The notion of sum δ-connected proximity spaces which contain the category of δ-connected and locally δ-connected spaces is defined. Several characterizations of it are substantiated. Weaker forms of sum δ-connectedness are also studied.
{"title":"Sum connectedness in proximity spaces","authors":"Beenu Singh, Davinder Singh","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.14809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.14809","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of sum δ-connected proximity spaces which contain the category of δ-connected and locally δ-connected spaces is defined. Several characterizations of it are substantiated. Weaker forms of sum δ-connectedness are also studied.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74247850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we describe the periodic points of automorphisms of a one dimensional solenoid, considering it as the inverse limit, lim←k (S 1 , γk) of a sequence (γk) of maps on the circle S 1 . The periodic points are discussed for a class of automorphisms on some higher dimensional solenoids also.
{"title":"Periodic points of solenoidal automorphisms in terms of inverse limits","authors":"Sharan Gopal, Faiz Imam","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.14589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.14589","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe the periodic points of automorphisms of a one dimensional solenoid, considering it as the inverse limit, lim←k (S 1 , γk) of a sequence (γk) of maps on the circle S 1 . The periodic points are discussed for a class of automorphisms on some higher dimensional solenoids also.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76003679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generalizing the concept of a probabilistic Cauchy space, we introduce quantale-valued Cauchy tower spaces. These spaces encompass quantale-valued metric spaces, quantale-valued uniform (convergence) tower spaces and quantale-valued convergence tower groups. For special choices of the quantale, classical and probabilistic metric spaces are covered and probabilistic and approach Cauchy spaces arise. We also study completeness and completion in this setting and establish a connection to the Cauchy completeness of a quantale-valued metric space.
{"title":"Quantale-valued Cauchy tower spaces and completeness","authors":"G. Jäger, T. Ahsanullah","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.15610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.15610","url":null,"abstract":"Generalizing the concept of a probabilistic Cauchy space, we introduce quantale-valued Cauchy tower spaces. These spaces encompass quantale-valued metric spaces, quantale-valued uniform (convergence) tower spaces and quantale-valued convergence tower groups. For special choices of the quantale, classical and probabilistic metric spaces are covered and probabilistic and approach Cauchy spaces arise. We also study completeness and completion in this setting and establish a connection to the Cauchy completeness of a quantale-valued metric space.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74382256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although traditional and idempotent mathematics are "parallel'', by an application of the category theory we show that objects obtained the similar rules over traditional and idempotent mathematics must not be "parallel''. At first we establish for a compact metric space X the spaces P(X) of probability measures and I(X) idempotent probability measures are homeomorphic ("parallelism''). Then we construct an example which shows that the constructions P and I form distinguished functors from each other ("parallelism'' negation). Further for a compact Hausdorff space X we establish that the hereditary normality of I3(X) X implies the metrizability of X.
{"title":"Geometrical properties of the space of idempotent probability measures","authors":"Kholsaid Kholturayev","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.15101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.15101","url":null,"abstract":"Although traditional and idempotent mathematics are \"parallel'', by an application of the category theory we show that objects obtained the similar rules over traditional and idempotent mathematics must not be \"parallel''. At first we establish for a compact metric space X the spaces P(X) of probability measures and I(X) idempotent probability measures are homeomorphic (\"parallelism''). Then we construct an example which shows that the constructions P and I form distinguished functors from each other (\"parallelism'' negation). Further for a compact Hausdorff space X we establish that the hereditary normality of I3(X) X implies the metrizability of X.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82670942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Meir-Keeler type fixed point theorem for a family of mappings is proved in Menger probabilistic metric space (Menger PM-space). We establish that completeness of the space is equivalent to fixed point property for a larger class of mappings that includes continuous as well as discontinuous mappings. In addition to it, a probabilistic fixed point theorem satisfying (ϵ - δ) type non-expansive mappings is established.
{"title":"On a probabilistic version of Meir-Keeler type fixed point theorem for a family of discontinuous operators","authors":"R. Bisht, V. Rakočević","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.15561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.15561","url":null,"abstract":"A Meir-Keeler type fixed point theorem for a family of mappings is proved in Menger probabilistic metric space (Menger PM-space). We establish that completeness of the space is equivalent to fixed point property for a larger class of mappings that includes continuous as well as discontinuous mappings. In addition to it, a probabilistic fixed point theorem satisfying (ϵ - δ) type non-expansive mappings is established.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90803612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Papiya Bhattacharjee, Michelle L. Knox, W. W. McGovern
It was demonstrated in [2] that the Alexandroff duplicate of the Čech-Stone compactification of the naturals is not extremally disconnected. The question was raised as to whether the Alexandroff duplicate of a non-discrete extremally disconnected space can ever be extremally disconnected. We answer this question in the affirmative; an example of van Douwen is significant. In a slightly different direction we also characterize when the Alexandroff duplicate of a space is a P-space as well as when it is an almost P-space.
