{"title":"Bacterial exotoxins.","authors":"Michel R Popoff","doi":"10.1159/000081688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081688","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"28-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capsular polysaccharides and their role in virulence.","authors":"Clare M Taylor, Ian S Roberts","doi":"10.1159/000081689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"55-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial iron transport related to virulence.","authors":"Volkmar Braun","doi":"10.1159/000081697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081697","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"210-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Horizontal and vertical gene transfer: the life history of pathogens.","authors":"Jeffrey G Lawrence","doi":"10.1159/000081699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081699","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"255-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infections caused by bacterial pathogens are still a significant problem in modern medicine. Therefore, the identification of the factors that are related to the infections and the understanding of the processes involved in the evolution of pathogenic bacteria from their nonpathogenic progenitors is an important subject of research. It has long been known that acquisition of virulence determinants by horizontal gene transfer is one of the major driving forces in the emergence and evolution of new pathogens [reviewed in 1–4]. Furthermore, our knowledge of the organization of the bacterial genome has greatly increased within the last few years due to the availability of more than 120 completely sequenced eubacterial genomes, including those of almost all pathogenic bacteria, which has introduced a new area of pathogen research. It has become evident that the typical bacterial genome consists of a conserved ‘core gene pool’ comprising genes that encode essential structural features and fundamental metabolic pathways, and a ‘flexible gene pool’ that is more variable and encodes functions only advantageous under specific growth conditions. Core genes are characterized by a relatively homogenous G C content and they are normally encoded in stable regions of the chromosome that are conserved in their organization in closely related species. In contrast, the flexible gene pool comprises variable regions of the chromosome and various mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, bacteriophages, IS elements and transposons, conjugative transposons, integrons and superintegrons that are transferred between different organisms by the means of natural transformation, transduction or conjugation. Many of the genes encoding toxins, adhesins, secretion systems, invasins or other virulence-associated factors have been found to be encoded by mobile genetic elements [overviews in 5, 6]. Furthermore, the analysis of the genomes
{"title":"Pathogenicity islands and their role in bacterial virulence and survival.","authors":"Bianca Hochhut, Ulrich Dobrindt, Jörg Hacker","doi":"10.1159/000081698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081698","url":null,"abstract":"Infections caused by bacterial pathogens are still a significant problem in modern medicine. Therefore, the identification of the factors that are related to the infections and the understanding of the processes involved in the evolution of pathogenic bacteria from their nonpathogenic progenitors is an important subject of research. It has long been known that acquisition of virulence determinants by horizontal gene transfer is one of the major driving forces in the emergence and evolution of new pathogens [reviewed in 1–4]. Furthermore, our knowledge of the organization of the bacterial genome has greatly increased within the last few years due to the availability of more than 120 completely sequenced eubacterial genomes, including those of almost all pathogenic bacteria, which has introduced a new area of pathogen research. It has become evident that the typical bacterial genome consists of a conserved ‘core gene pool’ comprising genes that encode essential structural features and fundamental metabolic pathways, and a ‘flexible gene pool’ that is more variable and encodes functions only advantageous under specific growth conditions. Core genes are characterized by a relatively homogenous G C content and they are normally encoded in stable regions of the chromosome that are conserved in their organization in closely related species. In contrast, the flexible gene pool comprises variable regions of the chromosome and various mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, bacteriophages, IS elements and transposons, conjugative transposons, integrons and superintegrons that are transferred between different organisms by the means of natural transformation, transduction or conjugation. Many of the genes encoding toxins, adhesins, secretion systems, invasins or other virulence-associated factors have been found to be encoded by mobile genetic elements [overviews in 5, 6]. Furthermore, the analysis of the genomes","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"234-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial invasins: molecular systems dedicated to the invasion of host tissues.","authors":"Eric D Cambronne, Olaf Schneewind","doi":"10.1159/000081696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000081696","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"12 ","pages":"181-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000081696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24773268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle first reported in 1986 in the UK [1], has been found in the cattle populations of most European countries. To date, Japan, Israel and Canada are the only nonEuropean countries where BSE has been reported in indigenous cattle [2]. Given all available evidence, the BSE agent is not transmitted horizontally between cattle; rather it is primarily transmitted through feed. Meat-and-bone meal (MBM) is the main source of infectivity and cattle [3] are usually infected during calf-hood. Although it is likely that the other calves in a herd of a similar age to a BSE case also consumed feed from a contaminated batch of MBM, the incidence of BSE within most herds is very low. The most probable explanation is that exposure to the BSE agent was, on average, very low. Recycling of the BSE agent is likely to have resulted in an increased number of ‘packets’ of infectivity rather than an increase in the average titre of infectivity within a contaminated batch of MBM. As a result, the average within-herd incidence would be unlikely to increase [4] (see also the chapter of Bradley). Several strategies, including those that focus on feed as a source of infection and various culling programmes, have been adopted with the aim of eradicating BSE. Culling strategies vary from culling the affected animal only, to culling all animals within the birth cohort of the BSE case, to culling the entire herd.
{"title":"Possibilities to manage the BSE epidemic: cohort culling versus herd culling--experiences in Switzerland.","authors":"Dagmar Heim, Noel Murray","doi":"10.1159/000077056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000077056","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle first reported in 1986 in the UK [1], has been found in the cattle populations of most European countries. To date, Japan, Israel and Canada are the only nonEuropean countries where BSE has been reported in indigenous cattle [2]. Given all available evidence, the BSE agent is not transmitted horizontally between cattle; rather it is primarily transmitted through feed. Meat-and-bone meal (MBM) is the main source of infectivity and cattle [3] are usually infected during calf-hood. Although it is likely that the other calves in a herd of a similar age to a BSE case also consumed feed from a contaminated batch of MBM, the incidence of BSE within most herds is very low. The most probable explanation is that exposure to the BSE agent was, on average, very low. Recycling of the BSE agent is likely to have resulted in an increased number of ‘packets’ of infectivity rather than an increase in the average titre of infectivity within a contaminated batch of MBM. As a result, the average within-herd incidence would be unlikely to increase [4] (see also the chapter of Bradley). Several strategies, including those that focus on feed as a source of infection and various culling programmes, have been adopted with the aim of eradicating BSE. Culling strategies vary from culling the affected animal only, to culling all animals within the birth cohort of the BSE case, to culling the entire herd.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"11 ","pages":"186-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000077056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24462423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ulrich Baxa, Kimberly L Taylor, Alasdair C Steven, Reed B Wickner
{"title":"Prions of Saccharomyces and Podospora.","authors":"Ulrich Baxa, Kimberly L Taylor, Alasdair C Steven, Reed B Wickner","doi":"10.1159/000077062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000077062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":"11 ","pages":"50-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000077062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24479876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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