟期")前后开始的暴饮和问题饮酒的普遍减少。关于 "成熟期 "的现有文献大多强调向成人角色和责任过渡的环境影响,而本文也回顾了最近的工作,这些工作证明了青壮年人格成熟的进一步影响。作为自然发生的戒酒的可能机制,这些过程可以为公共卫生和临床干预提供信息,以促进类似类型的与饮酒有关的行为改变。本文还提请人们注意,有证据表明,与年龄相关的问题饮酒减少的常态趋势远远超出了青壮年时期。本文在更广泛的生命发展框架内考虑了可能与这些晚期问题饮酒戒断特别相关的具体因素。
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引用次数: 0
High-Intensity Drinking. 高强度喝酒。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Megan E Patrick, Beth Azar

Binge drinking thresholds have long been set at four or more drinks for women and five or more drinks for men over the course of a few hours. However, a significant number of people regularly consume much higher amounts of alcohol: double or even triple the standard binge drinking threshold. Researchers have begun to distinguish between typical binge drinking and this kind of "high-intensity drinking," which is common among certain types of binge drinkers and is often associated with special occasions, including holidays, sporting events, and, notably, 21st birthdays. To understand the social and physical influences of alcohol consumption, it is important for researchers to set standard definitions for high-intensity drinking and distinguish it from other types of alcohol use.

长期以来,酗酒的门槛被设定为女性在几个小时内喝四杯或更多,男性喝五杯或更多。然而,相当多的人经常消耗更多的酒精:是标准酗酒阈值的两倍甚至三倍。研究人员已经开始区分典型的狂饮和这种“高强度饮酒”,后者在某些类型的狂饮者中很常见,通常与特殊场合有关,包括假期、体育赛事,尤其是21岁生日。为了了解酒精消费对社会和身体的影响,研究人员必须为高强度饮酒设定标准定义,并将其与其他类型的酒精使用区分开来。
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引用次数: 0
Binge Drinking. 酗酒。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Aaron M White, Susan Tapert, Shivendra D Shukla
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Binge Drinking on the Developing Brain. 酗酒对大脑发育的影响。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Scott A Jones, Jordan M Lueras, Bonnie J Nagel

Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol drinking that raises a person's blood alcohol concentration to at least .08%, which amounts to consuming five alcoholic drinks for men and four alcoholic drinks for women in about 2 hours. It is the most common form of alcohol misuse in adolescents and young adults. Heavy drinking includes the same criterion as binge drinking, but with higher frequency (i.e., 5 or more days in the past 30 days). Although binge drinking or heavy drinking alone is insufficient to meet the criteria for an alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis, there are neurobiological changes, as well as an increased risk of developing an AUD later in life, associated with this form of alcohol misuse. This review describes the recent neuroimaging findings in binge drinking and heavy-drinking adolescents and young adults, a developmental period during which significant neuromaturation occurs.

狂饮是一种饮酒模式,使一个人的血液酒精浓度至少达到0.08%,这相当于在大约2小时内,男性喝下5杯酒精饮料,女性喝下4杯酒精饮料。这是青少年和年轻人中最常见的酒精滥用形式。重度饮酒包括与酗酒相同的标准,但频率更高(即在过去30天内5天或以上)。尽管仅酗酒或重度饮酒不足以满足酒精使用障碍(AUD)的诊断标准,但与这种形式的酒精滥用有关的神经生物学变化以及晚年发展为AUD的风险增加。这篇综述描述了最近在酗酒和重度饮酒的青少年和年轻人中的神经影像学发现,这是一个重要的神经成熟发生的发育时期。
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引用次数: 0
Early Life Stress as a Predictor of Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 早期生活压力是酒精使用障碍和创伤后应激障碍共同发生的预测因子。
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Richard S Lee, Lynn M Oswald, Gary S Wand

