Compendium (Newtown, Pa.). Supplement最新文献

Studies have indicated the heterogeneity of periodontal diseases and have suggested several pathogens that may play important etiologic roles. The risk associated with individual pathogens or combinations of pathogens has been assessed, and diagnostic tests have been developed for their detection in clinical practice. Strategies are being devised to improve treatment by using appropriate agents to control different periodontal infections.

As the scope of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic grows to include increasingly larger proportions of heterosexual adults and children, there has also been a change in the severity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related periodontal conditions at one San Francisco clinic. The cases of HIV-associated gingivitis, now called linear gingival erythema, HIV-associated periodontitis (or necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis), and necrotizing stomatitis have been less severe, despite an increase in overall HIV caseload. No clear basis for this trend has been established, but possible explanations include: biased population samples, increased immunosuppression as the disease matures, use of antimicrobial therapy, or a change in patient demographics. Several studies have failed to identify a single causative organism. This article presents a review of HIV-related periodontal complications and points out that the condition can be treated with local and systemic antibiotics and that dental professionals throughout the world can expect a tremendous increase over the next several years in HIV-infected patients with special clinical complications.

A 2-week, three-cell study was conducted to evaluate the tooth-whitening efficacy of the Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System vs Rembrandt Gel Plus (a regimen of products consisting of a 10% carbamide peroxide gel, a whitening toothpaste, and a mouthrinse), and a placebo paste. Seventy subjects completed this parallel, single-blind, three-compartment, randomized clinical study. The subjects were balanced into two groups based on a minimal shade of A3 on the Vita shade guide and assigned a product. The duration of product usage was 1 hour twice daily for 2 weeks. Change in tooth color was measured by reflectance spectroscopy using a colorimeter. The readings were taken in the L*, a*, b* color space at the initiation, at 1 week, and at 2 weeks of the study. Calculation of color change (delta E) was performed using the color difference equation established by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage. Visual evaluation of shade changes was performed using the Vita shade guide. Results from this clinical study showed that Colgate Platinum was 77.7% more effective at tooth whitening after 1 week and 41.8% more effective after 2 weeks of treatment vs the Rembrandt regimen. Results showed that the Colgate product is significantly superior vs Rembrandt at increasing tooth whiteness (increase in delta E). Shade guide changes showed an overall improvement of 7.08 Vita tabs for the Colgate product and 5.12 Vita tabs for the Rembrandt regimen.

Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental health problems in the United States. The treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases are now important aspects of dentistry. An increasing awareness has opened the marketplace for the development of new periodontal products. This article examines two general approaches to periodontal disease treatment, as well as advances in research and therapy.

A 2-week study was conducted to compare the tooth-whitening efficacy of two 10% carbamide peroxide products: Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System and Rembrandt Lighten Bleaching Gel. Fifty subjects were divided into two groups and assigned a product to use for 2 weeks. Change in tooth color was measured by reflectance spectroscopy at the initiation of study, at 1 week, and at 2 weeks into the study. Color change was calculated using the color-difference equation established by the Commission International de L'Eclairage. Results showed that Colgate Platinum was 62% more effective at tooth whitening after 1 week and 83% more effective after 2 weeks of treatment vs Rembrandt. At the termination of the study, the mean color difference (deltaE) for Colgate Platinum was 4.29 and 2.34 for Rembrandt. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the Colgate product is significantly superior at increasing tooth whiteness, increasing tooth lightness, reducing redness, and reducing yellowness. In this study, no adverse reactions were noted on clinical examination and none were reported by panelists with normal healthy dentition.

Research indicates that human periodontitis is caused by bacteria. Although the roles of host factors are not clear, these factors are important in the development of this disease. The immune response that occurs in patients with infectious diseases, and that eventually arrests the process of the infection, does not appear to happen in patients with periodontitis. This article presents the results of studies that attempted to determine if periodontitis patients mount a humoral response during the course of their infection, if the antibodies produced are protective, and, if not, why these reactions fail to occur or why they are ineffective in halting the disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System on the microhardness of enamel, dentin, and two composite resins. This in vitro study replicated conditions in the oral cavity and followed the prescribed procedure for whitening teeth. The results of this study showed no significant differences in the microhardness of the control and treated teeth or the composite restorations tested. This indicates that the use of Colgate Platinum will not soften teeth or the composite restoratives studied.

Colgate Platinum, a professional tooth-whitening paste containing 10% urea peroxide as the active ingredient, was evaluated for potential acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and irritation to oral mucosa. Oral administration to rats of a single dose of 5 g/kg of Colgate Platinum did not induce any adverse effects. Colgate Platinum was not mutagenic in Ames/Salmonella Plate Incorporation assay and did not induce primary DNA damage in the bone marrow hematopoietic cells of rats that were given oral doses of up to 1 g/kg for 5 consecutive days. Results of the oral mucosa irritation study in rats indicated that Colgate Platinum did not induce damage to soft and hard tissues of oral cavity after repeated applications for 28 days. Collectively, the data from these studies document the safety of the product for the intended use.

Periodontal tissue repair and regeneration are regulated by the local production of growth factors. However, naturally produced growth factors may not be sufficient to optimally stimulate periodontal regeneration. Exogenous growth factors can be used to supplement natural growth factors in wound healing. The authors focus on describing the mechanisms of five growth factors in periodontal regeneration: platelet-derived growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; transforming growth factor-beta; insulinlike growth factor; and bone morphogenetic protein. The objective is to encourage strategies to exploit growth factors in the stimulation of cells in periodontal regeneration, which should result from continued in vivo animal studies.

The Periodontal Disease Research Center at the State University of New York at Buffalo has studied two sets of subjects--those with a high prevalence of diabetes (the Pima Indians) and an urban population in Erie County, New York--to determine factors that put a patient at risk for periodontal disease. These and other studies have established that smoking and diabetes are important risk indicators for periodontal disease. Local etiologic factors associated with periodontal disease in adults include the presence of the putative periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus. Longitudinal studies and intervention studies are needed to fully establish the role of risk indicators. However, information already available from present studies suggests that modulation of risk factors, such as smoking and diabetes mellitus, as well as suppression of the pathogenic flora, will be effective in the management of periodontal disease.