{"title":"Disconnection in the Alexandroff duplicate","authors":"Papiya Bhattacharjee, Michelle L. Knox, W. W. McGovern","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.14602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.14602","url":null,"abstract":"It was demonstrated in [2] that the Alexandroff duplicate of the Čech-Stone compactification of the naturals is not extremally disconnected. The question was raised as to whether the Alexandroff duplicate of a non-discrete extremally disconnected space can ever be extremally disconnected. We answer this question in the affirmative; an example of van Douwen is significant. In a slightly different direction we also characterize when the Alexandroff duplicate of a space is a P-space as well as when it is an almost P-space.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75677782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we introduce the concept of Lipschitz Pietsch-p-integral mappings, (1≤p≤∞), between a metric space and a Banach space. We represent these mappings by an integral with respect to a vectormeasure defined on a suitable compact Hausdorff space, obtaining in this way a rich factorization theory through the classical Banach spaces C(K), L_p(μ,K) and L_∞(μ,K). Also we show that this type of operators fits in the theory of composition Banach Lipschitz operator ideals. For p=∞, we characterize the Lipschitz Pietsch-∞-integral mappings by a factorization schema through a weakly compact operator. Finally, the relationship between these mappings and some well known Lipschitz operators is given.
{"title":"Lipschitz integral operators represented by vector measures","authors":"E. Dahia, Khaled Hamidi","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.15061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.15061","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce the concept of Lipschitz Pietsch-p-integral mappings, (1≤p≤∞), between a metric space and a Banach space. We represent these mappings by an integral with respect to a vectormeasure defined on a suitable compact Hausdorff space, obtaining in this way a rich factorization theory through the classical Banach spaces C(K), L_p(μ,K) and L_∞(μ,K). Also we show that this type of operators fits in the theory of composition Banach Lipschitz operator ideals. For p=∞, we characterize the Lipschitz Pietsch-∞-integral mappings by a factorization schema through a weakly compact operator. Finally, the relationship between these mappings and some well known Lipschitz operators is given.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"76 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72632906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we introduce the notion of ε-contractive maps in fuzzy metric space (X, M, ∗) and study the periodicities of ε-contractive maps. We show that if (X, M, ∗) is compact and f : X −→ X is ε-contractive, then P(f) = ∩ ∞n=1f n (X) and each connected component of X contains at most one periodic point of f, where P(f) is the set of periodic points of f. Furthermore, we present two examples to illustrate the applicability of the obtained results.
本文引入模糊度量空间(X, M， *)上ε-压缩映射的概念，研究了ε-压缩映射的周期性。我们证明了如果(X, M，∗)是紧的，f: X−→X是ε-压缩的，则P(f) =∩∞n=1f n (X)，并且X的每个连通分量最多包含一个f的周期点，其中P(f)是f的周期点的集合。进一步，我们给出了两个例子来说明所得结果的适用性。
{"title":"The periodic points of ε-contractive maps in fuzzy metric spaces","authors":"T. Sun, Caihong Han, G. Su, Bin Qin, Lue Li","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.14449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.14449","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce the notion of ε-contractive maps in fuzzy metric space (X, M, ∗) and study the periodicities of ε-contractive maps. We show that if (X, M, ∗) is compact and f : X −→ X is ε-contractive, then P(f) = ∩ ∞n=1f n (X) and each connected component of X contains at most one periodic point of f, where P(f) is the set of periodic points of f. Furthermore, we present two examples to illustrate the applicability of the obtained results.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88365162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given a coarse space (X, E), we endow X with the discrete topology and denote X ♯ = {p ∈ βG : each member P ∈ p is unbounded }. For p, q ∈ X ♯ , p||q means that there exists an entourage E ∈ E such that E[P] ∈ q for each P ∈ p. We say that (X, E) is orbitally discrete if, for every p ∈ X ♯ , the orbit p = {q ∈ X ♯ : p||q} is discrete in βG. We prove that every orbitally discrete space is almost finitary and scattered.
{"title":"Orbitally discrete coarse spaces","authors":"I. Protasov","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.13874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.13874","url":null,"abstract":"Given a coarse space (X, E), we endow X with the discrete topology and denote X ♯ = {p ∈ βG : each member P ∈ p is unbounded }. For p, q ∈ X ♯ , p||q means that there exists an entourage E ∈ E such that E[P] ∈ q for each P ∈ p. We say that (X, E) is orbitally discrete if, for every p ∈ X ♯ , the orbit p = {q ∈ X ♯ : p||q} is discrete in βG. We prove that every orbitally discrete space is almost finitary and scattered.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84672225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we obtain some results on the relationships between different ideal convergence modes namely, I K, I K∗ , I, K, I ∪ K and (I ∪K) ∗ . We introduce a topological space namely I K-sequential space and show that the class of I K-sequential spaces contain the sequential spaces. Further I K-notions of cluster points and limit points of a function are also introduced here. For a given sequence in a topological space X, we characterize the set of I K-cluster points of the sequence as closed subsets of X.
本文得到了不同理想收敛模式I K, I K∗，I, K, I∪K和(I∪K)∗之间关系的一些结果。我们引入了一个拓扑空间即I k序列空间，并证明了I k序列空间类包含序列空间。进一步引入了函数的聚类点和极限点的k概念。对于拓扑空间X中的一个给定序列，我们将序列的I k个聚类点的集合表征为X的闭子集。
{"title":"Further aspects of I K-convergence in topological spaces","authors":"Ankur Sharmah, D. Hazarika","doi":"10.4995/agt.2021.14868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2021.14868","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we obtain some results on the relationships between different ideal convergence modes namely, I K, I K∗ , I, K, I ∪ K and (I ∪K) ∗ . We introduce a topological space namely I K-sequential space and show that the class of I K-sequential spaces contain the sequential spaces. Further I K-notions of cluster points and limit points of a function are also introduced here. For a given sequence in a topological space X, we characterize the set of I K-cluster points of the sequence as closed subsets of X.","PeriodicalId":8046,"journal":{"name":"Applied general topology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81893095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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