During the critical developmental periods of childhood when neural plasticity is high, exposure to early life stress (ELS) or trauma may lead to enduring changes in physiological stress systems and enhanced vulnerability for psychopathological conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. Clinical and preclinical studies have sought to understand the possible mechanisms linking ELS, PTSD, and AUD. Preclinical studies have employed animal models of stress to recapitulate PTSD-like behavioral deficits and alcohol dependence, providing a basic framework for identifying common physiological mechanisms that may underlie these disorders. Clinical studies have documented ELS-related endocrine dysregulation and genetic variations associated with PTSD and AUD, as well as disruption in crucial neural circuitry throughout the corticomesolimbic region. Despite limitations and challenges, both types of studies have implicated three interrelated mechanisms: hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid signaling dysregulation, genetics, and epigenetics. ELS exposure leads to disruption of HPA axis function and glucocorticoid signaling, both of which affect homeostatic cortisol levels. However, individual response to ELS depends on genetic variations at specific genes that moderate HPA axis and brain function, thus influencing susceptibility or resilience to psychopathologies. Epigenetic-influenced pathways also are emerging as a powerful force in helping to create the PTSD and AUD phenotypes. Dysregulation of the HPA axis has an epigenetic effect on genes that regulate the HPA axis itself, as well as on brain-specific processes such as neurodevelopment and neurotransmitter regulation. These studies are only beginning to elucidate the underpinnings of ELS, PTSD, and AUD. Larger human cohorts, identification of additional genetic determinants, and better animal models capable of recapitulating the symptoms of PTSD and AUD are needed.

在神经可塑性高的儿童关键发育时期,暴露于早期生活压力(ELS)或创伤可能导致生理应激系统的持久变化,并增加成年后对创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和酒精使用障碍(AUD)等精神病理状况的脆弱性。临床和临床前研究试图了解ELS、PTSD和AUD之间的可能机制。临床前研究采用应激动物模型来概括ptsd样行为缺陷和酒精依赖,为识别可能导致这些疾病的常见生理机制提供了一个基本框架。临床研究已经证明了与PTSD和AUD相关的els相关的内分泌失调和遗传变异,以及贯穿皮质边缘区的关键神经回路的破坏。尽管存在局限性和挑战,但这两种类型的研究都涉及三种相互关联的机制:下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴和糖皮质激素信号失调、遗传学和表观遗传学。ELS暴露会导致HPA轴功能和糖皮质激素信号的破坏,这两者都会影响稳态皮质醇水平。然而,个体对ELS的反应取决于调节HPA轴和脑功能的特定基因的遗传变异,从而影响对精神病理的易感性或恢复力。表观遗传影响通路也正在成为帮助创造PTSD和AUD表型的强大力量。HPA轴的失调对调节HPA轴本身的基因以及神经发育和神经递质调节等脑特异性过程具有表观遗传效应。这些研究才刚刚开始阐明ELS、PTSD和AUD的基础。需要更大的人类队列,确定额外的遗传决定因素,以及能够概括PTSD和AUD症状的更好的动物模型。
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引用次数: 0
Alcohol Use Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury. 酒精使用障碍与创伤性脑损伤
IF 9.4 1区 医学 Pub Date : 2018-01-01
Zachary M Weil, John D Corrigan, Kate Karelina

Alcohol use and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are inextricably and bidirectionally linked. Alcohol intoxication is one of the strongest predictors of TBI, and a substantial proportion of TBIs occur in intoxicated individuals. An inverse relationship is also emerging, such that TBI can serve as a risk factor for, or modulate the course of, alcohol use disorder (AUD). Critically, alcohol use after TBI is a key predictor of rehabilitation outcomes, prognosis, and additional head injuries. This review provides a general overview of the bidirectional relationship between TBI and AUD and a discussion of potential neuropsychological and neurobiological mechanisms that might underlie the relationship.

酒精使用与创伤性脑损伤(TBI)有着不可分割的双向联系。酒精中毒是TBI最强的预测因素之一,而且相当大比例的TBI发生在醉酒的个体中。一种反向关系也正在出现,例如TBI可以作为酒精使用障碍(AUD)的风险因素或调节过程。重要的是,脑外伤后饮酒是康复结果、预后和额外头部损伤的关键预测因素。这篇综述概述了TBI和AUD之间的双向关系,并讨论了潜在的神经心理学和神经生物学机制,可能是这种关系的基础。
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Alcohol Research : Current Reviews
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